基于综合应力的直流PTC电加热可靠性试验研究

本文基于可靠性试验理论,通过对不同厂家的新能源大巴客车空调直流PTC电加热进行可靠性试验研究和数据对比分析,暴露出产品存在的可靠性设计缺陷和质量问题,进而完善了大功率直流PTC的可靠性设计以及可靠性试验方法,为大功率直流PTC电加热器在新能源车大巴空调上的应用提供参考.     

新能源汽车PTC加热器寿命试验方法研究

针对新能源汽车广泛使用的PTC加热器,本文调研了其使用环境、主要故障模式、失效机理及关键寿命指标,在此基础上确认其试验应力及监控指标,并由此设计了一套用于评估PTC加热器寿命的试验方法,分析产品的寿命情况,为该类产品寿命评估提供参考.     

关于中小功率晶体管振动试验安装方法的探讨

本文通过比较五种中小功率晶体管振动试验安装方法,认为如文中图2所示的方法是较理想的振动试验安装方法。     

改进抽油机井“功率平衡”测试实现节能降耗

目前在抽油机井管理中普遍采用的平衡标准是"电流平衡",并认定电流平衡度在80%～120%之间时抽油机即为平衡。而真正判断抽油机平衡的标准是"功率平衡",即抽油机运行过程中,下冲程内电机平均功率与上冲程内电机平均功率相等。抽油机功率平衡既能实现节能目的,又能保证抽油机安全运行。从2008年7月开始率先在胜利油田进行抽油机功率平衡技术的试验及推广,2008年共调整抽油机功率平衡118井次,平均单日节电21.4kW.h,平均节电率9.90%,取得了良好的节能效果。     

随机振动试验加速因子的计算方法

在已知随机振动加速度功率谱密度的条件下通过建立失效物理模型的方法推导了在随机振动试验中计算加速因子常用的逆幂率模型;同时总结了其他计算随机载荷疲劳寿命的方法,说明了使用其他模型计算加速因子是可行的。     

超声处理对提取苦杏仁挥发油的研究

研究了超声处理对提取苦杏仁挥发油的影响。结果表明,超声处理有利于提高苦杏仁挥发油的得率,在所选取的范围内随功率和时间的增加而提高;通过正交实验确定影响挥发油得率的因素从大到小依次为超声功率、物料细度、pH和处理时间,确定最优工艺组合是物料细度为80目;在pH值为5的提取液中浸泡后,超声功率为100W处理30min。经分析,超声处理得到挥发油样品的主要成分是苯甲醛。     

多变环境因素影响下电动汽车智能充电器的低功耗设计

传统采用LLC谐振半桥法设计的电动汽车充电器,存在充电器充电耗时长、消耗功率大,使用寿命短问题,提出基于BMS的电动汽车智能充电器低功耗设计方法,充分考虑环境因素对充电器的老化、腐蚀等影响,对智能充电器的总体框架进行设计,通过控制电路对电路中产生的信息进行有效收集,获取控制信号或保护信号,有效控制充电时电池功率;采用保护电路检测故障以及进行故障预警。通过分析充电器在采样模式和等待模式的功率消耗,获取智能充电器的低功耗工作模式,实现充电器的低功耗控制。实验结果说明,所提方法可有效缓解环境因素对充电器的老化、腐蚀等影响,降低电动汽车充电用时和功耗,延长充电器的使用寿命。     

GaAs微波小功率晶体管加速退化试验数据分析

本文以GaAs微波小功率晶体管为研究对象,分别开展不同温度应力的直流稳态、射频动态加速退化试验。通过分析不同温度应力下同种类型加速退化试验结果,揭示GaAs微波小功率晶体管的退化失效时间与开尔文温度的倒数呈指数变化规律;通过比对相同温度应力下直流稳态、射频动态加速退化试验,发现同温度应力下,直流稳态较射频动态工作造成的GaAs微波小功率晶体管饱和漏电流的变化更为剧烈。     

基于"R-L"技术的风电系统可靠性预测分析

随着化石燃料的日益枯竭和生态环境的逐渐恶化,风能凭借其清洁、环保、可再生等诸多优势,引起了能源行业的高度重视。然而,由于风速具有显著的随机性和波动性,风电场馈入电网的功率往往具有较大的不确定性,从而影响电网的安全经济运行,甚至会造成严重的电力故障。因此,有必要采用合理的预测方法获取风电场在未来某一时间段的出力,并量化其对电力系统运行可靠性的影响。本文提出一种风电出力的预测方法,以已有历史风电出力和负荷数据为基础,应用"R-L"技术建立风电系统的等效模型,通过对该模型的模拟,得到未来一年内满足负荷需求量的预期发电量,以此评估风电系统的可靠性。以某一装机容量为15 MW的风电场为对象,将采用所提方法得到的模拟数据与实际数据进行比较,验证了所提算法的有效性。     

超声波处理对污泥脱水性能的影响及其关联度分析

为了解决污泥含水率过高难以进行后续处理处置的问题,采用超声波处理污泥,通过污泥比阻和毛细吸水时间对污泥脱水性能效果进行对比分析,探究了不同频率、功率、时间的超声波对污泥脱水性能的影响。实验表明,超声波可有效提高污泥脱水性能,有效的超声波参数有20 k Hz-10 W-10 s,20 k Hz-20 W-5 s,20 k Hz-30 W-5 s,40 k Hz-10 W-5 s,最佳的超声波处理参数为20 k Hz-20 W-5 s。同时分析了超声波三因素即频率、功率、处理时间对污泥脱水性能的影响,发现频率对污泥脱水性能的影响最大,其次是功率,最后是时间。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.