论电子废物管理中的延伸生产者责任原则

介绍了近年来发达国家在废物管制政策中引入的延伸生产者责任原则的概念和实践经验，着重分析对比了其在各国电子废物管理中的具体应用，结合我国电子产业和再生资源产业发展的现状，探讨了这一原则对我国电子废物管理立法的借鉴意义。     

电子废物回收处理中的法律责任分担

随着《电子废物污染环境防治管理办法》和《废弃电器电子产品处理基金征收使用管理办法》等法规的相继实施,电子废物的回收处理工作又一次成为社会关注的焦点。其中,《电子废物污染环境防治管理办法》第14条（电子电器产品、电子电气设备的生产者应当依据国家有关法律、行政法规或者规章的规定,限制或者淘汰有毒有害物质在产品或者设备中的使用……电子电器产品、电子电气设备的生产者、进口者和销售者,应当依据国家有关规定建立回收系统,回收废弃产品或者设备,并负责以环境无害化方式贮存、利用或者处置）和《废弃电器电子产品处理基金征收使用管理办法》第4条（电器电子产品生产者、进口电器电子产品的收货人或者其代理人应当按照本办法的规定履行基金缴纳义务）分别规定了电子产品生产商的回收处置责任,由此可以看出国家试图通过“生产者责任延伸制度”的贯彻来规范我国电子废物回收处理市场。     

生产者责任延伸制与电子废弃物管理——环境法规

日益增加的固体废弃物和工业废弃物已成为主要的社会问题。回收服务相对来说还很不足,导致很多废弃物只能进行简单的填埋、焚烧处理。这将导致严重的环境污染。借鉴国外一些发达国家废物管理领域的政策趋势,我国近年来出台了一系列关于电子废弃物管理的政策法规,但也暴露出正规的废物处理企业无法取得规模收益,入不敷出,电子废弃物处理基金的征收及补贴对象不明确等诸多问题。引入生产者责任延伸制将外部影响内部化,在理念和功能等方面适应了电子废弃物管理的需要。     

电子废物污染环境防治管理办法

国家环境保护总局局长周生贤于2007年9月27日签发了《电子废物污染环境防治管理办法》(国家环境保护总局令第40号),该办法将于2008年2月1日起施行。现将全文刊登如下。     

电子废物管理有章可循

我国是电子电器产品、电子电气设备的生产和消费大国。专家估计,我国每年约有400多万台电视机、500多万台洗衣机、500多万台冰箱、600多万台计算机及3000万部手机进入淘汰期。预计今后几年我国电子废弃物的产生量将大幅度上升。     

论电子废弃物处置的费用负担

文章介绍了国内电子废弃物的处置现状,借鉴了发达国家的有关电子废弃物处置及其费用负担相当完善的立法和相对成熟的执法实践,提出了电子产品生产者延伸责任制度,为电子废弃物处置费用负担提供了解决思路.我国应当积极完善相应立法,构筑生产者延伸责任制度之下的消费者预付处理费模式,以解决目前电子废弃物处置中的无序状态,切实体现循环经济理念并符合可持续发展战略的要求.     

我国电子废物污染现状及环保利用浅析

通过分析与电子废物回收处理密切联系的工艺技术、规划管理和各种外部环境等因素,剖析我国电子废物处理产业面临的障碍,并提出解决建议。     

农用地膜废弃物管理中的生产者责任延伸制探讨

针对农田塑料残膜污染的现状,本文提出在农用塑料地膜废弃物管理中引入生产者责任延伸制,通过确立残膜回收处置的责任主体,解决农田"白色污染".针对塑料地膜的特性,以及影响生产者责任延伸制绩效的一些因素,本文提出通过明晰责任主体和责任边界,以及合理的制度建设,将生产者责任延伸制这一先进理念转化为先进制度,使其在农用地膜废弃物管理中发挥积极作用.     

微波消毒技术在医疗废物处理中的应用

本文通过对微波技术的调查,全面总结了医疗废物微波消毒系统的机理、设备组成、影响消毒效果的主要因素、设备的优越性和人体保护注意事项等。     

VB在电子阅览室管理中的应用

对计算机开发工具Visual basic（简称VB）在电子阅览室中的应用作了简单介绍，包括局域网内的通信与控制，数据库的使用以及Word打印排版等方面的使用。     

Producer responsibility for e-waste management: key issues for consideration - learning from the Swiss experience

E-waste, a relatively recent addition to the waste stream in the form of discarded electronic and electric equipment, is getting increasing attention from policy makers as the quantity being generated is rising rapidly. One of the most promising policy options to address this issue is to extend the producers responsibility for their products beyond the point of sale, until end-of-product-life. This paper briefly introduces the concept of extended producer responsibility (EPR) and its applicability in the area of the end-of-life management of electronic and electrical equipment (EEE). It then examines the decade-long experience of Switzerland in using EPR to manage its e-waste, elaborating on the experience of the Swiss system in overcoming specific issues, and finally wrapping up with a synopsis of the lessons for policy makers. We consider each issue as an enquiry of questions confronting a policy maker and the choices that may present themselves. The five issues discussed are: (i) the challenges in getting an EPR based system started; (ii) securing financing to ensure a self-sustaining and smooth functioning system; (iii) organising a logistics network for the take back and collection of the e-waste; (iv) ensuring compliance of the various actors involved; and finally (v) reducing the threat of monopolistic practices.     

Implementation of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive in Finland: Evaluation of the collection network and challenges of the effective WEEE management

Further to the European Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive, setting up efficient collection schemes is necessary to ensure the recovery targets set. Following the subsidiary principle, the WEEE Directive defines only the general requirements for mandatory collection and recycling objectives. The modalities of the logistics and the organisation of the take-back schemes are left to the choice of Member States. In this paper, the implementation of the WEEE Directive and the development of the WEEE recovery infrastructure in Finland are described and the challenges to the effective management of the WEEE recovery system in Finland are expressed. It can be said that the implementation of the WEEE Directive has succeeded in Finland and, at the same time, the legislative basis has been enacted. In addition, a functional WEEE recovery infrastructure has been built and, the collection requirements of the WEEE Directive have been exceeded in a relatively short time. However, the paper outlines that some inefficient practices still exist, particularly in the registration and WEEE collection stages. It is concluded that raising awareness would lead to a more environmentally sound behaviour and would, ultimately, improve WEEE recovery efficiency.     

Present status of the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Korea

In Korea due to rapid economical growth followed by urbanisation, breakage of large traditional families into small nuclear families, continuous changes in equipment features and capabilities causes tremendous increase in sale of new electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and decrease in sale of used EEE. Subsequently, the ever-increasing quantity of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has become a serious social problem and threat to the environment. Therefore, the gradual increase in the generation of WEEE intensifies the interest for recycling to conserve the resources and protect the environment. In view of the above, a review has been made related to the present status of the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Korea. This paper describes the present status of generation and recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment, namely TVs, refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, personal computers and mobile phones in Korea. The commercial processes and the status of developing new technologies for the recycling of metallic values from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) is also described briefly. Since 1998, three recycling centers are in full operation to recycle WEEE such as refrigerators, washing machines and air conditioners, having the total capacity of 880,000 units/year. All waste TVs are recently recycled on commission basis by several private recycling plants. The recycling of waste personal computers and mobile phones is insignificant in comparison with the amount of estimated obsolete those. Korea has adopted and enforced the extended producer responsibility (EPR) system. Korea is making consistent efforts to improve the recycling rate to the standards indicated in the EU directives for WEEE. Especially environmentally friendly and energy-saving technologies are being developed to recycle metal values from PCBs of WEEE.     

生态旅游管理的基本要素

生态旅游管理是促进生态旅游持续发展的重要保证。本文是从生态旅游管理的概念入手,对其任务进行分析后提出了生态旅游管理的五个基本要素。     

水平衡测试在降低钻井生产耗水量中的应用

针对石油天然气勘探钻井过程中存在的不合理用水问题，运用水平衡测试方法进行对比、分析，提出了节约用水措施，健全了用水管理制度，使钻井生产耗水量降低到合理值，有效地控制了废水的产生量。     

AHP法在区域矿产资源综合经济评价中的应用

本文运用AHP法对某省20种主要矿产进行了综台经侪评价,确定了该省经济优势矿产、潜在优势矿产和劣势矿产,为制定该省矿产资源开发战略提供了科学依据。     

厌氧消化在城市生活污水处理中的应用及技术经济指标研究

本文就生活污水的厌氧处理常见装置的原理、性能进行了简要介绍，并通过省内现正在运行的几种化粪池的处理效果和国外粪便污水处理装置试验结果比较，来论证化粪池设计的主要参数确定原则，在保证污水有效处理的前提下，控制“无效”地容，以降低成本。     

基于绿色管理的区域生态旅游四体管理模式研究

我国生态旅游已蓬勃发展起来,但"重开发,轻管理;重眼前,轻长远"的不良现象仍十分严重,由于管理不当致使生态旅游遭到了严重的损害。对生态旅游进行绿色管理是十分必要的,因为生态旅游和绿色管理的目的是一致的。分析了区域生态旅游绿色管理的特征,从区域生态旅游系统出发,利用绿色管理的理论和方法分别对生态旅游主体、客体、中介体和载体的管理进行了阐述。     

HSE管理体系在承包国际合作项目中的应用

0 引 言 2000年6月至12月，长庆石油勘探局（以下简称长庆局）承包了壳牌公司长北区块“长1井”、“长2井”两口井的钻井和压裂、试气施工作业任务，通过施工，按照壳牌公司要求，不仅为我们提供了科学的钻井技术和井下作业技术，还带来了先进、系统的环境保护管理技术和方法，使我们颇受启发。 1 HSE管理体系的应用 壳牌公司在生产组织中，严格按照规范的HSE管理模式进行运作，即按照戴明PDCA循环模型，在计划（P）、行动（D）、检查(C)和改进(A)4个环节的循环过程中不断前进。壳牌公司认为第4个环节为反馈，即要按反馈的信息进行…     

HSE绿卡管理模式在HSE管理体系中的应用

结合健康、安全与环境(HSE)管理体系的实施,提出了HSE绿卡管理模式。利用该模式可以在不同阶段对不同岗位、不同专业的人员进行科学的及系统的HSE培训教育工作,对员工进行规范的HSE培训、考核与管理,从而有效地消除生产过程中人工操作的不安全行为。实际验证结果表明: HSE绿卡管理模式是实施HSE管理体系的有效措施,它为成功地实施健康、安全与环境管理体系提供了充足的人力“资源”基础,从而实现“以人为本”的现代管理体制。