基于GIS的广西农业暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估

以自然灾害风险评估理论和方法为指导,遥感本底数据、气象数据、基础地理信息数据、社会经济数据为基础数据,构建广西农业暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估指标体系,采用层次分析及加权综合法建立农业暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估模型;借助GIS技术,计算广西农业暴雨洪涝灾害致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性、防灾减灾能力及综合风险指数,并对广西农业暴雨洪涝灾害进行风险区划,采用相关分析法将广西农业暴雨洪涝灾害风险结果与广西历史暴雨洪涝灾情数据进行对比验证,研究结果表明,农业暴雨洪涝风险分布结果与洪涝灾情损失的空间分布基本吻合,南部沿海的风险性最强,西部风险性最小。     

基于多层感知器模型的区域滑坡敏感性评价研究——以四川低山丘陵区为例

以四川省低山丘陵区为研究区,基于滑坡编目数据,在深入分析研究区滑坡孕灾环境的基础上,选取坡度、地形起伏度、岩土类型和断裂构造等八类孕灾环境因子。通过融合确定性系数和多层感知器,提出CF-MLP模型,并对研究区滑坡的敏感性进行评价,计算得到的滑坡敏感性指数在ROC曲线中的线下面积为0.84,说明该模型预测结果对滑坡具有较好的识别作用;基于模型预测结果对研究区进行敏感性区划,共分为高敏感性、中敏感性和低敏感性三个区域,与历史滑坡的分布现状相一致。实践证明,CF-MLP模型在一定程度上解决了滑坡孕灾环境因子数据的合理量化问题,提高了多层感知器网络的收敛效果,有利于建立更为准确的滑坡敏感性分析模型。     

暴雨洪涝风险评估的GIS和空间化应用——以芜湖市为例

选用芜湖市81个自动观测站及其周边15个国家级气象台站的近50a的观测资料,以及陆地卫星(LANDSAT 5)遥感数据、行政区划资料、社会经济数据,采用数据空间化、专家打分法和加权综合法建立了暴雨洪涝灾害的致灾、孕灾、承灾和抗灾4个风险评价因子和模型,最后在GIS中得到了精细到街道/乡镇级别的暴雨洪涝灾害风险评估结果。结果表明:繁昌县(平铺、峨山、峨桥),南陵县(何湾),芜湖县(湾沚、红杨),无为县(昆山、严桥、太平),以及其他分散区域为暴雨洪涝低风险区;市辖区大部,鸠江区中部和无为县(无城、白茆),南陵县(籍山镇)以及其他分散区域为暴雨洪涝高风险区。研究解决了暴雨洪涝灾害风险难以精细化、定量化评估的部分问题。     

基于云模型的暴雨洪涝灾害风险分区评价

在自然灾害系统论及自然灾害风险评估理论基础上,利用宣城市17个水文站1970~2013年逐日降水资料,结合各县区社会经济数据、宣城市DEM数据和土地利用数据等,选取致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性和防灾减灾能力4个因素及其下13个具体指标作为评价指标,构建了基于云模型的宣城市暴雨洪涝灾害风险评价模型,借助ArcGIS空间分析技术绘制了宣城市暴雨洪涝灾害风险综合指数图。暴雨风险较高的区域主要分布在宣城南部地区,包括泾县、旌德县、宁国市、宣州区和广德县南部地区,且暴雨洪涝灾害风险从南到北逐渐递减,暴雨洪涝灾害高风险区集中在山区、河网及人口密集区。     

泸水县滑坡孕灾环境因素敏感性研究

滑坡灾害的发生对社会经济及人民生命财产造成了重大损失,开展孕灾环境敏感性研究具有重要的意义。以滑坡灾害频发区——泸水县为研究对象,选取高程、坡度、坡向、道路、河流、岩土体类型、断裂带及土地利用8个因子,采用确定性系数概率模型分析滑坡易发敏感性,并通过敏感性指数模型分析各个因子对滑坡灾害发生的影响程度,确定有利于滑坡发生的条件,绘制了泸水县区域内滑坡敏感性分区图。结果表明:中等及以上级别的敏感区域内发生的滑坡灾害数量占总数的92.36%,滑坡灾害与孕灾环境敏感性分析具有较好的吻合性;分析结果对泸水县滑坡防治有一定的借鉴作用。     

洪涝灾害危险性评估方法研究

为改进洪涝灾害危险性评估方法精度,利用洪涝灾害前期土壤湿度和未来24 h降雨预测数据作为致灾因子,结合河湖网络、地形和土地利用类型等孕灾因子,基于层次分析方法确定指标权重,研究了洪涝灾害评估方法中致灾因子评估指标的作用,以2013年8月中旬松花江流域洪涝灾害为例,利用土壤湿度和前3 d降雨量数据两种不同因子危险性评估方法结果比较,以及风云气象卫星洪涝灾害监测结果对危险性评估结果的验证,表明了利用洪涝灾害前期土壤湿度和未来24 h降雨预测数据作为致灾因子得到的危险性评估结果与实际灾情吻合效果较好,验证了方法的有效性。     

试论洞庭湖区的洪涝灾害及其减灾对策

洞庭湖区频繁而严重的洪涝灾害是其孕灾环境的易灾性及承灾体较低的承灾能力共同决定的．减轻洞庭湖区的洪涝灾害应实行“治江、控制四水与洞庭湖本身治理”三位一体的综合整治战略．     

基于模糊概率的阿坝州公路洪灾孕灾环境分区

公路洪灾孕灾环境的合理分区可从理论上为公路洪灾的防治工作提供指导。以四川阿坝州为研究对象,根据公路洪灾致灾原理,遴选出公路沿线历史地质灾害发育、地貌条件、岩土体性质、年均降雨量、人口密度、植被覆盖度和地质构造7个因子,依据专家系统分为4级后赋值构成评价指标体系。综合层次分析法和专家效度法得到各指标的相对权重,并结合模糊理论给出模糊权重。采用模糊概率综合评价模型将公路洪灾孕灾环境分成低易发区、中易发区、高易发区和危险区4个危险等级。分区结果显示:阿坝州公路洪灾孕灾环境发展较为充分,以县为单位分成了高易发区、中易发区和低易发区,分别占全州面积的38.1%、39.4%和22.5%,研究成果对于该区公路洪灾的防治具有积极意义。     

基于VIKOR方法的广东省城市洪涝灾害韧性评估

在全球变暖和城市化的共同影响下，城市洪涝灾害频发，韧性评估是城市灾害风险管理的关键环节。在综合考虑经济、社会、环境、管理四个维度的基础上，选取15个城市洪涝灾害韧性评估指标，采用熵权法和VIKOR方法构建评估模型，对广东省21个地级市的洪涝灾害韧性进行评估。结果表明：广东省洪涝灾害韧性等级分布主要从珠江口两岸城市向四周降低，韧性等级最高的为深圳市，韧性等级最低的为清远市；灾害韧性指数在空间分布上存在显著集聚，其中高-高聚类的城市分布在珠三角地区，而低-低聚类的城市分布在粤北地区；从灾害韧性在灾前、灾中和灾后的变化情况来看，深圳市、清远市、韶关市和揭阳市的变化幅度最小。根据城市灾害韧性敏感性分析提出优化建议，研究结果可以推动城市韧性水平建设。     

山西省不可移动文物洪涝灾害风险研究

不可移动文物作为文化遗产中占地面积大且相对较难保护的重要组成部分,在面临洪涝灾害风险时所受损害的风险相对较大。针对不可移动文物洪涝灾害风险防范需求,以山西省三类全国重点文物保护单位（古遗址、古建筑、石窟寺及石刻）共422个为例,基于自然灾害风险评估理论,从致灾因子、孕灾环境及文物本体3个方面构建洪涝灾害对不可移动文物风险评估方法,以山西省域尺度下洪涝灾害对不可移动文物风险进行评估研究。结果表明：山西省整体呈现南高北低的趋势,在空间分布上南部地区的洪涝风险相对较高;时间分布上而也存在显著差异,洪涝风险在7月份达到峰值,汛期相对其他时期较高,主要集中于夏季（7～9月）。洪涝灾害风险时空分布差异结果可为不可移动文物防灾减灾规划与监测防范措施提供科学参考。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.