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1.
Mae A. Davenport Christopher A. Bridges Jean C. Mangun Andrew D. Carver Karl W. J. Williard Elizabeth O. Jones 《Environmental management》2010,45(4):711-722
Natural resource professionals are increasingly faced with the challenges of cultivating community-based support for wetland
ecosystem restoration. While extensive research efforts have been directed toward understanding the biophysical dimensions
of wetland conservation, the literature provides less guidance on how to successfully integrate community stakeholders into
restoration planning. Therefore, this study explores the social construction of wetlands locally, and community members’ perceptions
of the wetland restoration project in the Cache River Watershed of southern Illinois, where public and private agencies have
partnered together to implement a large-scale wetlands restoration project. Findings illustrate that the wetlands hold diverse
and significant meanings to community members and that community members’ criteria for project success may vary from those
identified by project managers. The case study provides managers with strategies for building community commitment such as
engaging local citizens in project planning, minimizing local burdens, maximizing local benefits, and reducing uncertainty. 相似文献
2.
In this work we characterize the public perception of one kind of ecological risk—blue-algae bloom in Hongze Lake, China,
based on the psychometric paradigm method. In the first survey of May 2008, 300 respondents of Sihong County adjacent to Hongze
Lake were investigated, with a total of 156 questionnaires returned. Then in a second survey of July 2008, 500 respondents
from the same research area were investigated, with 318 questionnaires collected. This research firstly attempted to explore
the local respondents’ degree of concern regarding ecological changes to Hongze Lake in the last ten years. Secondly, to explore
the public perception of blue-algae bloom compared to three typical kinds of hazards including earthquake, nuclear power and
public traffic. T-test was used to examine the difference of risk perception in these four hazards over time. The third part
of this research, with demographic analysis and nonparametric statistical test, predicted the different groups of respondents’
willingness to accept (WTA) risk of blue-algae bloom in two surveys. Using multiple linear regression analysis, the risk perception
model explained 28.3% of variance in the WTA blue-algae bloom risk. The variables of Knowledge, Social effect, Benefit, Controllability
and Trust in government were significantly correlated with WTA, which implied that these variables were the main influencing
factors explaining the respondents’ willingness to accept risk. The results would help the Chinese government to comprehend
the public’s risk perception of the lake ecosystem, inducing well designed communication of risks with public and making effective
mitigation policies to improve people’s rational risk judgment. 相似文献
3.
This article compares a range of initiatives aimed at involving people in the management of forest resources in Nepal and
India. In Nepal, we focus on three categories of state-initiated programs: community forestry, the parks’ buffer zone program,
and leasehold forestry. In the southern Indian state of Karnataka, we study the state-initiated Joint Forest Planning and
Management program along with older institutions of leaf manure forests (Soppina betta) and historical sacred forests (Kans). We conclude that state-initiated approaches to involving communities have been limited, at best, promote standardized and
relatively inflexible management practices, and lead to partial improvement in biodiversity and people’s livelihoods. When
management is initiated and owned by the community, as in the case of sacred groves in India, and when other conditions are
appropriate, communities can have the opportunity to demonstrate their capacity for putting effective and adaptive conservation
practices in place. 相似文献
4.
Yung-Ping Tseng Gerard T. Kyle C. Scott Shafer Alan R. Graefe Timothy A. Bradle Michael A. Schuett 《Environmental management》2009,43(3):496-507
Along with the growing boating population and the number of boats in use on limited inland waterways, boater expectations
of setting density, safety perceptions, and the associated impacts on their experience (e.g., satisfaction) are becoming increasingly
important. The primary purpose of this article was to explore a recreational boating crowding–satisfaction model derived from
previous work using safety and enjoyment as mediating variables. We also tested our crowding–satisfaction model among day
and overnight users. Our analysis revealed no significant difference between day and overnight users for any of the relationships
tested in our model. Our final model indicated as respondents’ expectations for seeing people increased along with their feelings
of being crowded, they were more inclined to consider the conditions on the lake as being unsafe. They were also more inclined
to indicate that the number of people they had seen on the lake detracted from their boating experience. Respondents’ satisfaction
was tied to their perceptions of crowding. Mediating variables illustrated that the relationship was conditioned by perceptions
of safety and enjoyment. Analysis of the indirect effect observed in our study illustrate that when the number of people seen
on the lake exceed respondents’ expectations, their perceptions of safety and enjoyment both decline, resulting in lower satisfaction.
These findings have implications for managing recreational boating use on inland lake systems. Given the role played by expectations
in our model, efforts to communicate with boaters about conditions on these waterways is important for helping them plan their
boating experience and avoid situations they consider unsafe or unsatisfactory. 相似文献
5.
Perceiving the Environment from the Lay Perspective in Desertified Areas,Northern China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Investigating local people’s environmental perceptions can produce useful information that could be incorporated into decision
making processes that help resolve environmental problems. Although China is undergoing severe desertification, the perceptions
of the local people toward their degraded environment and the related issues have so far not been actively solicited. This
article, which is a supplement to Lee and Zhang’s (2004, 2005) studies, seeks to further investigate the lay public’s general environmental attitudes, perceptions of desertification, interpretations
of land-degrading activities, and particularly their interrelations in severely desertified areas. Minqin County in Gansu
Province, northern China, was chosen to be the study area. Data was collected via a questionnaire survey (n = 1138) administered in December 2002. Major findings were: (1) Most respondents had only weak altruistic environmental attitudes,
with educational level to be a significant determinant. (2) Respondents’ perceptions of desertification and interpretations
of land-degrading activities were contingent on personal attributes, general environmental attitudes, and other conceptions
related to desertification. It is recommended that the interrelations between the various aspects of the public’s environmental
perceptions should be thoroughly examined to facilitate their participation in environmental management. 相似文献
6.
Investigation into local peoples’ perceptions can produce useful information that could be incorporated into the decision-making
process to help resolve environmental problems. Within the arena of land degradation, a number of studies have also been conducted
to explore local peoples’ views of the problem. However, the perceptions of land-degrading practices of the general public
have so far not been actively solicited. This study aimed to contribute to this area of research by adopting the psychometric
scaling technique to empirically explore the lay public’s ecological risk perceptions of land-degrading activities in Minqin
County in Gansu Province, northern China. The primary data were collected via a questionnaire survey (n = 1,138) administered between 14 and 31 December 2002. The major findings of the survey were: (1) Respondents perceived the
ecological risks posed by different land-degrading activities to be different. (2) There was a considerable incongruence in
the way in which mining of groundwater was conceived by experts and laymen, respectively. (3) Respondents were pretty unsure
of expert knowledge. (4) Respondents’ ecological risk perceptions were significantly affected by their personal attributes.
As far as the policy implications of these findings are concerned, this study accentuates that we must be aware of, and involved
in, the environmental perceptions of the lay public in order to succeed in guiding any human-environment tensions along more
sustainable trajectories and navigating the transition to sustainability. 相似文献
7.
Wild and Scenic Rivers provide a host of psychological, social, ecological, and economic benefits to local communities. In
this study, we use data collected from recreational users of two Wild and Scenic Rivers to examine perceptions of the benefits
provided by the rivers to local communities. Our purposes are (1) to determine if similar perceptions of community benefits
exist across the two rivers, (2) to determine if individuals’ proximity to the rivers are related to the benefits they perceive,
(3) to determine if individuals’ prior recreation experience on the river is related to variations in perceived benefits,
(4) to determine if users’ sociodemographic characteristics are related to perceived community benefits, and (5) to determine
if the influence of these characteristics on perceived community benefits is similar across the two resource areas. Perceived
benefits were found to be analogous across both rivers as individuals consistently ranked ecological/affective benefits as
well as tangible benefits similarly. Recreationists living further from the river ranked ecological and affective benefits
as significantly less important than those individuals living closer to the river. Women perceived the community benefits
produced by the resource areas to be significantly more important when compared to men. Significant relationships were also
found between perceived benefits and recreationists’ previous use of the river, their age, and their level of education. With
the exception of resource proximity and prior use history, the effects of user characteristics on perceived community benefits
were not statistically different across the two rivers. These findings imply similar patterns of perceived community benefits
exist across distinct resource areas and that the relationships between user characteristics and perceived benefits are also
similar across the study rivers. 相似文献
8.
The aim of this study was to assess the potential for coexistence between rural people (living adjacent to a protected area)
and predators (from the same area) ranging onto communal land. Ninety members of local communities bordering Manyeleti Game
Reserve, which is contiguous with Kruger National Park, South Africa were interviewed. Respondents expressed diverging attitudes
toward predators, which were more favorable among participants with higher education. Negative views were particularly due
to fear of human and livestock losses, especially to lions, Panthera leo. Lions were thought to be the most abundant predator both within and outside the reserve. Lions were also the best known
predator and were most often held responsible for killing livestock. Despite these livestock losses and a lack of conservation
education, most participants voiced favorable opinions about large carnivore conservation, as predators were considered an
integral part of the respondents’ natural heritage. Thanks to this cultural tolerance and also because of a largely accepted
management policy regarding predator control, large carnivores and people can coexist in the vicinity of Kruger National Park. 相似文献
9.
This paper investigates local recognition of the link between incentive-based program (IBP) benefits and conservation, and
how perceptions of benefits and linkage influence attitudes in communities surrounding Chitwan National Park, Nepal. A survey
of 189 households conducted between October and December 2004 examined local residents’ perceived benefits, their attitudes
toward park management, and perception of linkages between conservation and livelihoods. Linkage perceptions were measured
by a scale compared with a respondent’s recognition of benefits to determine whether IBPs establish a connection between benefits
and livelihoods. An attitude scale was also created to compare attitudes toward park management with perceptions of benefits
and linkage to determine if IBPs led to positive attitudes, and if the recognition of a direct tie between livelihoods and
natural resources made attitudes more favorable. Research results indicate that as acknowledgement of benefit increases, so
does the perception of linkage between the resource and livelihoods. Similarly, when perceived benefit increases, so too does
attitude towards management. Positive attitude towards park management is influenced more by perception of livelihood dependence
on resources than on benefits received from the park. However, overwhelming positive support voiced for conservation did not
coincide with conduct. In spite of the positive attitudes and high perception of linkage, people did not necessarily behave
in a way compatible with conservation. This suggests that while benefits alone can lead to positive attitudes, without clear
linkages to conservation, the IBP may lose persuasion when alternative options—conflicting with conservation objectives—arise
promising to provide greater economic benefit. 相似文献
10.
South Korea’s Civilian Control Zone (CCZ), a relatively untouched area due to tight military oversight since the end of Korean
War, has received considerable attention nationally and internationally for its rich biodiversity. However, the exclusion
of local communities from the process of defining problems and goals and of setting priorities for biodiversity conservation
has halted a series of biodiversity conservation efforts. Through qualitative research, we explored CCZ farmers’ views of
key problems and issues and also the sources of their opposition to the government-initiated conservation approaches. Key
findings include the farmers’ concerns about the impact of conservation restrictions on their access to necessary resources
needed to farm, wildlife impacts on the value of rice and other agricultural goods they produce, and farmers’ strong distrust
of government, the military, and planners, based on their experiences with past conservation processes. The findings regarding
farmers’ perceptions should prove useful for the design of future participatory planning processes for biodiversity conservation
in the CCZ. This case highlights how conservative measures, perceived to be imposed from above—however scientifically valuable—can
be undermined and suggests the value that must be placed on communication among planners and stakeholders. 相似文献
11.
Forestry-based carbon sequestration projects in Africa: Potential benefits and challenges 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Carbon sequestration through forestry and agroforestry can help mitigate global warming. For Africa, carbon sequestration also represents an opportunity to fund sustainable development through financial inflows. However, with a low share of global carbon trade, there are strong concerns that African countries are losing out on this valuable opportunity. Through a comprehensive review of 23 carbon sequestration projects across 14 countries, this paper discusses ways to overcome critical challenges to scale up carbon investments in Africa. These projects are expected to sequester 26.85 million tCO2 beyond the baseline situation. Within the continent, East Africa is the preferred destination for carbon investors. Most projects are non‐Kyoto compliant and represent voluntary emission reductions. While project benefits such as increased local incomes and improved natural resources are promising, there are concerns that conversion of grasslands into tree plantations can harm local ecosystems. Insecure land tenure constrains new investments and increases the risk that local communities will lose access to forests. Another challenge is that projects with smallholders have high transaction costs. These costs can be overcome by building strong community institutions and simplifying project guidelines. To attract more projects, African governments will need to build their capacity to identify relevant opportunities. 相似文献
12.
Outreach nurseries are favored conservation and social forestry tools globally, but, as with many integrated conservation
and development programs (ICDPs), they do not always produce anticipated results. A synopsis of the experience of South African
practitioners is provided in this study of 65 outreach nurseries. South African outreach nurseries frequently include financial
objectives, creating additional challenges in simultaneously attaining conservation and socioeconomic goals. Progress was
hindered by biophysical problems (e.g., lack of water, poor soils, etc.) as well as the harsh socioeconomic conditions facing
most communities in which nurseries had been established. Attaining financial viability was challenging. Business management
skills were often restricted, and few viability studies included adequate market research. Costs to community participants
were usually high, and benefits were limited. Conservation objectives were frequently lost in the struggle to attain financial
viability. The management of social processes also proved challenging. Although small scale and relatively straightforward
compared with many ICDPs, nurseries usually require substantial institutional support, including a range of technical, business,
and development services. Project time frames need to be reconsidered, as practitioners estimate that it takes 5–10 years
for nurseries to start meeting objectives, and donors and implementing agencies often operate on 2–3-year project cycles.
Detailed viability studies are essential, incorporating a social probe and an assessment of potential impacts of projects
on community participants. Progress needs to be continuously evaluated to enable institutions and community participants to
adapt to changing conditions as well as ensure that the spectrum of objectives are being achieved. 相似文献
13.
Kumi Kato 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(2):148-154
A commitment to conservation of a place is based on the sense of place expressed by its “conceptual community”, including
those who are not its residents in the geographical sense, but who nonetheless identify with it for various reasons. With
the global nature of environmental issues being clearly recognized, such communities form a “terrain of consciousness” (Berg and Dasmann 1978), extending responsibility for conservation across cultures, time and space. Although the social
mobility and diversity brought about by today’s technology often work against the development of a sense of place, they also
allow the formation of such conceptual communities, who can highlight local distinctiveness while at the same time positioning
local issues in a global context, so generating a sense of global responsibility. In the case of Tasmania, Australia, recent
international interest in its ecologically and culturally significant places, such as Recherche Bay and the Styx Valley, has
intensified the focus on forest issues, building on Tasmania’s already well-recognized history of environmentalism. It is
important that these issues be recognized in Japan in particular, where a rising awareness about climate change and mass consumerism
has alerted the public to the problem of deforestation; however the fact that Tasmania is one of the major sources of woodchips
for paper production is not widely known. Awareness by the consumer, it is argued, is a foundation for forming a sense of
global responsibility and it is necessary to form a conceptual community of those committed to the same issue. Cross-cultural
collaboration is therefore necessary, and creativity can be an effective facilitating agent for this. This paper illustrates
this point, through the example of the Kodama Forest, a forest of tree spirits, in North East Tasmania, that arose from such a collaboration between a group of Japanese students and a local community
group. The collaboration also facilitated meaningful learning opportunities for the students, who chose to study in Tasmania
because of its natural environment. The forest now provides a cultural heritage that also defines the evolution of this conceptual
community through on-going collaboration. The importance of human connection at all levels, local, regional and global, in
promoting environmental sustainability is addressed through the example of this forest. 相似文献
14.
Marine Protected Dramas: The Flaws of the Brazilian National System of Marine Protected Areas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Leopoldo C. Gerhardinger Eduardo A. S. Godoy Peter J. S. Jones Gilberto Sales Beatrice P. Ferreira 《Environmental management》2011,47(4):630-643
This article discusses the current problems and issues associated with the implementation of a National System of Marine Protected
Areas in Brazil. MPA managers and higher governmental level authorities were interviewed about their perceptions of the implementation
of a national MPA strategy and the recent changes in the institutional arrangement of government marine conservation agencies.
Interviewees’ narratives were generally pessimistic and the National System was perceived as weak, with few recognizable marine
conservation outcomes on the ground. The following major flaws were identified: poor inter-institutional coordination of coastal
and ocean governance; institutional crisis faced by the national government marine conservation agency; poor management within
individual MPAs; problems with regional networks of marine protected areas; an overly bureaucratic management and administrative
system; financial shortages creating structural problems and a disconnect between MPA policy and its delivery. Furthermore,
a lack of professional motivation and a pessimistic atmosphere was encountered during many interviews, a malaise which we
believe affects how the entire system is able to respond to crises. Our findings highlight the need for a better understanding
of the role of ‘leadership’ in the performance of socio-ecological systems (such as MPA networks), more effective official
evaluation mechanisms, more localized audits of (and reforms if necessary to) Brazil’s federal biodiversity conservation agency
(ICMBio), and the need for political measures to promote state leadership and support. Continuing to focus on the designation
of more MPAs whilst not fully addressing these issues will achieve little beyond fulfilling, on paper, Brazil’s international
marine biodiversity commitments. 相似文献
15.
Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Farmers’ Perceptions of Land Degradation and Stonewall Terraces in Central Palestine 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Land degradation by soil erosion is a socioeconomic and environmental problem facing many developing countries. Application
of stonewall terraces for soil moisture conservation is vital to reducing the environmental impacts of this phenomenon. To
this end, a field plot experiment was conducted in the study area along with the use of a closed-ended questionnaire. The
object of the experiment was to study the socioeconomic impacts of soil erosion on local farmers and their adoption of the
stonewall terrace technique. The study showed a higher net profit in areas that had implemented terrace conservation practices
than in areas that had not (i.e., 3.5 to 6 times higher net profit). Correlation analysis indicated that the farmers’ perceptions,
land ownership, and geomorphology were significantly related to the farmers’ incentives and willingness to adopt terraces
as soil conservation measures (P < 0.05), although the correlations were negative. Smallholder farmers (52% of the interviewed farmers) were involved in the
sale of the agricultural land for urban uses, largely because of the high price and immediate returns offered. However, the
associated land use changes warrant greater involvement of both the private and public sectors. This cooperation may be accomplished
through the introduction of a long-term agricultural loan system and the development of proper legislation accompanied by
a comprehensive and durable infrastructure and service system with the goal of reducing the negative impact of land use changes
and encouraging sustainable use of resources. 相似文献
16.
Volkert Beekman 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2006,19(3):301-312
Regulatory bodies tend to treat people’s emotional responses towards foods as a nuisance for rational opinion-formation and
decision-making. This position is thought to be supported by such evidence as: (1) people showing negative emotional responses
to the idea of eating meat products from vaccinated livestock; and (2) people showing positive emotional responses to Magnum’s
“7 sins” marketing campaign. Such cases are thought to support the idea that regulatory communication about foods should abstract
from people’s emotional perceptions and that corporate marketing of foods should show restraint in capitalizing upon these
weaknesses of the heart. This paper, on the contrary, argues that people’s emotional perceptions of foods represent valuable
sources of knowledge. This argument is developed by making the dominant reception of people’s emotions intelligible by tracing
its roots through the history of the Platonic paradigm. Although this paradigm has dominated the philosophical and psychological
debate about emotions, the idea that emotions are sources of knowledge has recently gained force. This paper also traces the
historical roots of the alternative Aristotelian paradigm. The cases of meat products from vaccinated livestock and Magnum’s
7 sins serve to illustrate this controversy. The paper concludes by showing that a neo-Platonic emphasis on the irrationality
of emotions does not contribute to a fruitful discussion about implications of people’s perceptions for agricultural and food
politics, whereas a neo-Aristotelian account of rational emotions could enable regulatory bodies to engage people in a fruitful
process of opinion-formation and decision-making about food production and consumption.
This paper has been written in the context of a research project “Images of Food” co-funded by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture,
Nature and Food Quality and the Social Sciences Group of Wageningen University and Research Centre. I would like to thank
my colleagues Hans Dagevos, Sandra van der Kroon, Siet Sijtsema, Cor van der Weele (Wageningen University), and Cindy Wolff,
as well as the members of the advisory board for this project, for the inspiring discussions about previous versions of this
paper. 相似文献
17.
This study reports how Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and informal cultural institutions have conserved key varieties
of the wildgrowing rice, ‘tinni’ (red rice, or brownbeard rice, Oriza rufipogon Griff.), within the Bhar community of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. The study was conducted, using conventional and participatory
methods, in 10 purposively selected Bhar villages. Two distinct varieties of tinni (‘tinni patali’ and ‘tinni moti’) with differing habitats and phenotypic characters were identified. Seven microecosystems (Kari, Badaila, Chammo, Karmol,
Bhainsiki, Bhainsala and Khodailia) were found to support these varieties in differing proportions. Tinni rice can withstand more extreme weather conditions (the highest as well as lowest temperatures and rainfall regimes) than
the ‘genetically improved’ varieties of rice (Oriza sativa L.) grown in the region. Both tinni varieties are important bioresources for the Bhar’s subsistence livelihoods, and they use distinctive conservation approaches
in their maintenance. Bhar women are the main custodians of tinni rice agrobiodiversity, conserving tinni through an institution called Sajha. Democratic decision-making at meetings organized by village elders determines the market
price of the tinni varieties. Overall, the indigenous institutions and women’s participation seem to have provided safeguards from excessive
exploitation of tinni rice varieties. The maintenance of tinni through cultural knowledge and institutions serves as an example of the importance of locally maintained crop varieties in
contributing to people’s resilience and food security in times of rapid social and environmental change. 相似文献
18.
Forests are a major terrestrial ecosystem providing multiple ecosystem services. However, the importance of forests is frequently
underestimated from an economic perspective because of the externalities and public good properties of these services. Forest
eco-compensation is a transfer mechanism that serves to internalize the externalities of forest ecosystem services by compensating
individuals or companies for the losses or costs resulting from the provision of these services. China’s current forest eco-compensation
system is centered mainly on noncommercial forest. The primary measures associated with ecosystem services are (1) a charge
on destructive activities, such as indiscriminate logging, and (2) compensation for individual or local activities and investments
in forest conservation. The Compensation Fund System for Forest Ecological Benefits was first listed in the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China in 1998. In 2004, the Central Government Financial Compensation Fund, an important source for the Compensation Fund for Forest
Ecological Benefits, was formally established. To improve the forest eco-compensation system, it is crucial to design and
establish compensation criteria for noncommercial forests. These criteria should take both theoretical and practical concerns
into account, and they should be based on the quantitative valuation of ecosystem services. Although some initial headway
has been made on this task, the implementation of an effective forest eco-compensation system in China still has deficiencies
and still faces problems. Implementing classification-based and dynamic management for key noncommercial forests and establishing
an eco-compensation mechanism with multiple funding sources in the market economy are the key measures needed to conquer these
problems and improve the forest eco-compensation system and China’s forestry development in sequence. 相似文献
19.
Communities neighboring federally protected natural areas regularly weigh the costs and benefits of the administering agency’s
programs and policies. While most agencies integrate public opinion into decision making, efforts to standardize and formalize
public involvement have left many local communities feeling marginalized, spurring acrimony and opposition. A significant
body of research has examined barriers to effective public participation as well as strategies for relationship building in
planning processes; many of which point to trust as a key factor. Trust is especially tenuous in local communities. This paper
explores perceptions of trust, expectations for management, as well as constraints to building trust. In-depth interviews
were conducted with 21 community members and USDA Forest Service personnel at the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie in northeastern
Illinois. The interviews revealed that trust is perceived as important to effective management. Distinct expectations for
management outcomes and processes emerged, including the values, knowledge, and capacity demonstrated in management decisions
and actions and opportunities provided for communication, collaboration, and cooperation within the agency-community relationship.
The case study identified several constraints to building trust, including competing values, knowledge gaps, limited community
engagement, and staff turnover. 相似文献
20.
Raphael Abiodun Olawepo 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(2):108-122
Fish production and marketing are as old as the rural communities involved in the lucrative occupation in Badagry area of
Lagos State, Nigeria. A random sampling of 200 fishermen using Participatory Rural Appraisal techniques (PRA) in five Badagry
villages was used to explore coastal fishing and socio-economic development in the study area with a view to enhancing local
productivity and sustainability. The findings show that an average fisherman in Badagry is aware of the resources available
in his environment, and can affect productivity levels positively if given adequate incentives. There are two lessons from
this study; one has to do with what PRA tells us about the fishing community, the other is the importance of facilitators
that have, amongst other things, good listening skills. The experience also revealed that field workers’ ability to listen
and learn from local fishermen was a critical factor in collecting in-depth information that could be used for rural community
planning. 相似文献