中国国际河流可持续利用战略探讨

由于世界性的水资源问题 ,国际河流以其独特的地缘关系及与国际政治、经济的密切联系而受到关注。根据中国边疆地区主要国际河流的基本情况 ,探讨可持续利用的战略性对策。     

小水电代燃料生态保护工程对西部生态保护的重要意义

"小水电代燃料生态保护工程"是一项利国利民的大工程,它的实施将解决广大农牧民群众的生活用电取暖用电等问题,从而减少对林木植被的砍伐,对保护西部地区日益脆弱的生态环境起到积极的促进作用。     

三江源生态监测项目中TM影像的几何精校正

文章重点探讨了三江源自然保护区生态保护和建设项目生态监测中遥感监测部分的TM影像几何精校正方法,并为其他更高分辨率卫生影像的几何精校正提出了一些建设性意见。     

Climate Change and Floodplain Delineation in Two Southern Quebec River Basins1

Laforce, Serge, Marie‐Claude Simard, Robert Leconte, and François Brissette, 2011. Climate Change and Floodplain Delineation in Two Southern Quebec River Basins. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):785‐799. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00560.x Abstract: A methodology is presented for mapping the flooded extent of rivers under projected climate change. The methodology follows a top‐down modeling approach, where future climate projections generated by global climate models (GCMs) are downscaled to the watershed scale and used as input to hydrological and hydrodynamic models for predicting future river flows and associated open water levels. A range of possible future climate responses are taken into account, allowing quantification of flood‐mapping uncertainties resulting from GCM structure and greenhouse gas emission scenarios (GHGES). Probabilistic projections of future flood zones are developed by assuming that all GCMs and GHGES be equally weighted. The proposed methodology was applied to two river basins located in southern Quebec, Canada, for the time horizons 2020 and 2080. Twenty‐ and hundred‐year floods were computed and corresponding flood maps have been produced. Results indicate that there is a general trend toward an increased spring peak discharge for the Châteauguay River Basin and a decrease for the du Nord River Basin at the 2020 horizon. A less obvious trend was observed for the 2080 horizon, some GCM‐GHGES producing an increase in spring peak flows, whereas others would result in a less severe spring flood. These uncertainties in flood flows have cascaded into uncertainties in the corresponding flooded extent and represented as probabilistic flood maps.     

塔里木河干流生态治理输水抢救工程

塔里木河流域的生态环境问题引起了国内外的普遍关注。为了维护下游日益劣变的生态环境，塔里木河流域管理局积极实施了塔里木河干流生态治理抢救工程，以增加向塔里木河下游的输水量，改善塔里木河流域下游绿色走廊的生态环境状况。自干流中游沙子河-乌斯满河-阿其克河口段河道整治工程竣工后，塔里木河干流向下游输水效率有了明显的提高。     

跨世纪人口压力对中国生态环境的影响及对策

人口是人口，资源与环境系统中最根本的主导因素，人口增长过快，将直接加大对资源与环境的压力，并影响人口素质的提高，根据我国人口庞大的基数，过快的增长速度，独特的人口结构和较低的文化素质现状，对生态环境造成的压力进行了系统分析，进而提出了控制人口增长，改善生态环境和全面发展国发经济的对策，以保证跨世纪人口，资源，环境呈现协调，持续，健康的发展趋势。     

气候变化对江河源区生态环境的影响评价

根据江河源区16个气象观测台站40a的气候资料,通过分析发现年平均气温呈上升趋势,普遍升高0．2℃-0．4℃;而降水增率较小,几乎不变;再加上干旱多风、剧烈蒸发,使得区内植被退化,水源涵养能力降低、河流径流锐减、土地荒漠化加剧、水土流失严重、冰川退缩。     

中国能源生态足迹的时空动态特征及效应分析

运用生态足迹方法计算出1990—2007年中国能源消费的生态足迹。在此基础上,分析了能源足迹强度(EFI)、能源足迹生态压力(EPIEF)的时空动态变化特征。结果表明,近20年来我国能源足迹波动上升,能源消费结构有所改善,但煤炭足迹仍占主导,近几年又有回升趋势;能源足迹强度呈幂指数衰减,能源利用效率不断提高;EPIEF呈上升趋势,说明能源利用对自然生态系统的压力逐渐增大。在空间分布上,各省区能源足迹差异显著,能源足迹强度由西向东逐渐降低,而EPIEF则由西向东呈增大趋势。依据EPIEF指数将中国30个省区划分为能源足迹生态盈余区(EPIEF1)、生态轻度亏损区(1EPIEF5)和生态严重亏损区(EPIEF5)3种类型。     

城市景观水体的生态修复技术研究

城市景观水体对于城市发展和居民生活具有重要意义,当前城市景观水体污染问题尤其是富营养化现象比较突出,影响了水体生态环境和城市景观。文章综述了近年来景观水体的生态治理技术及其机理,重点介绍了人工浮岛、生物操纵等技术在景观水体修复中的应用和发展,以期对景观水体的治理和修复有一定的借鉴作用。     

水电工程建设对生态环境的影响及生态补偿机制研究

水电资源开发不仅能满足经济社会发展和人民生活需要,同时对于调整我国的能源消费结构及布局,实现可持续发展战略,具有十分重要的作用.但是,水电工程建设的过程中会破坏生态环境,其主要影响表现在对陆生和永生生态环境的影响上.为防止和缓解水利工程建设对该区域的经济及生态平衡的破坏,应尽快建立和实施生态补偿机制.在研究补偿主体、补偿对象、补偿标准和补偿方式基础上,提出了建立水电开发生态补偿机制的框架和思路.     

絮凝沉淀法在城市内河水质净化中的应用

通过多种内河水质净化方法的对比,分析了絮凝沉淀法净化内河水质的优势,阐述了絮凝剂投加和絮凝沉淀设备选用的要点,并以福州市安泰河水质净化工程为例,介绍了絮凝沉淀法净化内河水质的应用效果。     

西北干旱区乌鸦的生态作用及其保护措施

鸦科鸟类在生态系统中有着消灭地下害虫、食腐尸、加速物质循环等重大有益生态作用,但因有刨食农作物种子的习性,而导致它们在我国西北城镇和农业区处于已经或濒临绝灭的状态,急需研制只杀虫而毒不死鸟兽的新拌种农药品种,以保护乌鸦等有益鸟类不致绝灭。     

山区生态产业及其环境保育的作用研究

山区生态产业是依赖于山区丰富的自然资源按照生态学原理组织形成的生态与经济有机统一的产业发展形式。本文阐述了山区生态产业七个方面的特征：即山区生态产业对自然资源的特殊依赖性、受高度景观带的制约性、结构多样性与复杂性、建设长期性、经济收益级差性、开发水平落后性和开发任务艰巨性。在此基础上,文章从要素调控设计、垂直带幅生态调控设计、产业模式系统生态设计出发探讨了生态产业与垂直地带性的构建关系,并举例说明了山区生态产业开发建设对环境保护的积极作用。得出了山区生态产业的开发就是努力避免产业活动对生态环境干扰的逆向作用,积极引导与实现产业活动对生态环境干扰的正向作用的结论。     

Impacts of Climate Change on Hydrology and Water Resources in the Boise and Spokane River Basins1

Jin, Xin and Venkataramana Sridhar, 2012. Impacts of Climate Change on Hydrology and Water Resources in the Boise and Spokane River Basins. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 197‐220. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00605.x Abstract: In the Pacific Northwest, warming climate has resulted in a lengthened growing season, declining snowpack, and earlier timing of spring runoff. This study characterizes the impact of climate change in two basins in Idaho, the Spokane River and the Boise River basins. We simulated the basin‐scale hydrology by coupling the downscaled precipitation and temperature outputs from a suite of global climate models and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), between 2010 and 2060 and assess the impacts of climate change on water resources in the region. For the Boise River basin, changes in precipitation ranged from ?3.8 to 36%. Changes in temperature were expected to be between 0.02 and 3.9°C. In the Spokane River region, changes in precipitation were expected to be between ?6.7 and 17.9%. Changes in temperature appeared between 0.1 and 3.5°C over a period of the next five decades between 2010 and 2060. Without bias‐correcting the simulated streamflow, in the Boise River basin, change in peak flows (March through June) was projected to range from ?58 to +106 m³/s and, for the Spokane River basin, the range was expected to be from ?198 to +88 m³/s. Both the basins exhibited substantial variability in precipitation, evapotranspiration, and recharge estimates, and this knowledge of possible hydrologic impacts at the watershed scale can help the stakeholders with possible options in their decision‐making process.     

Using SWAT to Model Streamflow in Two River Basins With Ground and Satellite Precipitation Data1

Abstract: Both ground rain gauge and remotely sensed precipitation (Next Generation Weather Radar – NEXRAD Stage III) data have been used to support spatially distributed hydrological modeling. This study is unique in that it utilizes and compares the performance of National Weather Service (NWS) rain gauge, NEXRAD Stage III, and Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) 3B42 (Version 6) data for the hydrological modeling of the Middle Nueces River Watershed in South Texas and Middle Rio Grande Watershed in South Texas and northern Mexico. The hydrologic model chosen for this study is the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), which is a comprehensive, physical‐based tool that models watershed hydrology and water quality within stream reaches. Minor adjustments to selected model parameters were applied to make parameter values more realistic based on results from previous studies. In both watersheds, NEXRAD Stage III data yields results with low mass balance error between simulated and actual streamflow (±13%) and high monthly Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients (NS > 0.60) for both calibration (July 1, 2003 to December 31, 2006) and validation (2007) periods. In the Middle Rio Grande Watershed NEXRAD Stage III data also yield robust daily results (time averaged over a three‐day period) with NS values of (0.60‐0.88). TRMM 3B42 data generate simulations for the Middle Rio Grande Watershed of variable qualtiy (MBE = +13 to ?16%; NS = 0.38‐0.94; RMSE = 0.07‐0.65), but greatly overestimates streamflow during the calibration period in the Middle Nueces Watershed. During the calibration period use of NWS rain gauge data does not generate acceptable simulations in both watersheds. Significantly, our study is the first to successfully demonstrate the utility of satellite‐estimated precipitation (TRMM 3B42) in supporting hydrologic modeling with SWAT; thereby, potentially extending the realm (between 50°N and 50°S) where remotely sensed precipitation data can support hydrologic modeling outside of regions that have modern, ground‐based radar networks (i.e., much of the third world).     

Landsat ETM+ Images in the Estimation of Seasonal Lake Water Quality in Boreal River Basins

We investigated the use of Landsat ETM+ images in the monitoring of turbidity, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and Secchi disk transparency (Z(SD)) in lakes of two river basins located in southern Finland. The ETM+ images were acquired in May, June, and September 2002 and were corrected for atmospheric disturbance using the simplified method of atmospheric correction (SMAC) model. The in situ measurements consisted of water sampling in the largest lake of the region, routine monitoring results for the whole study area, and Z(SD) observations made by volunteers. The ranges of the water quality variables in the dataset were as follows: turbidity, 0.6-25 FNU; absorption coefficient of CDOM at 400 nm, 1.0-12.2 m(-1); Z(SD), 0.5-5.5 m; and chlorophyll a concentration, 2.4-80 mug L(-1). The estimation accuracies of the image-specific empirical algorithms expressed as relative errors were 23.0% for turbidity, 17.4% for CDOM, and 21.1% for Z(SD). If concurrent in situ measurements had not been used for algorithm training, the average error would have been about 37%. The atmospheric correction improved the estimation accuracy only slightly compared with the use of top-of-atmospheric reflectances. The accuracy of the water quality estimates without concurrent in situ measurements could have been improved if in-image atmospheric parameters had been available. The underwater reflectance simulations of the ETM+ channel wavelengths using water quality typical for Finnish lakes (data from 1113 lakes) indicated that region-specific algorithms may be needed in other parts of the country, particularly in the case of Z(SD). Despite the limitations in the spectral and radiometric resolutions, ETM+ imagery can be an effective aid, particularly in the monitoring and management of small lakes (<1 km(2)), which are often not included in routine monitoring programs.     

南方少数民族森林文化特征及其生态价值

森林是人类不可或缺的生存要素,南方少数民族既利用森林,又懂得爱护森林,正是在用林与护林的矛盾体中积累了丰富厚重的森林文化,内容包括物质层面对森林的依赖、精神层面对森林的热爱、法制层面对森林的护爱。森林文化具有独特的属性,其本质属性为兼容性、生态性,基本属性为普遍性、多样性、乡土性、审美性,它在保护物种多样性、保护生态环境、美化环境、生态教育方面发挥了重要作用。