基于直接进样-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法的水中2甲4氯残留测定

针对目前水体中MCPA检测灵敏度不够,缺乏一种无需前处理、可直接上机、简单便捷方法的问题,以超高液相色谱串联质谱仪,建立了一种以电喷雾离子源ESI-为电离模式、MRM为监测模式、可直接进样测定水体中MCPA残留的方法。结果表明,最优方法条件为定量离子对199.0/140.9(m/z),流动相乙腈和水梯度洗脱,色谱柱Acquity UPLC HSS T3。在MCPA质量浓度为0.1~100μg/L范围内线性良好(R2=99.99%),检出限为0.006μg/L,定量限为0.018μg/L,是现有直接进样法的23~83倍,完全满足水体中MCPA的检测要求(<0.1μg/L)。在添加水平为1~100μg/L时,回收率为94.30%~105.60%,相对标准偏差为1.05%~3.61%,具有前处理简单、准确性高、精密度好、灵敏度高等优点。     

基于超高效液相色谱串联质谱法的番茄果实和土壤中氟吡菌胺残留测定

建立了番茄果实和土壤中氟吡菌胺残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。用乙腈水溶液提取样品中的氟毗菌胺,以C_(18)柱为分析柱、乙腈-甲酸水溶液为流动相,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱多反应监测、电喷雾正离子源、外标法定量。氟吡菌胺在0.05~1.00 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为y=6964.10x-143.28,决定系数为0.996 8。向对照番茄果实、对照土壤中分别添加氟吡菌胺标样,使其添加量分别为0.10 mg/kg、0.40 mg/kg和2.00 mg/kg,平均回收率分别为92.43%~103.32%和92.75%~104.46%,相对标准偏差分别为3.8%~4.9%和3.4%~4.4%。番茄果实和土壤中氟吡菌胺的定量限分别为1.0μg/kg和1.7μg/kg,检出限分别为0.3μg/kg和0.5μg/kg。     

水果蔬菜中有机磷农药残留量的气相色谱测定方法研究

建立了水果、蔬菜食品中有机磷农药的提取、净化及其毛细管柱气相色谱测定法.用水和丙酮溶剂提取,填有无水Na2SO4和Al2O3的层析柱净化,浓缩后采用火焰离子化检测器(FID)检测到样品中甲胺磷、对硫磷、马拉硫磷、甲基对硫磷的添加回收率分别为81%～90%,82%～90%,84%～102%,80%～90%,变异系数均小于8.0%.实验表明,该方法在一定条件下具有灵敏度高,净化效果好,适用性广等特点,可以作为一种常规测定方法.     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定土壤中16种多环芳烃研究

为了研究土壤中多环芳烃的含量,排除土壤背景干扰,保证测定数据的准确可靠,研究了萃取剂、萃取温度对萃取效率的影响及不同洗脱液和洗脱速率在Florisil柱净化过程中对方法回收率的影响,结合Florisil固相萃取小柱净化,采用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)测定土壤中16种多环芳烃。结果表明,多环芳烃(PAHs)质量浓度在10～800μg/L范围内呈良好线性(响应因子的相对偏差小于14. 2%);在2个空白添加质量比(0. 5、10μg/kg)水平下进行回收试验,测得回收率为51. 7%～106. 0%,方法精密度RSD (n=10)为3. 5%～11. 6%,检出限(LOD)为0. 08～0. 24μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为0. 32～0. 96μg/kg。用该方法考察了6份农田土壤样品,除萘、苊和二苯并[a,h]蒽不易被检出外,其余目标物均被检出,ΣPAHs检出总质量比为10. 92～182. 64μg/kg。该方法具有较高的选择性、灵敏度和准确度,适合土壤中多环芳烃的检测和分析。     

HPLC法同时测定鸡排泄物中环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺残留

建立了鸡排泄物中环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺残留的简便高效液相色谱法.该方法采用NH2柱作为色谱分析柱,V(乙腈)∶V(水)=97∶3溶液为流动相.样品经阳离子交换固相萃取柱净化、富集后,在紫外检测器214 nm处用高效液相色谱仪测定,保留时间分别为10～11 min和18～19 min.环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺质量浓度在0.1～5.0 μg/mL范围内,决定系数分别为0.999 9和0.999 5.在空白样品中添加环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺质量比为0.5 mg/kg、1.0 mg/kg和2.0 mg/kg时,环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺的回收率分别为77.52%～87.56%和68.95%～87.60%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均在5.54%～10.29%.环丙氨嗪的检测限为0.1 mg/kg,三聚氰胺的检测限为0.1 mg/kg.以鸡排泄物为研究对象,考察了不同提取液对环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺提取效率及净化效果的影响,符合兽药残留分析的要求.     

饮用水中二级胺的气相色谱快速检测方法研究

以二甲胺、二乙胺、甲乙胺、吗啉和N-甲基苄胺5种二级胺代表物质为例,分别使用气相色谱-氢火焰(GC-FID)技术和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术检测饮用水中二级胺质量浓度。结果表明,使用优化的预处理方法处理后进样分析,5种代表物质的线性范围在20~2 000μg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤0.46%,最低检出限在3.18~24.19μg/L。FID比MSD具有较强优势。该方法对于直链脂肪类和杂环类的二级胺都有良好的检测效果,可用于对饮用水二级胺类物质的检测。     

畜牧业污水中大环内酯和拟除虫菊酯类驱虫剂物质的LCMSMS检测

采用无需衍生化的同相萃取为前处理手段,高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱联用技术(LCMSMS)为检测手段,在电喷雾电离正离子模式下,对澳大利亚畜牧业污水中常见的大环内酯和拟除虫菊酯两类共7种驱虫剂物质的残留,建立了一次进样下的有效快速分析方法.经一系列优化试验,确定了以50%丙酮+50%乙腈为洗提剂、每次4 mL共8 mL的洗提方法.结果表明,该固相萃取技术(SPE)的加标回收试验结果较好,各化合物的平均回收率为95.50%～108.00%,相对标准差范围为0.73%-8.82%.以含10mmoL/L醋酸铵、0.1%甲酸的超纯水和甲醇混合溶液为流动相,以准分子离子峰[M+NH_4]~+、[M+H]~+作为母离子的定量离子对,所建立的1～500 ng/mL范围内的8点校正曲线中.各物质的相关系数均高于0.998 0,定量限范围为0.03-2.47 ng/mL.实际样品测定时.不同处理流程中各化合物的残留浓度有较好地体现.     

郑州市灰霾天气过程PM_(2.5)水溶性无机离子污染分析

利用离子色谱技术对郑州市2014年10月一次严重灰霾天气过程的PM_(2.5)中的水溶性无机离子(F-、Cl~-、Br-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Li~+、Na~+、K~+、NH_4~~+、Mg~(2+)及Ca~(2+))进行了分析测定,并结合大气质量监测数据及气团轨迹分析讨论了水溶性无机离子的质量浓度变化、来源及影响因素。结果表明,样品中Li~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Br-均低于检测限,水溶性离子平均质量浓度从大到小依次为NH_4~+(36.33μg/m~3)、NO_3~-(30.4μg/m~3)、SO_4~(2-)(26.91μg/m~3)、Cl~-(12.43μg/m~3)、K~+(5.275μg/m~3)、Na~+(1.198μg/m~3)、F~-(0.626 4μg/m~3),水溶性离子质量分数为PM_(2.5)的47.2%~88.2%,平均为66.1%。随着灰霾天气的延续,水溶性离子在细颗粒物中所占比例逐渐增大,这表明来源于人为活动排放的二次污染物是PM_(2.5)主要贡献成分,采样时间段采样点PM_(2.5)污染受到了交通的严重影响,同时郑州市大气细颗粒物污染受周边农村农业生产影响严重,尤其是秸秆燃烧影响非常大。     

中药菊花中12种农药残留量的气相色谱检测方法研究

采用气相色谱仪同时检测中药菊花中12种有机磷和有机氯农药的残留量.用丙酮、石油醚(体积比为6:4)混合溶剂浸泡中药菊花2 h,超声振荡30 min,过滤;滤液经C18柱、石墨碳柱固相萃取、净化.采用电子捕获检测器、程序升温、SPB-5(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)毛细管柱气相色谱检测技术对菊花中12种农药残留进行分析.结果表明,12种农药残留在22 min内均可很好地得以分离,最低检出浓度为0.01～0.05 mg/L;12种农药的添加回收率为74.7%～100.6%,线性范围为0.1～10.0 mg/L,线性相关系数r2≥0.992 2.本文建立了中药菊花中12种农药残留量的气相色谱分析方法,符合农药多残留分析的要求.     

置换通风下不同风速对负离子净化PM_(2.5)的研究

利用人工环境舱进行实验,从衰减常数、去除率等方面分析了在置换通风下不同送风速度对负离子净化PM_(2.5)的影响。结果表明:负离子对PM_(2.5)具有净化作用;随着送风速度的增加,负离子对PM_(2.5)的净化作用先降低后增大。在保证工作区不会产生吹风感的情况下,所选的8个工况中,置换通风送风速度为0.3m/s左右时,负离子对PM_(2.5)的净化效果最佳,净去除率达到20.4%。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。