影响恶臭监测的若干因素及对策探讨

介绍了干扰源、排放强度、气象条件、嗅辩员主观性等因素对恶臭监测结果的影响,强调了采集样品的代表性和准确性,建议在监测前期做好排放规律调查,对嗅辨员进行周期性培训并建立嗅辨员库,实施分级嗅觉检测。     

动态嗅觉测试法及其精度管理

本文介绍了动态嗅觉测试法的概念、测试过程、嗅觉实验室质量控制标准、仪器校准、嗅辨员筛选、测试结果的追溯评价等内容。动态嗅觉测试法具有数据可靠、重复性好、自动化程度高等特点 ,在恶臭污染嗅觉测试和评价中得到了广泛的应用 ,是一种值得借鉴的嗅觉测定法     

动态嗅觉测试法及其精度管理

本文介绍了动态嗅觉测试法的概念、测试过程、嗅觉实验室质量控制标准、仪器校准、嗅辨员筛选、测试结果的追溯评价等内容。动态嗅觉测试法具有数据可靠、重复性好、自动化程度高等特点，在恶臭污染嗅觉测试和评价中得到了广泛的应用，是一种值得借鉴的嗅觉测定法。     

恶臭嗅辨实验室的建立与发展研究

在使用国家推荐标准方法《空气质量恶臭的测定三点比较式臭袋法》（GB／T14675—93）测定恶臭气体浓度时,环节较多较繁杂,需要人工配气和人工嗅辨,监测过程中使用的器材、设备较多,因此容易引入误差。笔者建议从器材设备、实验室布局、嗅辨员选择等方面加强质量管理,通过严格执行相关标准,规范配气和嗅辨环节,加强质量控制等措施建立标准、规范的实验室,以提高监测结果的准确性。文章也简要介绍了国内外针对该方法监测过程中人工配气、人工嗅辨、人工计算的三大环节所开展的探索。     

运用Excel函数汇总环境臭气样品嗅辨数据

本文以环境臭气样品的嗅辨分析数据为例。通过办公软件Excel中的If．Countif,And、Max等函数的嵌套应用,实现环境臭气样品嗅辨数据的自动统计并得出分析结果。     

基于嗅觉效应的土壤苯系物关键因子识别及安全阈值研究

以某化工退役地块为例,从化学浓度及异味贡献两个角度对比了典型土壤气样品中苯系物的污染特征;并从嗅觉效应的角度,研究推导了基于嗅觉效应的主要致嗅组分土壤安全阈值,为污染地块异味风险控制提供理论依据.该地块土壤气组分中以苯浓度最高,其次为氯苯,分别占苯系物总质量浓度的67.3%和10.1%.从异味贡献来看,核心致嗅成分为乙苯,占土壤气总异味活度值的53.2%;其次为甲苯,异味贡献平均占比为14.1%.基于地块未来公园绿地规划,构建了长期及短期两种异味暴露场景下的概念模型和计算公式.经分析计算,短期（涉及建设开挖）的异味暴露风险较长期异味暴露风险更需引起关注.土壤中关键致嗅因子乙苯、甲苯、苯、间/对-二甲苯的土壤异味安全阈值分别为12.9、35、559.3和60.7 mg·kg^-1.将计算所得的安全阈值与现行土壤标准相较,以甲苯和间/对-二甲苯的反差最为显著.研究结果表明：存在异味的污染地块,应同时兼顾考虑毒理学健康效应和基于嗅觉效应的安全阈值,确保污染地块的安全利用.     

异味混合物中组分浓度与其强度贡献关系研究

由挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)等引起的恶臭污染已经成为一个严重的环境问题,而污染物种类繁多,浓度差异大和物质间相互作用规律复杂等因素,对异味强度等感官评价研究造成极大困难.本研究针对室内环境,选取典型挥发性有机污染物组成多种异味混合物,6名专业嗅辨员组成嗅觉评价小组,分别评价异味混合物和相应各组分物质单独存在时的异味强度,分析混合物中各组分含量与混合物整体异味强度之间的联系.结果表明,当混合物中某物质异味活度(odor activity value,OAV)的自然对数值占混合物总量的比例小于20%时,其对混合物的异味强度贡献基本为零.利用该方法预先忽略多组分异味混合物中的部分物质,可以在异味物质相互作用规律和异味感官评价等研究中起到重要简化作用.     

土臭素和2-甲基异莰醇去除方法和路径研究进展

水中嗅味物质土臭素和2-甲基异莰醇为藻类代谢的次生代谢产物,在饮用水中存在时严重影响了人们用水的嗅觉感受,针对水中主要嗅味物质土臭素和2-甲基异莰醇,介绍了其产生过程、物理性质和化学结构,讨论了活性炭物理吸附、化学氧化、生物降解和组合去除工艺的去除效果,详细阐述了其工艺过程、影响因素和去除机理,同时针对当前水中嗅味物质...     

恶臭物质及其控制方法

<正> 一、恶臭物质概述 1.恶臭物质的分类恶臭物质是指能够刺激人的嗅觉器官,引起人们厌恶或产生不适感的物质。其中有的还有损健康。恶臭物质的种类很多,因不同类型的物质分子结构中有不同的“发臭团”,使各类型物质具有不同的臭味。常见的见表1。 2.嗅觉阈值恶臭物质是以其气味引起人的恶感的;气味大小与恶臭物质在空气中的浓度有关。通常把正常人勉强可感到臭味的浓度称为嗅     

基于臭气测定值的渗滤液恶臭浓度机器学习预判模型

为了评估生活垃圾运输过程中,发酵垃圾渗滤液中气味浓度的变化.采用控温发酵对含水量不同的渗滤液样本进行处理,并应用仪器测量与人工嗅辨相结合的方法来确定气味浓度.结果表明,仪器测量结果与人工嗅辨值之间存在显著的相关性（r=0.916）,从而验证了所采用方法的有效性.进一步地,研究分析了水分含量、温度和发酵时间对气味浓度的具体影响.通过比较随机森林、XGboost和LightGBM等先进机器学习模型的性能,使用MAE、MSE、MAPE等评价指标后,确认随机森林模型在预测气味浓度方面的优越性.这些结果为理解和控制垃圾处理过程中的气味扩散提供了实用的参考,并为机器学习技术在环境科学研究中的应用奠定了基础.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.