对环境监测站通过计量认证/审查认可(验收)的实践与思考

通过克拉玛依市环境科研监测中心站计量认证／审查认可(验收)所取得的经验，指出建立符合计量认证／审查认可(验收)评审准则的质量体系，按程序文件实施环境监测全程序质量控制，在日常工作中做好样品管理、仪器设备(标准物质)管理、量值溯源、记录和报告的管理等基础工作是计量认证／审查认可(验收)工作取得成功的保证；全员参与是计量认证／审查认可(验收)工作取得成功的前提；加强人员培训，切实掌握计量认证／审查认可(验收)评审准则的要求是计量认证／审查认可(验收)工作顺利进行的基本条件。     

环保系统计量认证的工作程序

为帮助申请国家级计量认证的环保机构开展工作，介绍了环保系统计量认证的依据、认证机构、评审准则以及工作程序，并就计量认证的申请与受理程序、准备工作、评审步骤、整改与上报材料以及审批发证程序进行了阐述。     

新疆辐射环境监理站的计量认证正式评审已经通过

新疆辐射环境监理站的计量认证正式评审已经通过根据中华人民共和国计量法第二十二条规定，国家环保局与国家技术监督局联合下发了：“环境保护系统各级环境监测站具有为社会提供公证数据的职能，也应该进行计量认证”的通知。事实也说明，计量认证工作给环保部门带来了多...     

环境监测站在计量认证中应做的基本工作

环境监测站在计量认证中应做的基本工作黄忻（河北省环境监测中心站０５００５１）《中华人民共和国计量法》第二十二条和《中华人民共和国计量法实施细则》第七章规定，环境监测站属于为社会提供公正数据的检验机构，必须通过计量认证，方能取得具有法律效力的公正数据的...     

襄樊市五县三市全部通过计量认证

襄樊市五县三市全部通过计量认证继襄樊市环境监测站１９９１年１２月通过湖北省计量局的计量认证评审后，１９９３年１２月１日该市所辖的南漳县、老河口市、襄阳县、谷城县、枣阳市、随州市、保康县和宜城县八个四级站全部通过省计量局的计量认证评审，获得了ＣＭＡ标志...     

乌鲁木齐市环境科学研究监测中心站一次通过计量认证复查

乌鲁木齐市环境科学研究监测中心站一次通过计量认证复查根据《中华人民共和国计量法》与《产品质量检验机构计量认证管理办法》的规定，乌鲁木齐市环境科学研究监测中心站于１９９４年上半年向自治区计量局工业处提出持证到期复查的申请。同年１１月８日至１１日，由自治...     

做好计量认证提高监测站的水平

一、什么叫计量认证计量认证是指我国省级以上政府计量行政部门,根据计量法的规定,对出示公证数据的有关机构(如卫生防疫、药品检验、环境监测、产品检验等机构)的检验能力、可靠性和公正性进行考核,证明其是否具有为社会提供公证数据的资格.这种考核,也就是国际上通常所说的实验室认证.计量认证按管理范围分为强制认证和自愿认证两种.凡是为社会提供公证数据的产品质量检验机构,属于必须认证范围.这些机构的认证,称为强制认证.我国目前已设立的卫生防疫站、药品检验所、环境监测站、商品检验局、压力锅炉容器检验所以及各类产品质量监督机构,均属强制计量认证机构.     

质量保证的关键环节——计量认证

论述了计量认证在环境监测质量保证工作中的重要性与必要性,介绍了基层监测站计量认证工作的内容与程序。     

湖北省环境监测计量认证工作全面展开

湖北省环境监测系统在狠抓了环境监测人员合格证考核工作的基础上,及时地把工作重点转移到环境监测站的计量认证工作上来.省环境监测中心站和省计量局于9月22日～25日在武汉联合举办了首批环境监测计量认证学习班,为环境监测计量认证工作的开展做好知识和技术准备.由8名专家组成的湖北省计量认证环保评审组在省计量局领导下已开始工作.评审组将对各申请     

新疆环境监测中心站顺利通过计量认证复查评审

中国环境监测总站计量认证考核组受国家技术监督局的委托 ,于 2 0 0 1年 9月 1 5— 1 7日对新疆环境监测中心站进行了计量认证复查评审。新疆环境监测中心站 1 996年 3月取得的国家技术监督局颁发的计量认证合格证 (期限五年 )已于 2 0 0 1年 3月到期。为了迎接计量认证复查评审 ,新疆环境监测中心站的领导高度重视 ,专门成立了领导小组 ,全面负责此项工作 ,全站的专业技术人员积极配合。经过半年多的准备 ,新疆环境监测中心站以优异成绩通过了计量认证考核组的基础理论、密码样品测试等内容的考核及现场检查 ,顺利通过评审 ,并于 2 0 0 1年…     

Influence of sewage sludge,as a substrate,in the plasticity of functional characteristics of plants

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of sewage sludge application as fertilizer on the plasticity of functional characteristics of species commonly found in the Caatinga. The research was developed in the nursery of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará (IFCE), Quixadá campus, located in northeastern Brazil. Three treatments were applied: raw sludge, sanitized sludge, and no manipulation. In each treatment, five species were planted, each with five individuals, totaling 75 individuals, which were tagged, and 4 months after germination, they were destroyed to obtain dry matter content (TMSF) from leaf, stem (TMSC), fine root (TMSRF), and thick root (TMSRG); leaf area; height and diameter of the seedling; and length above and below the ground. The sanitized sludge was responsible for giving higher values for leaf area, height of the seedlings, and diameter and length of stem and root. However, the dry matter content of the fine roots was higher in the treatment without manipulation. At the community level, as TMSRG increased, TMSC also increased, the same occurred between TMSRG and TMSRF, TMSC and TMSRF, and stem length and leaf area. In the treatment without manipulation, there was a positive correlation between leaf area, height and plant diameter, and negative correlation between root length and plant diameter. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of sanitized sludge is a good tool to increase the availability of soil resources, conferring to individuals’ greater dry matter content, greater leaf area, and higher height and diameter above the ground.     

Analysis of trace elements (Cu, Cd, and Zn) in the muscle, gill, and liver tissues of some fish species using anodic stripping voltammetry

Heavy metal (Cu, Cd, Zn) concentration of the muscle, gill, and liver of Otolithes rubber, Pampus argenteus, Parastromateus niger, Scomberomorus commerson, and Onchorynchus mykiss are determined by anodic stripping voltammetry method. The results show that the concentration of Cu, Cd, and Zn varied between 0.44 and not detected, 0.585 and 0.001, and 0.450 and 0.005?μg/g, respectively. It is interesting that in O. mykiss, the mean value of copper concentration was more than other marine organisms of this study, while in P. niger, the mean value of copper was minimum. The results of this study indicate that in the different tissues of fish species (O. rubber, P. argenteus, P. niger, S. commerson, and O. mykiss), the concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn were significantly lower than the permissible FAO/WHO levels.     

青岛市生态空间遥感监测与评价

从生态空间的监管需求出发,利用高分辨率卫星数据获取不同生态系统类型的分布状况,分析2012—2017年青岛市生态空间的演变格局,从水源涵养、水土保持、生物多样性维护3个方面评价青岛市生态空间的服务功能变化情况。结果表明:2012—2017年,青岛市生态空间的生态系统结构变化明显,主要表现为森林和城镇面积显著增加,草地、农田、裸地及海洋面积明显减少;水源涵养、水土保持、生物多样性维护功能的生态状况指数的增长率分别为2.63%、0.36%、2.55%,说明生态空间的生态系统服务功能得到提升,生态状况总体呈变好趋势。     

Some international activities in environmental health monitoring and surveillance

Environmental health monitoring and surveillance include activities such as collection of information on the production and use of chemicals; preparation of inventories of waste discharges; measurement of physical, chemical and biological agents in air, water and food, at work place and at home; epidemiological investigations, and collection and analysis of environmental, and health statistical data. There are two main objectives of these activities: estimation of human exposure to potentially harmful environmental factors and timely detection of adverse health effects; and the assessment of environmental conditions in relation to established guidelines and standards. Environmental health monitoring and surveillance projects initiated, organized and implemented by the Specialized Agencies and other bodies of the United Nations system include monitoring of air and water quality and of food and animal feed contamination; pilot projects on air pollution exposure assessment and biological monitoring; and ionizing radiation surveillance. Principles of environmental and health monitoring in occupational environment, and of monitoring and surveillance of environmental health effects are outlined. Two examples are provided of national environmental health surveillance systems.Revised and up-dated text of a paper presented at the World congress on Environmental Health in Development Planning, Mexico City, November 1979.Formerly Manager, Environmental Health Criteria and Standards, and Chief Central Unit, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Division of Environmental Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.     

Biogeochemical assessment of the urban area in Moscow

The biogeochemical and ecological assessment of the industrial city territory including urban soils and trees was carried out. Chemical (macroelement and microelement) composition of the city soils, morphological and biochemical properties of the linden leaves, possible impact of de-icing salts on soil and tree state, the correlation between the content of trace elements, and the S-containing plant compounds (phytochelatins) were included in the assessment. It was found that concentrations of trace elements in the soils near road with intensive traffic are changed from the soils, located at a distance of 40–50 m from the road. They have higher concentrations of As, Fe, Mn, Se, and Sr and lower concentration of Zn. The linden leaves from the roadside were characterized by the increase in As, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Cr and sharp decrease in the Mn and Sr concentrations. The analysis of soil water extracts showed a slight decrease of pH and low content of Ca, Mg, K, and Na for the distant sites. The phytochelatin test of linden leaves was weakly effective as well as asymmetry degree study of leaf lamina. The main differences were observed in the damage symptoms of leaves (chlorosis and necrosis) and the content of pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids). The biochemical and ecological assessment of soils and trees showed relatively satisfactory ecological state of the investigated area in Moscow. The data obtained shows the weak local impact of the application of de-icing salts and automobile emissions.     

湖北省重点区域及周边表层土壤重金属污染现状及评价

对湖北省内9类不同重点区域及周边表层土壤环境质量进行检测,测定重金属镉、汞、砷、铅、铬、铜、镍、锌含量水平,采用内梅罗污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对检测结果进行评价。结果表明:9类不同重点区域及周边土壤环境质量整体良好,未受重金属污染的土壤监测点位比例为68.2%~92.6%,轻度污染的点位比例为5.8%~20.4%,中度污染为0.0%~8.6%,重度污染为0.0%~9.1%;污染企业周边、油田采矿区周边、固废处置场地周边、工业遗留遗弃场地及周边4类重点区域受重金属污染相对较严重,影响其土壤环境质量的重金属主要是镉、砷、铜、铅;9类不同重点区域周边土壤环境质量的潜在生态风险等级以轻微、中度为主,对应的监测点位比例分别为36.4%~80.5%、18.1%~47.7%,潜在生态风险等级为强度、很强、极强的监测点位比例总和为1.4%~15.9%,主要分布在受重金属污染严重的监测区域。     

Use of tree bark for comparing environmental pollution in different sites from Buenos Aires and Montevideo

Multi-elemental profiles in bark of green ash trees collected in three representative areas of Buenos Aires, Argentina and Montevideo, Uruguay, were assessed as potential air pollution indicators. Ten elements: Al, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, were measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emissions spectrometry from 70 samples collected in different environments: central, residential and rural (reference site), in order to compare spatial patterns of metal concentration. The samples used as a control were collected from a nature reserve situated far away from any significant influences, not even a nearby road. The reference site (RF) exhibited the lowest concentrations of Al, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn. However, Ba and Mn showed similar concentrations in all measured sites. Magnesium is the only element that had a greater concentration in RF than at the other sites. Copper did not show any clear pattern. The Centre of Montevideo (MVD) showed higher concentrations of Al, Ba, Cr, Fe, Pb and Zn than the Centre of Buenos Aires (BA). In the A sectors, Montevideo (SAMVD) showed higher concentrations of Al, Cu, Mg, Ni, and Zn and lower concentrations of Ba, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Pb than Buenos Aires (SABA). In the B sectors, Montevideo (SBMVD) showed higher concentrations of Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn and lower concentrations of Cr and Mg than Buenos Aires (SBBA), but similar concentrations of Mn and Ni. The use of bark for biomonitoring metals allowed us to detect concentration differences related to the urban fabric and the different kinds of vehicles and their fuels. In the cities, the differences in metal concentrations detected in bark were more striking between the sectors than between centers, despite CBA being much larger than CMVD in population, extension and vehicular traffic.     

Groundwater contamination and its effect on health in Turkey

The sources of groundwater pollution in Turkey are identified, and pathways of contaminants to groundwater are first described. Then, the effects of groundwater quality on health in Turkey are evaluated. In general, sources of groundwater contamination fall into two main categories: natural and anthropogenic sources. Important sources of natural groundwater pollution in Turkey include geological formations, seawater intrusion, and geothermal fluid(s). The major sources of anthropogenic groundwater contamination are agricultural activities, mining waste, industrial waste, on-site septic tank systems, and pollution from imperfect well constructions. The analysis results revealed that natural contamination due to salt and gypsum are mostly found in Central and Mediterranean regions and arsenic in Aegean region. Geothermal fluids which contain fluoride poses a danger for skeleton, dental, and bone problems, especially in the areas of Denizli, Isparta, and Ayd?n. Discharges from surface water bodies contaminate groundwater by infiltration. Evidence of such contamination is found in Upper K?z?l?rmak basin, Gediz basin, and Büyük Melen river basin and some drinking water reservoirs in ?stanbul. Additionally, seawater intrusion causes groundwater quality problems in coastal regions, especially in the Aegean coast. Industrial wastes are also polluting surface and groundwater in industrialized regions of Turkey. Deterioration of water quality as a result of fertilizers and pesticides is another major problem especially in the regions of Mediterranean, Aegean, Central Anatolia, and Marmara. Abandoned mercury mines in the western regions of Turkey, especially in ?anakkale, ?zmir, Mu?la, Kütahya, and Bal?kesir, cause serious groundwater quality problems.     

Drinking water quality assessment in Southern Sindh (Pakistan)

The southern Sindh province of Pakistan adjoins the Arabian Sea coast where drinking water quality is deteriorating due to dumping of industrial and urban waste and use of agrochemicals and yet has limited fresh water resources. The study assessed the drinking water quality of canal, shallow pumps, dug wells, and water supply schemes from the administrative districts of Thatta, Badin, and Thar by measuring physical, chemical, and biological (total coliform) quality parameters. All four water bodies (dug wells, shallow pumps canal water, and water supply schemes) exceeded WHO MPL for turbidity (24%, 28%, 96%, 69%), coliform (96%, 77%, 92%, 81%), and electrical conductivity (100%, 99%, 44%, 63%), respectively. However, the turbidity was lower in underground water, i.e., 24% and 28% in dug wells and shallow pumps as compared to open water, i.e., 96% and 69% in canal and water supply schemes, respectively. In dug wells and shallow pumps, limits for TDS, alkalinity, hardness, and sodium exceeded, respectively, by 63% and 33%; 59% and 70%, 40% and 27%, and 78% and 26%. Sodium was major problem in dug wells and shallow pumps of district Thar and considerable percent in shallow pumps of Badin. Iron was major problem in all water bodies of district Badin ranging from 50% to 69% and to some extent in open waters of Thatta. Other parameters as pH, copper, manganese, zinc, and phosphorus were within standard permissible limits of World Health Organization. Some common diseases found in the study area were gastroenteritis, diarrhea and vomiting, kidney, and skin problems.     

Dissolved and particulate metals in water from Sonora Coast: a pristine zone of Gulf of California

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) in dissolved and particulate fractions in seawater from Bacochibampo Bay, Northern part of Mexico. Water samples were collected from November 2004 to October 2005. Metal analysis was done by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results indicated highest concentrations of dissolved Cd and Zn in the sites localized at the mouth and center of the bay. During summer and spring, the highest levels of Cd, Mn, and Fe were detected, Zn in fall, and Pb and Cu in winter and spring. Mercury was the only metal that was not found in this fraction. In particulate fraction, Fe, Hg, and Mn were the most abundant elements in all the sampling sites, followed by Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd. The highest levels of the majority of the metals were observed in the coastline, suggesting a continental and/or urban source for these chemicals. The highest level of Cd was detected during the summer and the rest of the metals in the fall. Statistically significant correlations were observed between dissolved and particulate forms of Pb:Mn, Cu:Fe, and Cu:Mn. The mean partition coefficient values were as follows: Fe>Mn>Cu>Pb>Cd>Zn. All dissolved metal concentrations found, except Pb, were lower than EPA-recommended water quality values. The levels of dissolved metals in this study reveal low bioavailability and toxic potential. However, further toxicological and sediment chemistry studies in this area are needed for a full risk assessment.