中国餐厨垃圾资源化利用系统建设现状研究

中国餐厨垃圾具有高油、高盐、含水率高、高有机质的特点,具备废物和资源两重性,将其单独回收利用十分必要。在分析餐厨垃圾回收利用、政策法规体系建设以及资源化技术现状的基础上,指出了资源化处理能力存在较大的缺口、缺乏国家层面统一立法、监管主体混乱等问题。基于现有的厌氧制沼、好氧制肥、生物转化以及综合集成技术的特点分析,得出协同厌氧处置、生物转化蛋白饲料、构建多元化技术体系以及产业联动集中布局是餐厨垃圾资源化技术的发展趋势。     

绿色风尚标:生产者责任延伸

"生产者延伸责任"一词是最早由Thomas Lindhqvist在1988年提交给瑞典环境部的报告中最早提出的,报告认为生产者的责任应该延伸到整个产品的生命周期.欧盟把生产者延伸责任定义为生产者必须承担产品使用完毕后的回收、再生和处理的责任,其策略是将产品废弃阶段的责任完全归于生产者,目前大多数国家采用欧盟的定义.     

金属表面处理工艺危险废物产生节点和处置现状

金属表面处理行业危险废物种类多、危害大,加上生产企业对危险废物产生节点识别不清以及危险废物管理意识薄弱,加剧了金属表面处理行业危险废物的管理难度。选取金属表面处理工艺中应用最为广泛的电镀、化学镀、阳极氧化、磷化和钝化处理工艺,通过工艺流程梳理,结合《国家危险废物名录(2021版)》,分析各工艺的危险废物产生节点、产生特点和规律;调研其中主要危险废物的产生量、处置工艺和处置现状,并对未来金属表面处理工艺危险废物的管理和处置工作提出合理建议。研究结果对实现金属表面处理行业危险废物的源头减量化和无害化处置具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Turnover and loss of nitrogenous compounds during composting of food wastes

Few people have so far explored into the research of the dynamics of various nitrogenous compounds (including water-soluble nitrogen) in composting of food wastes. This study aimed to investigate the solid-phase nitrogen, water-soluble nitrogen, nitrogen loss together with ammonia volatilization in the process of food wastes composting. A laboratory scale static aerobic reactor in the experiment was employed in the composting process of a synthetic food waste, in which sawdust was used as the litter amendment. In the experiment, oxygen was supplied by continuous forced ventilation for 15 days. The results have shown that the concentrations of total nitrogen and organic nitrogen decrease significantly in the composting process, whereas NH₄ ⁺-N concentration increases together with little fluctuation in NO₃ ⁻-N. After composting, the total content of the water-soluble nitrogen compounds in the compost greatly increased, the total nitrogen loss amounted to 50% of the initial nitrogen, mainly attributed to ammonia volatilization. 56.7% of the total ammonia volatilization occurred in the middle and late composting of the thermophilic stage. This suggested that the control at the middle and late composting of thermophilic stage is the key to nitrogen loss in the food waste compost. __________ Translated from Environmental Science and Technology, 2006, 29(12): 54–56, IV–V [译自: 环境科学与技术]     

餐厨垃圾水力制浆耦合厌氧消化的效果分析

根据餐厨垃圾高含水的特点,从水力模拟、浆化物料特性、设备运行关键指标及项目运行效果等方面对餐厨垃圾水力浆化预处理技术进行综合评价。计算流体力学 （CFD）的水力模拟结果表明,浆化过程中流体质点螺旋式汇聚至转叶,形成三股内旋状涡流,在流体内部产生明显的流速差和正负压分区现象,水力作用下可快速实现餐厨垃圾的浆化。浆料和杂质特征分析表明,浆化产物颗粒细小,有机质损失率低,杂质去除率高,可与后端不同资源化技术（如厌氧消化、好氧堆肥等）高度融合。以水力浆化与厌氧消化技术相结合的餐厨垃圾资源化项目为例,餐厨垃圾经水力浆化预处理后,有机质损失率约为8.5%;不可生物降解杂质分选率约94%;粗油脂提取率约91%,吨餐厨垃圾平均产油率为3.76%,产气率为85.57 m³(以标态计)。该处理方式较机械式预处理具有更高的资源化利用率,可大幅提升项目的经济效益。

     

食品垃圾好氧降解过程中挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征

采用实验室模拟方法,研究了混合食品垃圾(FW)及以橙子、生菜、土豆和西红柿为代表的4种植物性易降解有机垃圾组分好氧降解过程中排放出来的117种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放量和组成特征.结果表明,混合食品垃圾好氧降解过程中VOCs总排放量为951.80mg·kg-1,主要为有机硫、含氧化合物和萜烯,分别占VOCs总排放量的43.1%、53.3%和2.1%.橙子、生菜、土豆和西红柿4种植物性易降解有机垃圾好氧降解过程中VOCs的总排放量分别为12736.72、118.67、57.40和228.08mg·kg-1,主要成分均为含氧化合物和萜烯;含氧化合物分别占橙子、生菜、土豆和西红柿4种植物性易降解有机垃圾VOCs总排放量的13.5%、80.9%、85.9%和79.5%,萜烯分别占4种植物性易降解有机垃圾VOCs总排放量的86.5%、16.6%、8.2%和15.6%.     

食品工业废渣以发酵技术生产菌体蛋白饲料的研究

为了将食品工业废渣中可被微生物利用的营养物质构成蛋白质的微生物菌体,采用以固态发酵法生产蛋白饲料。试验结果表明,通过组合菌株,在2t规模的发酵池里进行连续培养,较佳的控制工艺条件是：培养温度30℃,培养基初始水份65％,培养时间80h,产品的菌体蛋白达到了30％以上,粗纤维含量下降60％以下,废渣中灰分降低了30％以上,钙和磷分别提高了70％和205倍,并含有丰富的纤维素酶,提高了食品工业废渣的利用价值。     

底物含氮量对厨余堆肥氮素转化及其损失的影响研究

采用静态好氧工艺研究了含氮量分别为32.4 g·kg-1、45.3 g·kg-1和58.2g·kg-1的厨余垃圾(N0、N1、N2)与木屑混合堆制时,堆肥过程中不同形态氮的转化及其氮损失规律.结果表明,堆肥中堆体全氮含量呈先升后降趋势,部分有机氮转化为铵氮导致堆体pH升高,在通风和高温的联合作用下,NH3挥发出堆体造成一定的氮损失.随着底物含氮量的增加,NH3挥发速率和氮损失率均呈上升趋势.堆肥结束时N0、N1、N2的堆体全氮含量分别下降了16.4%、26.3%和21.7%,NH3累计挥发量分别为7.0 g·kg-1、9.8 g·kg-1和29.4 g·kg-1,堆肥氮损失率分别为35.0%、49.9%和53.0%.NH3挥发主要集中在高温阶段的中后期,是厨余堆肥氮损失的主要原因.     

Urban garbage disposal and management in China

This paper, probing into the present situation of urban domestic garbage by analyzing its growing trend, compositional change and regional difference, reveals the problems existing in its disposul and management in China. Meanwhile, a questionnaire was conducted in five big cities around China for surveying urban residents‘ attitudes towards garbage disposal and management policies and measures. Results showed the outlmt of urban domestic garbage in Chinese cities is ever increasing, and the recoverable materials and energy in garbage composition are also increasing. The population growth, economic development, and increase of residents‘ expenditure level are the main factors influencing the growing output and changing composition of the garbage. Information acquired from the questionnaire showed that majority of the urban residentsare in favor d the garbage reduction policies and managerial measures and are willing to collaborate with municipal government in battling against gadbage. Based on the analysis and questionnaire, some policymaking-oriented suggestions such as operating the garbage disposal from a social welfare service to a sector of profit-gaining enterprises, transferring the garbage management from passive end control to active source control,promoting the classified garbage collection in cities around China, and charging garbage fees for its cleanup and disposal, have also been put forward in the paper.     

温度对接种酵母菌和醋酸菌餐厨垃圾微氧发酵产乙酸的影响

通过间歇实验,探究了温度(25,35,45,55℃)对餐厨垃圾接种酵母菌和醋酸菌后产乙酸和挥发性脂肪酸的影响.结果表明,控制温度在25℃时,发酵液中乙酸浓度远高于35、45和55℃,发酵8d后,乙酸的产量最大,达到0.59g/L;最大的VFA浓度在25℃下获得,达34.49g/L.VFA中以乙酸为主,并有少量丙酸和丁酸产生.随温度的逐渐升高,TS和VS去除率先上升后下降,在35℃时,发酵底物餐厨垃圾的TS和VS去除率最高,为30%和60%左右.     

渤海湾污水海洋处置研究

为研究污水海洋处置京城 渤海湾这类具有缓坡潮间带海湾的可行性，应用动边界数学模型对这一问题进行了数值模拟研究，并参考已经运行的处置工程对渤海湾污水海洋处置工程进行了经济分析，提出了污水海洋处置的优化方案。