Reduction of selenite to red elemental selenium by moderately halotolerant Bacillus megaterium strains isolated from Bhitarkanika mangrove soil and characterization of reduced product

Two Gram (+) bacterial strains, BSB6 and BSB12, showing resistance and potential for Se(IV) reduction among 26 moderately halotolerant isolates from the Bhitarkanika mangrove soil were characterized by biochemical and 16S rDNA sequence analyses. Both of them were strictly aerobic and able to grow in a wide range of pH (4-11), temperature (4-40 °C) and salt concentration (4-12%) having an optimum growth at 37 °C, pH ∼7.5 and 7% salt (NaCl). The biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis of BSB6 and BSB12 showed the closest phylogenetic similarity with the species Bacillus megaterium. Both the strains effectively reduced Se(IV) and complete reduction of selenite (up to 0.25 mM) was achieved within 40 h. SEM with energy dispersive X-ray and TEM analyses revealed the formation of nano size spherical selenium particles in and around the bacterial cells which were also supported by the confocal micrograph study. The UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra and XRD of selenium precipitates revealed that the selenium particles are in the nanometric range and crystalline in nature. These bacterial strains may be exploited further for bioremediation process of Se(IV) at relatively high salt concentrations and green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles.     

应用柠檬酸和酶制剂协同减量处理活性污泥

活性污泥工艺被广泛的用于处理市政及工业废水,但其弊端就是产生大量剩余污泥。为了开发经济、高效的污泥源头减量技术,利用柠檬酸结合酶制剂（蛋白酶、纤维素和脂肪酶单独或等比例混合）对活性污泥增溶及减量效果进行了研究,摇瓶实验表明柠檬酸处理能使污泥增溶约30%;复合酶制剂能够使污泥浓度减小约33.6%。进一步小试装置中投加柠檬酸和复合酶制剂进行污泥减量实验,结果表明柠檬酸加复合酶协同处理组污泥沉淀性及污泥浓度分别降低24.3%和26.6%,且COD去除效率并未发生明显降低。对污泥进行镜检,发现经柠檬酸和复合酶处理后的污泥形态发生了变化,絮体结构疏松且尺寸变小。     

用污泥生物指数评价活性污泥的运转效能

污泥生物指数(SBI)由对活性污泥混合液中微型动物群落结构的分析得出,用于评价活性污泥的运转效能。SBI为0~10的生物指数,分为4个质量等级,为一客观的指数。此方法的优点在于通过对微型动物的日常检验,就能对活性污泥的运行状况给出一量化且客观的评价。     

用污泥生物指数评价活性污泥的运转效能

污泥生物指数（SBI）由对活性污泥混合液中微型动物群落结构的分析得出,用于评价活性污泥的运转效能.SBI为0～10的生物指数,分为4个质量等级,为一客观的指数.此方法的优点在于通过对微型动物的日常检验,就能对活性污泥的运行状况给出一量化且客观的评价.     

活性污泥法处理高钙废水中污泥特性的变化

通过单级SBR法处理模拟高钙废水,研究了活性污泥法处理高钙废水的过程中钙离子对COD,MLVSS,MLSS,SVI,污泥增长速率,污泥形态结构及生物相的影响,揭示活性污泥法处理高钙废水的过程中污泥量巨大的原因。采用逐步增加钙离子浓度的方法,检测到在污泥培养期([Ca2+]=0 mg/L),COD去除率为98.1%,MLVSS和MLSS稳定在4 900~5 500mg/L,污泥增长速率为67 mg/(L·d),SVI为55~60 mL/g;在驯化处理期([Ca2+]=120~2 400 mg/L),COD去除率降至87.37%,MLVSS降至2 500 mg/L,MLSS增加至19 300 mg/L,污泥增长速率为212.31 mg/(L·d),SVI降至25 mL/g;在冲击期([Ca2+]=4 000 mg/L),COD去除率降至69.23%,MLVSS降至1 600 mg/L,MLSS迅速增加至24 200 mg/L,污泥增长速率为816.67 mg/(L·d),SVI降至14 mL/g。经显微镜观察发现,污泥絮体由松散变得密实,生物相由钟虫等指示性微生物变为不适应环境的胞囊结构。结果表明,随Ca2+浓度的增加,COD去除率下降,MLSS迅速增加,MLVSS和SVI急剧缩小,说明活性污泥中的活性微生物逐渐减少,而无机物组分逐渐增多;钙离子的加入促使系统碳酸平衡向右移动,使离子状态的钙大部分转化为难降解的碳酸盐,并附着于污泥絮体上,污泥绒粒被压缩,使污泥颗粒密实度及MLSS迅速增加,导致污泥排放量巨大。     

Reduction of toxicity of antimicrobial compounds by degradation processes using activated sludge,gamma radiation,and UV

The occurrence and persistence of pharmacologically active compounds in the environment has been an increasingly important issue. The objectives of this study were to investigate the decomposition of aqueous antimicrobial compounds using activated sludge, γ-irradiation, and UV treatment, and to evaluate the toxicity towards green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, before and after treatment. Tetracycline (TCN), lincomycin (LMC) and sulfamethazine (SMZ) were used as target compounds. Gamma (γ)-irradiation showed the highest removal efficiency for all target compounds, while UV and activated sludge treatment showed compound-dependent removal efficiencies. TCN and SMZ were well degraded by all three treatment methods. However, LMC showed extremely low removal efficiency for UV and activated sludge treatments. Overall, the algal toxicity after degradation processes was significantly decreased, and was closely correlated to removal efficiency. However, in the case of γ-irradiated TCN, UV and activated sludge treated LMC as well as sludge treated SMZ, the observed toxicity was higher than expected, which indicates the substantial generation of byproducts or transformed compounds of a greater toxicity in the treated sample. Consequently, γ-radiation treatment could be an effective method for removal of recalcitrant compounds such as antibiotics.     

包埋法处理抗生素废水的试验研究

采用包埋活性污泥对抗生素废水进行了试验研究,以COD、BOD5、NH3-N和TN去除率为指标,考察包埋活性污泥处理抗生素废水的可行性,结果表明,COD、BOD5、NH3-N和TN去除率分别为68.02%、78.80%、45.00%和49.11%.说明包埋法处理抗生素废水是可行的,尤其是去除TN上具有一定的优势.     

Differential growth,nutrition, physiology,and gene expression in Melissa officinalis mediated by zinc oxide and elemental selenium nanoparticles

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Regarding the rapid progress in the production and consumption of nanobased products, this research considered the behavior of Melissa officinalis...     

粉末活性污泥处理含铀废水的特性

以生活污水处理厂剩余活性污泥为原料,制备粉末活性污泥(PAS)作为生物吸附剂,考察pH值,PAS投加量,U(Ⅵ)初始浓度和吸附时间对PAS吸附U(Ⅵ)的影响,探讨了PAS吸附U(Ⅵ)的作用机理。实验结果表明,在U(Ⅵ)初始浓度为10 mg/L时,其最佳吸附pH值为3,去除率97.77%,吸附平衡时间120 min;吸附过程较好地拟合了准二级动力学模型(R2≈1)和Freundlich等温模型(R2≈1);X射线能谱和离子交换实验分析表明,离子交换为其主要吸附方式,参与交换的主要离子为Ca2+;红外光谱分析表明,PAS吸附U(Ⅵ)后自身结构未发生改变。以0.1 mol/L的HCl溶液作为解吸液,初次解吸率达92.83%,循环利用3次仍具有较好的吸附效果。     

Degradation of ethinyl estradiol by nitrifying activated sludge

Degradation of ethinyl estradiol (EE2) by nitrifying activated sludge was studied with micro-organisms grown in a reactor with feedback of sludge fed with only a mineral salts medium containing ammonium as the sole energy source. Ammonium was oxidised by this sludge at a rate of 50 mg NH4+ g(-1) DW h(-1). This activated sludge was also capable of degrading EE2 at a maximum rate of 1 microg g(-1) DW h(-1). Using sludge with an insignificant nitrifying capacity of 1 mg NH4+ g(-1) DW h(-1), no degradation of EE2 was detected. Oxidation of EE2 by nitrifying sludge resulted in the formation of hydrophilic compounds, which were not further identified. Most probably degradation by nitrifying sludge results in a loss of estrogenic activity, as hydroxylated derivatives of EE2 are known to have a substantially lower pharmacological activity than EE2.     

活性污泥对甲醛废水的净化性能

采用微生物法处理低浓度甲醛废水达标排放是比较经济的方法之一.在研究中采用序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺,考察了曝气时间、进水甲醛浓度、进水 pH 和水温对微生物净化低浓度甲醛废水的影响.结果表明,随着曝气时间的延长,活性污泥对甲醛的去除率增大.进水甲醛浓度在 40～120 mg/L 范围内,随着浓度升高甲醛污泥负荷增加,微生物对甲醛的降解速率增加,但对甲醛的去除率降低.活性污泥在 pH 为 5～7 的中性和弱酸性环境中对甲醛的降解速率较高.在15～35℃范围内,污泥对废水中甲醛的去除率随温度升高而上升,微生物对甲醛的降解速率随温度升高呈指数递增趋势.     

微波诱导活性炭纤维催化氧化实现污泥减量的研究

采用SBR装置,对应用微波诱导活性炭纤维催化氧化实现污泥减量进行了研究。结果表明,在微波功率为800W,微波辐照时间为50s,每克SS加入0.19g活性炭纤维条件下,微波诱导活性炭纤维催化氧化污泥的分解率明显高于单独微波消解处理。将微波诱导处理后的污泥返回到处理系统中,随着被微波诱导处理的污泥占反应器内污泥的比例(污泥处理比例)的增大,污泥表观产率系数随之减小,污泥减量也越明显;污泥处理比例为5%(体积分数,下同)、10%、15%时,与对照系统相比,处理系统污泥减量分别为24.3%、43.6%、62.2%;随着污泥处理比例的增大,处理系统出水溶解性COD(SCOD)呈升高趋势,但系统仍能保持其生物处理能力,SCOD去除率在85%以上。处理系统和对照系统的氨氮降解速率常数及污泥耗氧速率相差不大,处理系统的硝化能力及污泥活性基本没有受到微波诱导催化氧化作用的影响。     

超声处理对活性污泥系统污泥减量效果的研究

在活性污泥系统采用超声波处理剩余污泥以考察污泥减量效果及其对系统处理效果的影响.结果表明:在声能密度0.25～0.50 W/mL范围内,经过1～30 min的超声波处理,系统表观产率显著下降,剩余污泥的产量可以减少20%～50%左右.同时发现,污泥的沉降性能指标SVI有所下降,而污泥的稳定性有所提高,活性污泥系统的出水水质略有不同程度的下降.     

剩余污泥混合对絮凝污泥厌氧消化的强化

为了考察絮凝污泥与剩余活性污泥混合中温(35℃)厌氧消化效果,分析了不同混合比例、不同投配率下的总化学需氧量(TCOD)去除率、挥发性固体(VS)降解效果,通过pH值与氨氮浓度的变化来分析各反应器的稳定性。结果表明:污泥混合后消化效果明显得到提高,且污泥消化效率随着投配率的增加先提高后下降。5%投配率时,絮凝污泥/剩余污泥(VS比)为1:2时厌氧消化效果最好,TCOD去除率达到47.8%,VS降解率达到46.8%,分解单位VS产气量达到了435 mL/g,pH值与氨氮浓度分别保持在7.4和269 mg/L左右,混合污泥厌氧消化系统较稳定。这说明与剩余污泥的混合消化能有效提高絮凝污泥的厌氧消化性能。污泥絮体的显微分析表明:厌氧消化过程中絮体面积百分比逐步减小,污泥结构逐步解体,可以解释污泥消化的微观过程。     

超声处理对活性污泥系统污泥减量效果的研究

在活性污泥系统采用超声波处理剩余污泥以考察污泥减量效果及其对系统处理效果的影响.结果表明：在声能密度0.25～0.50 W/mL范围内,经过1～30 min的超声波处理,系统表观产率显著下降,剩余污泥的产量可以减少20%～50%左右.同时发现,污泥的沉降性能指标SVI有所下降,而污泥的稳定性有所提高,活性污泥系统的出水水质略有不同程度的下降.     

活性污泥胞内物质合成影响因素的研究进展

聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)是微生物胞内的一种碳源和能量储存物质,由于其在胞内物质和能量转化过程中扮演关键角色,因此在新型生物脱氮除磷工艺的微观机制研究中引起了高度重视.目前针对活性污泥胞内物质的合成已展开了大量研究工作.结果表明,底物、电子受体、污泥龄(SRT)和环境因子是影响PHA合成的重要因素.这些因素影响生物反应系...     

微丝菌型污泥膨胀的工艺负荷调控方法

提出调控工艺局部污泥负荷分布来处理污水处理厂冬季微丝菌污泥膨胀。在某AAO工艺污水处理厂开展平行反应器实验,进行显微观测和工艺模拟,发现反应器前端厌/缺氧区污泥去除负荷的差值与微丝菌丰度、污泥粒径和沉降性能有相关性。比较多种运行模式的改善效果,发现AO模式沉降性能最好,优于AAO和多点回流。反应器前端污泥去除负荷梯度可作为调控指标,实验中AO模式负荷梯度可达0.54 kg COD·（kg SS·d）-1,明显高于AAO、多点回流和多点进水。因此,通过优化回流和排泥操作,可以调控污泥去除负荷的沿程分布,有可能缓解冬季的微丝菌型污泥膨胀。