空间理论在商店安全疏散中的作用研究

发生火警时,处于不同环境的店员在安全疏散时会产生不同的反应行为.对某零售商店进行的安全疏散演习资料进行研究,发现店员对警报的反应随他们所处的位置和所承担的责任不同而不同.所以商店管理者不仅要对所有店员进行消防安全训练,而且需要针对不同的工作岗位设置不同的训练内容,以克服空间环境的限制.     

鞋类防滑性能实验方法的研究

本文通过两种鞋类防滑性能的测试方法,测定不同材料、不同路面、不同湿度的动摩擦系数来对鞋类防滑性能进行研究.对于不同的测试对象探索不同的测试条件和评定标准,从而可以获得科学准确适应面广的研究成果.     

危险化学品运输事故的应急处理方法

道路危险货物运输事故时有发生,倘若事故应急处理方法不当,很容易引发次生事故、关联事故,从而造成更大的损失.因此,掌握危险化学品运输事故应急处置的基本方法十分重要.通常不同的危化品、不同的事故类别必须采取不同的处置方法.     

机车乘务员在不同压力程度下的人因失误率分析

通过对机车乘务员所承受的不同压力与人因失误率的关系分析,说明了不同压力下,不同能力的人所产生的人因失误率是不同的,提出了人因失误率估值模型.通过算例,对模型进行了验证,最后提出了可行措施.     

大型文体活动场馆安全技术防范探说

大型文体活动场馆是人员、财富、信息高度密集的场所,安全隐患多,风险极高.安全技术防范系统是本着活动进行中能对场馆可能发生的不安全因素进行预警、记录、报警,为管理者采取针对性决策或措施提供依据的综合性防范系统.对大型文体活动场馆而言,安全防范系统至关重要.实践中需要注意:不同的建筑、地理环境、不同的运行方式、不同的防范目标,都会产生不同的系统方案.     

法国工伤医疗保险制度惠及普通民众

法国工伤医疗保险的首次立法在1898年,其费用全部由雇主缴纳,平均约占企业工资总额的4%,政府和职工本人都不负担.因工伤残和职业病患者的全部医疗费用均由企业负担.对工伤而致伤残可以领取伤残补贴.伤残补贴根据伤残程度不同和受伤前的收入不同而不同.伤残补贴从丧失全部或者部分工作能力之日起支付,直到恢复工作或退休为止.     

物种敏感性分布在铊污染淡水生物生态风险评估中的应用

应用物种敏感性分布(SSD)方法构建了铊对淡水生物的SSD曲线.在此基础上,计算了铊对不同生物的5％危害质量浓度(HC5), 分析比较铊对于不同生物类别的毒性敏感性差异及其特征,并针对不同污染物质量浓度,评价了北江铊污染突发事件对不同生物类别的生态风险.结果表明,不同物种对铊污染物的耐受范围存在差异,从小到大依次为藻类、脊椎动物、无脊椎动物.这可能与各物种的组别多样性有关,耐受范围越大,表示随着质量浓度增加,风险增大的趋势越缓慢.铊对不同物种的HC5从小到大依次为藻类、无脊椎动物、脊椎动物.HC5越小,铊对该物种的生态风险越大,其中藻类对铊最敏感,其HC5为113 μg/L.从总体上看,铊对淡水生物系统的HC5为210μg/L.不同质量浓度值得出的潜在影响比例(PAF)的大小,反映对不同类别生物的损害程度.在100 μg/L以下,全部物种的PAF值几乎为0;在质量浓度达100μg/L时,藻类和无脊椎动物开始受到影响;在质量浓度达1 000μg/L时,超过99％的藻类和无脊椎动物受到影响,全部物种有96％受到影响.对2010年北江某突发性铊污染事件中高质量浓度集中区进行生态风险评估,表明该污染河段的生态风险极低,PAF接近于0.     

甲烷射流扩散火焰结构试验研究

利用不同口径、不同流量的甲烷射流扩散火试验研究了射流扩散火焰结构特征,得到了射流火从层流燃烧到湍流燃烧再到吹熄的一般规律.结果表明,不同口径射流火在层流扩散燃烧与湍流扩散燃烧时火焰高度的变化各有不同.火焰最大高度出现在湍流扩散燃烧阶段.某些工况下燃烧出现脉动火焰现象,此时的火焰高度较小.     

稻田土壤细菌对重金属镉的氧化应激反应研究

研究重金属镉胁迫下稻田土壤大肠杆菌K12、枯草芽孢杆菌B19及Ralstonia eutropha DKC1中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和ATP酶活性等应激酶活性的短期(46 h)变化.结果表明,不同浓度镉对E.coli K12,B.subtilisB19和R.eutrophaDKC1培养不同时间的SOD、CAT和ATP酶活性均有不同程度的诱导作用,表现在前期、低浓度时激活,后期、高浓度时抑制,体现了不同微生物间的差异以及抗镉潜力的不同.3种指标间接地反映了环境中有毒有害物质的存在,且能在早期较灵敏地指示污染的影响,作为环境受到污染胁迫的细胞生化指标具有一定可行性.     

外墙保温材料在火灾中的燃烧现象小尺寸实验研究

利用外墙保温材料的小尺寸燃烧实验来研究外墙保温材料在火灾过程中的燃烧特性,分析总结外墙保温材料在火灾过程中的燃烧现象.建立外墙保温材料火灾实验模型,对外墙保温材料火灾实验的实验方法以及数据测定方式进行了介绍.采用不同阻燃性质的保温材料,研究阻燃成分阻止竖向燃烧的效果.观察不同的保温材料在燃烧过程中的点燃性能.根据材料的阻燃性能、点火位置、固定方式的不同,总结燃烧痕迹的变化规律.分析非阻燃材料在燃烧的过程中的熔滴生成,发现产生的熔滴对未燃保温材料的点燃现象.观察不同的保温材料在燃烧过程中的烟气生成及烟气层的形成.通过小尺寸火灾试验的方法来研究建筑外墙保温材料火灾的特性,提出使用阻燃型外墙保温材料的必要性.     

基于伤害监测的产品安全监管模式研究

鉴于缺陷产品给消费者造成的人身伤害日渐增多,通过分析产品伤害流行病学的模型,提出采用不同的干预措施,包括预警、召回、完善标准和法律等手段,及时消除由缺陷产品引起的各种伤害,而这有赖于对大量的缺陷信息的收集和分析。国外一些发达国家建立的产品伤害监测系统,通过样本医院收集由产品缺陷导致的伤害事故,被证明是一种有效的信息收集手段。为此,我国有关部门开始着手建立产品伤害监测系统的前期研究工作,并进行试点研究,取得大量一手资料。建议借鉴国外的成功经验,尽快建立适合我国国情的产品伤害监测系统,并开展有关重点产品的伤害监测活动。     

Shopping online for children: Is safety a consideration?

Introduction: There has been a significant increase in online purchasing and product safety problems have been identified in e-commerce. This study examines consumer behavior and safety perceptions among parents purchasing child products online. Method: A mixed methods approach, including focus groups and a survey with parents, identified key characteristics and behaviors. Cluster analysis was used to determine different population segments (including “Informed,” “Uninformed,” and “Infrequent” consumer groups) based on their frequency of online shopping and search for product information. “Safe” and “Unsafe” behavior groups were identified related to their search for safety information on child products. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the effects of consumer type groups and demographic variables on the chances of being a safer consumer. Results: Findings indicate that child product safety considerations are not a priority for parents when shopping online. Only 62% of the survey respondents indicated that they search for information prior to buying a child product online, of which only 13% of the respondents noted that they search for information on product safety. Risky consumer behaviors were identified including the purchase of imitation products (counterfeit or knockoff products) and autonomous checks for product safety in lieu of safety standards. The logistic regression analysis found that being an “Uninformed Consumer” increases the odds of an individual being an “Unsafe Consumer” by 8.4 times (χ²(11) = 97.33, p < .001). Practical Applications: Design of a social marketing campaign that targets these different population segments to change perceptions and promote safe online purchasing is recommended.     

On the gasification of biomass: Data analysis and regressions

The use of solid wastes as a way to produce energy and chemicals is one of the frontiers in chemistry. One of these methods is the biomass gasification. In this thermal treatment the biomass is heated in a partially oxidising environment using different process conditions.The variability of both biomass composition and process conditions can lead the thermal treatment to several different results. In order to find a methodology for the classification of all the involved data a dataset containing biomass characterization, gasification process conditions and obtained syngas properties have been gathered from the literature.This dataset has been analysed through multivariate analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a partial least square analysis (PLS) have been performed. Several correlations among different biomass and their gasification products have been found among input parameters, such as biomass properties and process conditions, and output variables like products composition and properties.     

安全产品的供求特性及其与行业安全形势的关系初探

基于安全经济学的基本原理，通过对不同行业的自动安全水平和法定安全水平之间的关系的分析，论述了不同行业安全产品的需求特性，以及与此相适应的安全产品供给特性；并对安全产品的特殊供求机制与特定行业的安全形势之间的关系进行了初步的探讨，提出了提高行业安全水平的对策。     

圆管状隔爆产品爆炸压力测试实验研究

为了研究隔爆产品内部的爆炸压力,选取了圆管状隔爆产品,设计了隔爆产品爆炸压力测试装置,测试记录了在常温和低温2种环境温度下,乙烯和氢气2种典型可燃性气体在不同内部结构的隔爆产品中的爆炸压力。研究结果表明:相同初始压力条件下,温度越低,气体的爆炸压力越大;在国际标准推荐的试验条件下,低浓度乙烯可以产生与高浓度氢气相同的爆炸压力;隔爆产品结构的变化会导致压力重叠的现象,显著影响爆炸压力的大小。     

The Correlation Between Symptoms,Frequent Use of Dental Polymers,and Evaluation of Health Risk

Dental personnel are at risk as they manually handle polymer products containing monomers and additives that cause irritation and induce allergy. Gloves and face masks can be easily penetrated by monomers. A total of 587 dental personnel and a referent group (585) in the 2 most northern regions of Sweden were included in a questionnaire study (response rate 76%). Questions were asked regarding symptoms of atopy, asthma, conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, hand dermatitis, and hay fever/rhinitis. The dental personnel were asked to give the name of polymer products used in their practice and the frequency of use. They were also asked to risk evaluate 5 different types of polymer materials on a scale from 1 to 5. Analysis was done to find if the occurrence of a symptom was associated with a high risk evaluation of a polymer material, or with frequent use of a certain polymer product. Significantly more dentists reported symptoms of atopic dermatitis and conjunctivitis compared to referents and chair assistants. Results show that dental personnel with symptoms risk evaluated most materials significantly higher than dental personnel without symptoms. Further, the occurrence of some symptoms was associated with frequent use of 8 polymer products.     

油品储罐H_2S对铁锈腐蚀产物自燃性研究

为了分析有氧条件下H2S对铁锈腐蚀产物的自燃性,模拟含硫油品储罐中铁锈(Fe2O3:75%;Fe(OH)3:7%;Fe3O4:18%)在有氧条件下与H2S气体的反应试验。将铁锈与H2S气体、O2按不同比例混合形成的混合物进行反应,再进行所得产物的氧化反应。采用X射线衍射分析法鉴定混合气体与铁锈的反应产物,并研究不同初始O2体积分数下的混合气体与铁锈的反应及其产物的再氧化反应,通过温度变化评价铁锈与H2S气体反应产物的自燃性。结果表明,在有氧条件下,H2S对铁锈腐蚀产物主要是FeS;随着初始O2体积分数的增加,铁锈与H2S的反应伴随其产物的氧化反应,HS对铁锈腐蚀产物的量减小,这种产物再氧化自燃性降低。     

Emission of Oxygenated Species from the Combustion of Pine Wood and its Relation to Soot Formation

Combustion tests of pine wood cribs have been performed in different airflows in a fire test chamber. VOC in the flue gas has been monitored on-line using FTIR. Soot was collected at different heights above the bed on to quartz fibre filters and was characterized using pyrolysis-GC-MS. Correlation between combustion conditions and emission profiles were elucidated. The soot contained significant amounts of adsorbed oxygenated material derived from pyrolysis of the wood. Three types of material were identified: pyrolysis products, pyrolysis recombination products and PAH, and significant proportions of O-PAH are also present. Oxygenated PAH increased with temperature and higher air flow rate whereas oxygenated phenolic type material increased with lower temperature and lower air flow rate. Cooler flames from oxygen-starved fires akin to conditions in household fires produce significant higher proportions of phenolic material.Oxygen appears to play a significant role in the production of soot and there appear to be two routes by which PAH material can be synthesized. Firstly through conventional hydrocarbon mechanisms such as the HACA method and secondly through a route involving the polymerization of biomass pyrolysis fragments. A number of important species are identified which could be intermediates between these pyrolysis products and PAH.     

Ignition temperatures of dust layers and bulk storages in hot environments

In many industrial installations, particulate solids (cereals, agri-food products, coal, plants, etc.) are stored or processed. Self-heating of these products, which can lead to fires and explosions, can occur in a variety of situations. Examples include large storage at room temperature, formation of a layer on a hot surface, layer deposited on a surface – insulating or conductive – in a hot environment or even storage of product exposed to heating on one side.The main parameters that determine the occurrence of self-heating are the size of the container, the temperature, the residence time and the characteristics of the product. Depending on the type of situation encountered and these implementation conditions, the analysis of self-heating risks must be based on specific models and/or parameters.This paper presents the different variants and combinations of the theoretical model from the theory of thermal runaway to represent self-heating, taking into account in particular the symmetry or asymmetry of heating, reagent consumption and boundary conditions. It also discusses their adaptation to the previous identified industrial situations.Nine products were chosen to be representative of those used in the different considered industrial situations. They were subjected to self-heating basket tests in isothermal ovens in order to determine the parameters for applying the described theoretical models. These results were compared with the results of self-heating tests in layers of different thicknesses in a hot environment, on an insulating or conductive plate, using a specially developed test protocol, as well as with the results of standardized tests of minimum ignition temperature in 5 mm layers.This led to the proposal of the most appropriate theoretical model to represent the self-heating phenomenon for each of the four identified industrial situations.This analysis can promote better design of industrial equipment and production conditions (temperatures, volumes or product flows …) in order to prevent fires and explosions.     

焊接工程质量与焊接工程文件

焊接质量只能是过程控制作为国际焊接标准体系中的核心标准ISO 3834给出过程控制手段就是焊接工程文件对不同质量等级对应的文件要求不同,等级越高的焊接产品,其过程控制的文件也越多,控制点更细,保证产品达到高品质要求.与之对比某事故工程的反例,该工程的焊接文件漏项多,过程控制不能保障焊接工程的安全.通过对比国际标准,发现由于国内产品焊接标准不够成熟,没有规定产品GB/T 12467质量等级(类似ISO 3834-2,3,4),因此文件分级欠专业要求.焊接制造业升级必然是标准先行,焊接标准明确质量等级,焊接工程文件体系也将完善,从而为保障焊接工程的安全运行保驾护航.