三江平原小叶章湿地土壤硫的组成与垂直分布

以三江平原小叶章湿地为对象,对比研究了典型草甸小叶章湿地和沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤硫的组成与垂直分布特征.结果表明,在2种小叶章湿地类型中,土壤总硫含量分别为303.39～520.83和303.74～1 219.81 mg·kg-1,平均值为391.62和513.03 mg·kg-1,均低于世界平均土壤硫含量(700 mg·kg-1).硫主要富集在土壤表层,且主要以有机硫形式存在,有机硫占总硫比例约为90%,而在有机硫中,则以碳键硫所占比例最大,占总硫比例分别为45.34%和37.24%.沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤各形态硫含量及其变异性均高于典型草甸小叶章湿地.在2种湿地土壤中各形态硫都具有明显的垂直分布特征和变异性.土壤有机质含量是影响硫含量的重要因素,同时也受到土壤各粒级含量的影响,并且土壤各形态硫含量之间存在一定的相关关系.     

不同程度人为干扰土壤中病毒组成及分布差异

病毒广泛存在于不同生态系统,影响微生物群落组成、丰度、活性及功能,在生物地球化学元素循环过程中发挥着重要作用。病毒在各生态系统中的群落组成、功能及进化演替是目前生态学的研究热点。然而,目前对病毒生态分布的研究主要集中于海洋等水生生态系统,对陆地生态系统中病毒的研究仍十分缺乏,尤其是RNA病毒。基于此,该文系统分析了土壤病毒的研究现状,探讨了病毒参与土壤碳氮循环的相关机制。研究表明,人为干扰将影响土壤病毒的分布：藻状DNA病毒科（Phycodnaviridae）主要存在自然土壤,而农田及城市土壤中病毒组成主要包括长尾噬菌体科（Siphoviridae）、肌尾噬菌体科（Myoviridae）、短尾噬菌体科（Podoviridae）、微小噬菌体科（Microviridae）和丝杆病毒科（Inoviridae）;相对于农田土壤,森林土壤中的病毒具有更高多样性和丰度。此外,痘病毒科（Poxviridae）和疱疹病毒科（Herpesviridae）等多种与人类疾病相关的病毒在土壤中被检出,且城市绿地中的疱疹病毒科的丰度显著高于森林和农田土壤,预示着土壤病毒对人群健康存在一定威胁,且人为活动将增加其...     

中国农业与环境中的硫

曹志洪孟赐福胡正义著科学出版社出版(2011年6月)ISBN 978-7-03-031167-2/X·541$120.00 16开本平脊精装ISBN 978-7-03-031167-2/X·541$120.00 16开本平脊精装内容简介本书是以中国硫肥协作网的研究成果为基础,并归纳了近年来部分国内外农业与环境中有关硫研究的最新理论和进展编著而成的。全书分四篇共三十章。第一篇,生态系统中的硫循环与转化:第一至七章探讨土壤、大气和水体中硫的含量、循环、转化和平衡,硫与酸雨的关系及其对陆地生态系统和环境的影响,土壤中硫素的氧化还原     

珠江口红树林硫的累积和循环研究

主要研究了珠江口红树林硫的累积和循环特点，并探讨其对土壤中硫累积的影响．结果表明，珠江口五个红树群落硫的贮存量平均为１７０．４２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；在群落硫元素的生物循环中，年存留量平均为１７．６０１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，年归还量平均为３５．６０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，年吸收量平均为５３．２０４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，周转期为３－８ａ，富集率均大于１．选定浅海沉积物的平均含硫量作为林下土壤成土母质的本底含硫量，估算红树植物生长后土壤含硫量的变化，并与群落硫的年归还量作比较．红树林对其林下土壤硫的累积作用有两方面，一是对海水硫的生物选择吸收与归还，二是为海水中的ＳＯ４（２－）为黄铁矿提供有机还原剂和嫌气微生物的能源，尤以后者的作用更重要．     

天山雪岭云杉林地土壤汞的分布特征及影响因素

土壤汞的空间分布及其影响因素是研究森林系统汞循环的基础与关键.为了了解天山雪岭云杉林地土壤汞的分布特征及影响因素,以天山雪岭云杉8hm2林地动态监测样地为研究对象,分析了总汞在土壤剖面及空间上的分布特征,并利用路径分析探究了土壤总汞与土壤有机碳、海拔高度、郁闭度等的关系.研究表明,天山雪岭云杉林0-60 cm土壤总汞均...     

盐碱湖硫循环及嗜盐嗜碱硫功能菌研究进展

硫循环是地球化学元素循环之一,微生物在其中发挥关键的驱动作用.深入认识微生物驱动的硫循环过程,将有助于探究生物地球化学循环机制.盐碱湖因具有完整的硫循环途径、丰富的硫功能菌种类,已成为研究硫地球化学循环的理想环境.总结近年来有关盐碱湖硫元素循环过程及嗜盐嗜碱性硫功能菌的研究进展.包括基于多种组学的盐碱湖微生物多样性分析...     

庞泉沟自然保护区华北落叶松与桦树林土壤微生物群落结构

落叶针叶林和落叶阔叶林是华北地区主要的森林类型,其地下生态系统在驱动生物地球化学循环过程中发挥重要作用.运用Illumina高通量测序技术分析庞泉沟自然保护区中海拔桦树(Betula platyphylla)林和华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)林以及高海拔华北落叶松林的土壤微生物群落结构,同时对土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性及土壤理化性质进行测定,分析各因子的变化规律及其之间的相关性.结果显示:1)3个样地土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性与全碳、全氮、全硫、碳氮比呈极显著正相关;脲酶活性与p H显著负相关;过氧化氢酶活性与土壤理化性质均无显著相关性;同时3种酶的活性与细菌和真菌特定类群的丰度密切相关.2)样地间土壤细菌群落结构具有一定差异,而真菌群落结构的差异较大,土壤理化性质对微生物群落的结构具有较大的影响.真菌群落中的煤炱目(Capnodiales)、蜡壳耳目(Sebacinales)、路霉目(Lulworthiales)、锈革孔菌目(Hymenochaetales)的丰度与土壤全碳、全氮、全硫、碳氮比、含水率显著相关.3)中海拔桦树林土壤细菌群落多样性和丰度高于华北落叶松林,真菌群落的丰度与之相反;高海拔落叶松林细菌群落多样性较低,而丰度较高,真菌群落则是丰度较低,多样性在高海拔落叶松林中最高,在桦树林中较低.综上,植被类型、土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构三者相互影响,因此可通过改变林下土壤微生物环境,制定出不同的育林措施,进而影响土壤生态系统的碳、氮、硫等循环进程,提高土壤肥力.     

外源硫输入对稻田土壤硒流失的影响

土壤中硒的甲基化可能会导致硒的挥发,加剧土壤硒的流失,而农田土壤硒的缺乏会造成农作物中硒含量偏低.施用硫肥是保障作物增产、增收的一种重要农艺措施,外源硫输入对土壤硒的含量可能产生重要的调控作用.本研究模拟稻田淹水环境,通过添加典型有机硫(甲硫氨酸)和无机硫(硫酸钠),测定硒的挥发量以及土壤中残留的硒含量,以揭示外源硫输...     

哒嗪硫磷水解与土壤降解研究

采用室内模拟方法,研究了哒嗪硫磷在东北黑土、江西红壤和南京黄棕壤3种不同类型土壤中的降解特性及pH、温度和表面活性剂（SDS）浓度对水解的影响。结果表明,哒嗪硫磷水解速率随pH值与温度的升高而显著加快,在15℃、pH 5缓冲溶液中水解半衰期为216.56 d,在35℃、pH 9缓冲溶液中半衰期为3.47 d,平均温度效应系数为2.98。SDS能显著抑制哒嗪硫磷水解,且随着浓度的增大抑制作用增强。哒嗪硫磷在3种土壤中的降解速率依次为南京黄棕壤〉东北黑土〉江西红壤,半衰期分别为10.27、78.75、105.00 d,降解速率随土壤pH值的增大而增大。灭菌处理下,哒嗪硫磷在3种土壤中半衰期显著延长,其中在南京黄棕壤中半衰期延长近10倍,哒嗪硫磷在土壤中降解主要为微生物降解。     

太岳山华北落叶松林土壤呼吸特征对模拟氮硫沉降的短期响应

为探讨氮硫沉降对华北暖温带森林土壤呼吸的影响规律以及与温度、湿度的关系,在落叶松人工林中开展了野外模拟氮硫沉降试验.结果表明:在生长季,各氮硫水平样地月平均土壤呼吸有明显的季节变化特征,模拟氮硫复合沉降对华北落叶松林土壤呼吸产生显著影响(P0.05).生长季内,氮沉降促进土壤呼吸速率,其中高氮与CK产生显著差异(P0.05).土壤呼吸速率与硫沉降水平呈正相关关系(P0.05).氮硫复合沉降促进了土壤呼吸速率,高氮高硫与CK土壤呼吸速率产生显著差异(P0.05),而中氮中硫水平抑制土壤呼吸速率,但未达到显著水平(P0.05).中氮和中硫对土壤呼吸速率的影响大于二者的共同作用,产生拮抗作用,而高氮高硫产生协同作用.各处理土壤呼吸速率与5 cm土壤温度呈极显著正相关关系.土壤温湿度双因子模型预测土壤呼吸的准确性和稳定性高于单因子模型.模拟氮硫沉降增加了土壤Q_(10)值,而高氮高硫降低了土壤Q_(10)值.试验结果揭示了太岳山华北落叶松林土壤呼吸特征对氮硫复合沉降的响应,即除中氮中硫外,复合沉降不同程度地促进了土壤呼吸速率,其复杂的响应机制仍有待进一步研究.     

The disposal of flue gas desulphurisation waste: sulphur gas emissions and their control

Flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) equipment to be fitted to UK coal-fired power stations will produce more than 0.8 Mtonnes of calcium sulphate, as gypsum. Most gypsum should be of commercial quality, but any low grade material disposed as waste has the potential to generate a range of sulphur gases, including H₂S, COS, CS₂, DMS and DMDS. Literature data from the USA indicates that well-oxidised waste with a high proportion of calcium sulphate (the main UK product of FGD) has relatively low emissions of sulphur gases, which are comparable to background levels from inland soils. However, sulphur gas fluxes are greatly enhanced where reducing conditions become established within the waste, hence disposal strategies should be formulated to prevent the sub-surface consumption of oxygen.     

Effects of sulphur deposition on trace metal solubility in soils

Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd in soil solutions taken in the vicinity of a sulphur mine range from 354 to 9080 μM L⁻¹, and exceeded the concentrations measured in solutions from light acid arable soils. The content of each metal was a negative function of either the solution pH or of Ca concentration. Reclamation of S-contaminated soil by an application of 2000 tonnes of limestone per hectare did not significantly affect the solubility of trace metals, whereas equilibration of soil samples with CaCO₃ in the laboratory decreased solubility of metals, especially in the soil under moist conditions. Sulphur deposition may modify the natural cycling of metals in soils.     

Oxidisability of environmental sulphur under different catalytic conditions

The oxidation of elemental sulphur in the catalytic presence of selected metal ions [Cr(III), Ce(III), Cu(II), Hg(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Mo(VI), Cd(II), Zn(II), Ti(IV), and V(V)], and hydrocarbons (benzene, gasoline, and kerosene) was studied in an alkaline medium buffered by marble powder. The catalytic efficiencies of metal ions were: Cr(III) > Ce(III) > Cu(II) > Hg(II) > Ni(II). The oxidation process was inhibited in the presence of other ions, and the inhibitive effect was in the following order: Co(II) < Mo(VI) < Cd(II) < Zn(II) < Ti(IV) < V(V). In the case of hydrocarbons, the efficiencies were as follows: gasoline > benzene > kerosene. The oxidation of sulphur in sulphur-loaded soils obtained from near a textile mill and a distillery were also carried out in the c both cases was significantly enhanced.To whom all correspondence should be addressed.     

Influence of soil-extractable aluminium and pH on the uptake of aluminium from soil into the soybean plant (Glycine max)

The effects of soil pH and other soil properties on the uptake of AI by soybean plants have been investigated in a greenhouse experiment. Six soils were compared that were developed over six contrasting bedrock types ranging widely in their AI content and other chemical and physical characteristics, namely Oxford Clay, Chalk, Lower Lias Clay, Devonian Shale, Granite and Lower Greensand. Soil pH varied naturally between soil types and each soil was also amended to give two other pH levels using elemental sulphur and/or calcium carbonate. AI concentrations in various parts of the soybean plants were determined by ICP-AES after acid digestion. The AI solubility in the soils and hence its availability to the plants was estimated using a number of different reagents designed to extract different forms of AI. The AI concentration measured in the soybean leaves was found to be predicted most accurately by the ‘available’ AI extracted from soils by 0.02 M CaCl₂. The relationship appears to the linear, with a correlation coefficient of 0.97 (p <0.01). The AI content of the leaves increases with decreasing soil pH. The relationship is non-linear with a marked increase in leaf AI for soils with pH <4.4. The amounts of ‘plant-available’ AI in the soils extracted with 0.02 M CaCl₂ was much less than that extracted with 0.05 M EDTA, although both increased markedly with decreasing soil pH. The amount of AI measured in the soybean plants was directly related to both the ‘available’ forms of AI in the soils, and also to the pH of the soils. Soil pH was identified as a major factor that controls the uptake of Al from soil into the soybean plant.     

The Behaviour of Selenium in Geological Processes

Selenium contents were analyzed from a total of 244 soil samples collected over different rock types at a sampling density of one sample per 4km² around Geita gold mining areas, Northwestern Tanzania. Comparisons using literature survey contents of selenium in geological materials and some implications on the selenium in soils are compiled and discussed. Most selenium occurs as simple selenides in small quantities in low temperature hydrothermal deposits devoid of sulphur. It has been observed that to a large extent selenium content is increased more than most trace elements in the upper parts of the Earth perhaps through extraterrestrial deposition. In deep-seated rocks selenium is associated with sulphur but being volatile selenium and sulphur do not behave according to the crystallochemical law. Due to the higher stability of S⁶⁺, Se⁴⁺ and Se⁰ separate during migration. Thus, selenium is especially found in deep-seated plutonic rocks where large magma bodies cooled slowly and sulphur is available to precipitate sulphides. Selenium, which occurs with sulphides, is inhomogeneously deposited into continental margins. It is increased during magmatic differentiation and is highest in basic rocks. In magmatic and metamorphic conditions, selenium is found in the crystal structures of sulphides while in pneumatolytic and hydrothermal processes, it is relatively enriched into the late differentiates compared to sulphur. In metamorphic rocks selenium is more widely distributed. Selenium content in soils in the investigated area varies from (0.3–0.5gg^–1) in laterite and in black cotton soil 0.4gg^–1. Of all volcanic rocks selenium is highest in volcanogenic rocks especially the basalts. Surface waters are enriched in selenium, which they leach from volcanic materials. Selenium in sediments containing clay and organic matter is elevated but the content decreases with increased metamorphism. Selenium in volcanic areas can be used as a pathfinder in prospecting for volcanogenic ore deposits. S/Se ratios are distinct in different rock types and can thus be used to elucidate the origin of rocks, ores, and sediments.     

A Critical Appraisal of Field Evidence From A Regional Survey for Acid Deposition Effects On Scottish Moorland Podzols

Samples have been collected from major horizons of 34 podzol profiles distributed throughout Scotland, all developed from granite or granitic tills and under Calluna moorland. the pH in water and calcium chloride pastes, exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity, and extractable aluminium of the soils collected have been measured, and the results studied in relation to reported atmospheric deposition of H⁺, non-marine sulphur and nitrate. for all horizons, significant positive correlations were found between soil pH and rainfall mean pH, as might be expected when the critical load of H⁺ deposition is exceeded. Acidifying pollutant deposition also apparently increased soil extractable aluminium concentrations in the B and C horizons. However, exchangeable base cation concentrations tended to increase, rather than decrease, with increasing precipitation acidity. This effect was attributed to increases in biogeochemical cycling of base cations, increases in leaching inputs of base cations from overlying A/E horizon soils, and increases in the inputs of base cations leached from upslope. the results suggest that the simple steady state mass approach to the quantification of critical loads, as often applied, may be an oversimplification.     

A Critical Appraisal of Field Evidence From A Regional Survey for Acid Deposition Effects On Scottish Moorland Podzols

Samples have been collected from major horizons of 34 podzol profiles distributed throughout Scotland, all developed from granite or granitic tills and under Calluna moorland. the pH in water and calcium chloride pastes, exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity, and extractable aluminium of the soils collected have been measured, and the results studied in relation to reported atmospheric deposition of H⁺, non-marine sulphur and nitrate. for all horizons, significant positive correlations were found between soil pH and rainfall mean pH, as might be expected when the critical load of H⁺ deposition is exceeded. Acidifying pollutant deposition also apparently increased soil extractable aluminium concentrations in the B and C horizons. However, exchangeable base cation concentrations tended to increase, rather than decrease, with increasing precipitation acidity. This effect was attributed to increases in biogeochemical cycling of base cations, increases in leaching inputs of base cations from overlying A/E horizon soils, and increases in the inputs of base cations leached from upslope. the results suggest that the simple steady state mass approach to the quantification of critical loads, as often applied, may be an oversimplification.     

Studies of Thermal Transformations of Humic and Fulvic Acids in Soils I. Infrared Spectroscopy and Temperature-Programmed Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry

Temperature-programmed pyrolysis mass spectrometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy have been used to monitor structural changes of humic and fulvic acids isolated from soils in China, in the temperature range of 25-550°C. in this work, we found that decarboxylation is obvious as the main reaction with dehydration reaction from 150°C to 400°C, the anhydride can be identified from FT-IR spectra at temperature range from 200°C to 400°C; there are evident changes of the aromatic nucleus of humic and fulvic acids above 400°C, even remaining up to 550°C. Besides, some changes of adsorption water can be distinguished before 200°C, and the mass signal of sulphur dioxide was detected.     

Studies of Thermal Transformations of Humic and Fulvic Acids in Soils I. Infrared Spectroscopy and Temperature-Programmed Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry

Temperature-programmed pyrolysis mass spectrometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy have been used to monitor structural changes of humic and fulvic acids isolated from soils in China, in the temperature range of 25-550°C. in this work, we found that decarboxylation is obvious as the main reaction with dehydration reaction from 150°C to 400°C, the anhydride can be identified from FT-IR spectra at temperature range from 200°C to 400°C; there are evident changes of the aromatic nucleus of humic and fulvic acids above 400°C, even remaining up to 550°C. Besides, some changes of adsorption water can be distinguished before 200°C, and the mass signal of sulphur dioxide was detected.     

Toxicity of octameric elemental sulphur in aquatic sediments

The proportions of elemental sulphur species in sediment from a contaminated area and a reference sediment sample were compared with the acute toxicity measured in short-term toxicity tests. Octameric elemental sulphur was separated into three operationally defined fractions. Here we show that octameric elemental sulphur contributes to the acute toxicity measured by bioluminescence inhibition. Our findings show that only a small part of extractable elemental sulphur was effective during exposure to the test organisms. A firmly bound fraction of sulphur was found in a contaminated sediment. This information has to be taken into account while interpreting the acute sediment toxicity.