Selective elimination of chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic matter in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant

Effluent organic matter (EfOM) from municipal wastewater treatment plants potentially has a detrimental effect on both aquatic organisms and humans. This study evaluated the removal and transformation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant under different seasons. The results showed that bio-treatment was found to be more efficient in removing bulk DOM (in terms of dissolved organic carbon, DOC) than CDOM and FDOM, which was contrary to the disinfection process. CDOM and FDOM were selectively removed at various stages during the treatment. Typically, the low molecular weight (MW) fractions of CDOM and protein-like FDOM were more efficiently removed during bio-treatment process, whereas the humic-like FDOM exhibited comparable decreases in both bio-treatment and disinfection processes. Overall, the performance of the WWTP was weak in terms of CDOM and FDOM removal, resulting in enrichment of CDOM and FDOM in effluent. Moreover, the total removal of the bulk DOM (P < 0.05) and the protein-like FDOM (P < 0.05) displayed a significant seasonal variation, with higher removal efficiencies in summer, whereas removal of CDOM and the humic-like FDOM showed little differences between summer and winter. In all, the results provide useful information for understanding the fate and transformation of DOM, illustrating that sub-fractions of DOM could be selectively removed depending on treatment processes and seasonality.     

预氯化对铝盐混凝铜绿微囊藻过程中溶解性有机物和残余铝的影响

以铜绿微囊藻为对象,研究了预氯化过程中藻胞内代谢物释放及铝盐混凝除藻过程中残留铝的变化规律.结果表明,氯投量对胞内物质释放量和释放有机物特征有重要影响.与未投加氯的对照体系相比,在较低氯投量时(1~2 mg·L-1),水中有机物浓度升高26%~31%,UV254值升高46%~49%,且有机物主要为中等分子量(2191、2830和3168 Da)和高芳香度的有机物.增大氯投量至3~4 mg·L-1,水中有机物浓度和UV254值有所下降;就不同分子量有机物而言,大分子量有机物(16304 Da)浓度升高而中等分子量有机物(2830、3168和6163 Da)浓度下降,且出现少量小分子量有机物(180 Da).分子量较大或芳香度较高的溶解性有机物在铝盐混凝中可被优先去除.释放到水中的蛋白质能与铝盐形成可溶性蛋白质-混凝剂复合物,从而导致出水铝浓度升高,但增大铝投量可在一定程度上降低残留铝浓度.     

冻融作用对土壤中溶解性有机物的光谱学特性的影响

以受季节性冻融过程影响显著的辽宁省棕壤和暗棕壤为研究对象,考察了冻结温度、融化温度、冻结时间和冻融次数对土壤中溶解性有机物(DOM)的光谱学特性的影响.结果表明:冻融处理条件下土壤中的溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量、波长254 nm处的紫外吸光度(UV-254)和单位浓度DOC的紫外吸收值(SUVA)的变化规律相似,均随冷冻和融化温度的升高而增大,随冷冻时间的延长先减小后增大,随冻融次数的增多而减小.冻融作用使DOM的腐殖化程度提高,分子量减小.随着冷冻时间的延长,DOM中类富里酸荧光物质和类腐殖酸荧光物质的含量先减少后增多;随着冻融次数的增多,DOM中荧光物质的含量逐渐减少.研究成果对于准确掌握冻融条件下土壤中DOM的变化规律,以及实施有效的土壤生态环境和地表水流域环境管理具有重要的理论意义和实用价值.     

泥沙沉降对水体中溶解性有机物光谱学特性的影响

以沈阳市新开河为研究对象,考察了泥沙沉降过程中,沉降时间、泥沙含量、pH、盐度对水体中溶解性有机物(DOM)的含量和光谱学特性的影响.结果表明,泥沙沉降条件下,水体中DOC随泥沙沉降时间的增长而先增大后减小,随泥沙含量的增加而先减小后增大,随pH的增大而增大,随盐度的增大而减小.随着pH的增大,水体中DOM的芳香性增强;随着盐度的增大,水体中DOM的芳香性降低.随着泥沙沉降时间的增长,DOM中各类荧光物质的含量先增加后减少;随着泥沙含量的增加,DOM中类腐殖酸和类富里酸荧光物质的含量增加,而类溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光物质和类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质的含量降低.在泥沙沉降过程中,下层水体中DOC、在波长为254 nm处的紫外吸光度(UV-254),以及DOM中荧光物质含量的变化量高于上层水体.     

氯化对二级处理出水中溶解性有机物荧光特性的影响

以哈尔滨市W污水处理厂为研究对象,利用XAD树脂对二级处理出水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)进行分级分离.按照DOM在不同树脂上的吸附特性将其分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).考察了DOM各组分在氯化过程中荧光特性的变化.研究结果表明,DOM中的类腐殖酸荧光物质、类溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光物质和类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质参与了氯化反应.此外,HPO-A、HPO-N、TPI-A和TPI-N中的类富里酸荧光物质,HPO-A、HPO-N和TPI-A中带有3～5个稠合苯环的芳香族化合物,以及HPO-N中的萘及其衍生物与氯反应.TPI-N和HPI与氯反应后,生成了具有多环芳香结构的荧光物质.HPI与氯反应后生成了类富里酸荧光团.各DOM组分与氯反应后,在激发波长为320nm的荧光发射光谱图上波长大于与该光谱图上最高荧光强度对应的波长的范围内,与最高荧光强度的一半等值的荧光强度相对应的波长变短,其中以TPI-N和HPI最为显著.而这种现象在激发波长为280nm和370nm的荧光发射光谱图却没有被观察到.     

Variation in assimilable organic carbon formation during chlorination of Microcystis aeruginosa extracellular organic matter solutions

This study investigated the chlorination of Microcystis aeruginosa extracellular organic matter(EOM) solutions under different conditions, to determine how the metabolites produced by these organisms affect water safety and the formation of assimilable organic carbon(AOC). The effects of chlorine dosages, coagulant dosage, reaction time and temperature on the formation of AOC were investigated during the disinfection of M.aeruginosa metabolite solutions. The concentration of AOC followed a decreasing and then increasing pattern with increasing temperature and reaction time. The concentration of AOC decreased and then increased with increasing chlorination dosage, followed by a slight decrease at the highest level of chlorination. However, the concentration of AOC decreased continuously with increasing coagulant dosage. The formation of AOC can be suppressed under appropriate conditions. In this study, chlorination at 4 mg/L, combined with a coagulant dose of 40 mg/L at 20°C over a reaction time of 12 hr, produced the minimum AOC.     

长期不同水分调控对污染场地土壤溶解性有机质含量及其结构特征的影响

为了考察不同水分调控下污染场地中土壤有机质和溶解性有机质(DOM)的演变过程,以2种冶炼厂重金属污染土壤为研究对象,通过恒温恒湿培养实验观察不同水分调控下土壤有机质和DOM的含量变化,并采用紫外-可见光谱和荧光光谱分析了土壤DOM的光谱特征.结果 表明,水分调控180 d后,2种重金属污染土壤中有机质和DOM含量呈不同...     

Rhizobium sp.W33对不同植物吸收铜和根际分泌物的影响

通过盆栽试验,采用1株植物促生细菌Rhizobium sp.W33接种黑麦草、狼尾草、高羊茅、紫花苜蓿、猪屎豆、油菜和印度芥菜等7种不同植物,考察了Cu胁迫下菌株对植物生物量、Cu含量和根际土壤中分泌物的影响,并筛选根瘤菌-植物联合修复重金属污染土壤的组合体系,以期初步探明细菌-植物联合修复重金属污染土壤的机制.结果表明,接种Rhizobium sp.W33后,有5种植物的干重增加了11%~56%,增加幅度为印度芥菜黑麦草高羊茅狼尾草油菜,紫花苜蓿和猪屎豆的干重下降.黑麦草、狼尾草、高羊茅和猪屎豆根内Cu含量接近或超过1000mg·kg-1,Cu大量积累在植物根部.Rhizobium sp.W33能够显著促进黑麦草吸收Cu(p0.05),并提高其对Cu的富集系数和转移系数,增加根部和地上部的Cu总量.苹果酸是供试植物-细菌联合修复Cu污染土壤的主要有机酸种类,接种根瘤菌W33后黑麦草、狼尾草根际的苹果酸和水溶性糖含量降低,过氧化氢酶活性增加,其中,苹果酸、水溶性糖含量与黑麦草中Cu含量呈显著相关性(p0.05).因此,根瘤菌W33-黑麦草联合体系修复重金属Cu污染土壤的效果最好,具有应用于重金属Cu污染土壤稳定修复的潜力.     

营养盐水平对念珠藻胞外有机物产生的影响

以我国湖泊典型固氮蓝藻发状念珠藻(Nostoc flagelliforme)为研究对象,考察了氮、磷营养盐对发状念珠藻生长特性及其胞外有机物产生的影响.采用藻细胞浓度计数法表征发状念珠藻生长特性;分别采用溶解性有机碳(DOC)、三维荧光光谱(EEM)和紫外-可见光谱法,从总量和主要物质方面分析了发状念珠藻胞外有机物的产生规律.结果表明,在不同氮、磷营养水平下,发状念珠藻的4个关键生长时期基本相同,氮是控制发状念珠藻生长的关键营养控制要素;氮营养元素浓度的增高,有利于发状念珠藻产生胞外有机物,其产生量逐渐增大,而磷营养元素浓度的增高对胞外有机物产生量贡献较小,氮营养盐是发状念珠藻产生胞外有机物的关键限制因子;通过EEM谱图分析,发状念珠藻胞外有机物主要以类氨基酸类物质和类富里酸物质为主.以磷为控制营养盐时,类富里酸是主要的胞外有机物之一,以氮为控制营养盐时,类富里酸产生量极低;作为主要的胞外有机物,蛋白质和碳水化合物的产生规律显著不同,其中蛋白质含量显著高于碳水化合物含量.     

Effects of duckweed (Spriodela polyrrhiza) remediation on the composition of dissolved organic matter in effluent of scale pig farms

The swine effluent studied was collected from scale pig farms, located in Yujiang County of Jiangxi Province, China, and duckweed (Spriodela polyrrhiza) was selected to dispose the effluent. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of duckweed growth on the dissolved organic matter composition in swine effluent. Throughout the experiment period, the concentrations of organic matter were determined regularly, and the excitation–emission matrix (3DEEM) spectroscopy was used to characterize the fluorescence component. Compared with no-duckweed treatments (controls), the specific ultra-violet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA₂₅₄) was increased by a final average of 34.4% as the phytoremediation using duckweed, and the removal rate of DOC was increased by a final average of 28.0%. In swine effluent, four fluorescence components were identified, including two protein-like (tryptophan, tyrosine) and two humic-like (fulvic acids, humic acids) components. For all treatments, the concentrations of protein-like components decreased by a final average of 69.0%. As the growth of duckweed, the concentrations of humic-like components were increased by a final average of 123.5% than controls. Significant and positive correlations were observed between SUVA₂₅₄ and humic-like components. Compared with the controls, the humification index (HIX) increased by a final average of 9.0% for duckweed treatments. Meanwhile, the duckweed growth leaded to a lower biological index (BIX) and a higher proportion of microbial-derived fulvic acids than controls. In conclusion, the duckweed remediation not only enhanced the removal rate of organic matter in swine effluent, but also increased the percent of humic substances.     

氮负荷升高对螺-附着藻-苦草生态关系的影响

本文设计了双因子(氮负荷升高、有无螺类)受控实验,研究了氮负荷升高(太湖正常氮负荷的3倍)对螺-附着藻-苦草关系的影响.结果表明,氮负荷升高处理明显提高了水体总氮、总溶解氮、叶绿素a等指标的含量,显著增加了附着生物干重,进而抑制了苦草生长;与正常氮负荷处理组相比,3倍氮负荷处理组中苦草的相对生长率、株高和叶片数分别降低了33%、25%和13%.环棱螺降低了附着生物干重和水体叶绿素a含量,明显促进了苦草生长.氮负荷升高和环棱螺存在对水体各项理化指标、附着生物干重和苦草的各项生长指标均无交互作用.此外,氮负荷升高还降低了环棱螺的生长速率.分析认为,氮负荷升高对沉水植物生长的抑制机理主要体现在浮游藻类与附着生物生物量增加的抑制效应;环棱螺的存在虽然在一定程度上减弱了这种效应,但由于氮负荷升高还同时使环棱螺生长率降低,削弱了其对附着生物的牧食压力,从而使得附着生物对苦草生长的抑制作用加强.因此,氮负荷升高使螺-附着藻-沉水植物之间的生态关系失衡,也可能是氮浓度较高的富营养湖泊中沉水植被稀少的重要原因.     

铜绿假单胞菌对白腐菌产木质纤维素降解酶的影响

采用固态发酵的方法,考察了两株不同型号的铜绿假单胞菌（AB93066和ATCC9027）对白腐菌（黄孢原毛平革菌）产木质纤维素降解酶（木素过氧化物酶LiP、锰过氧化物酶MnP和羧甲基纤维素酶CMCase）的影响,并对酶提取液的pH值、表面张力及稻草降解残渣中挥发性有机质含量的变化进行了分析.结果表明,添加5.72%的A...     

三维荧光光谱研究溶解有机质与汞的相互作用

随着荧光光谱技术的进展,三维荧光光谱被广泛应用于研究各种天然水体中溶解有机质(包括腐殖质)的各种环境行为.本文利用三维荧光光谱和荧光猝灭滴定技术研究河流溶解有机质与Hg(Ⅱ)的相互作用.结果表明,溶解有机质中含有的3种类型荧光基团都能够不同程度地被Hg(Ⅱ)猝灭,并采用非线性回归分析拟合出Hg(Ⅱ)与3种荧光基团之间的条件稳定常数.pH值对Hg(Ⅱ)-DOM体系具有显著影响.Cl^-对Hg(Ⅱ)-DOM体系具有强烈的竞争作用.Ca(Ⅱ)能够使Hg(Ⅱ)-DOM体系荧光增强,而Mg(Ⅱ)对之影响很小.此外,Cu(Ⅱ)与Hg(Ⅱ)都是DOM的荧光猝灭剂,但是其猝灭机理存在差异.     

水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻生理生化及光合活性的影响

通过研究不同浓度(30、40、50、60、70 mg·L-1)和不同粒径(0～75μm、75 ～ 96μm、96 ～150 μm、150～ 250 μm)水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)叶绿素a含量、抗氧化系酶活性、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性蛋白含量及光合参数变化的影响,探讨了水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻生理生化及光合活性影响的机制.结果表明,预处理与未处理悬浮颗粒物在一定浓度范围内会促进藻类生长,超过各自临界浓度(预处理为40 mg·L-1、未处理为50 mg·L-1)后,随着颗粒物浓度的增加会对藻类生长产生抑制现象未经处理的相同浓度不同粒径颗粒物对斜生栅藻都表现出抑制作用,0～75μm粒径组颗粒物作用下藻体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、MDA和可溶性蛋白质含量等均显著区别于其他粒径组的作用(p＜0.05).经过预处理的相同浓度不同粒径颗粒物中,96～150μm粒径组对藻类的生长抑制较其他粒径组明显,且小粒径组颗粒物对藻类体内SOD、CAT、MDA和可溶性蛋白质含量等影响较大.受不同浓度悬浮颗粒物胁迫的斜生栅藻相对电子传递速率随着时间延长在一定程度上降低,但这种抑制作用在藻细胞的耐受范围,藻细胞可以通过自身调节将电子传递速率恢复到正常水平甚至更高以抵抗逆境环境.     

Sunlight-driven reduction of silver ion to silver nanoparticle by organic matter mitigates the acute toxicity of silver to Daphnia magna

Due to the unique antibacterial activities, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively used in commercial products. Anthropogenic activities have released considerable AgNPs as well as highly toxic silver ion (Ag⁺) into the aquatic environment. Our recent study revealed that ubiquitous natural organic matter (NOM) could reduce Ag⁺ to AgNP under natural sunlight. However, the toxic effect of this process is not well understood. In this work, we prepared mixture solution of Ag⁺ and AgNPs with varied Ag⁺% through the sunlight-driven reduction of Ag⁺ by NOM and investigated the acute toxicity of the solutions on Daphnia magna. Formation of AgNPs was demonstrated and characterized by comprehensive techniques and the fraction of unconverted Ag⁺ was determined by ultrafiltration-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry determination. The formation of AgNPs enhanced significantly with the increasing of solution pH and cumulative photosynthetically active radiation of sunlight. The toxicity of the resulting solution was further investigated by using freshwater crustacean D. magna as a model and an 8 hr-median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) demonstrated that the reduction of Ag⁺ by NOM to AgNPs significantly mitigated the acute toxicity of silver. These results highlight the importance of sunlight and NOM in the fate, transformation and toxicity of Ag⁺ and AgNPs, and further indicate that the acute toxicity of AgNPs should be mainly ascribed to the dissolved Ag⁺ from AgNPs.     

白洋淀荷茎叶提取液对铜绿微囊藻及四尾栅藻化感效应

本研究探讨了活体荷不同部位(茎和叶)提取出液对铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻生长化感效应,为推广荷遏制水华暴发及制作抑藻制剂提供理论基础.实验设计了5个浓度梯度,结果表明,荷叶浸出液对藻类的抑制效果优于荷茎浸出液,当荷叶浸出质量浓度为25 g.L-1时,对铜绿微囊藻及四尾栅藻的抑制率分别为71.33%、78.14%.浸出液成分的GC-MS分析表明,荷叶和茎浸出液都含有丙酰胺,质量浓度分别为1.1 mg.L-1、0.2 mg.L-1.并根据概率计算法,分别计算了两种藻类的半浓度效应.     

摇蚊幼虫与霍普水丝蚓扰动对河流沉积物中氮、磷、氧释放的影响

定量研究河床沉积物中的生物扰动对污染物的影响效应,对于维护河流健康具有重要的理论指导作用.基于室内实验模拟摇蚊和霍普水丝蚓对河床沉积物的扰动过程,研究两种生物扰动作用对沉积物中氮、磷释放以及生物扰动对上覆水中溶解氧的影响.在相同的沉积物环境中分别放入单一物种,实验结果显示,相对于空白组,摇蚊幼虫组的上覆水中氨氮、总氮、总磷平均净增量分别为2.32、0.787、0.105 mg · L^-1,霍普水丝蚓组的氨氮、总氮、总磷平均净增量分别为0.72、0.462、0.063 mg · L^-1,表明摇蚊幼虫和霍普水丝蚓的扰动作用均能促进沉积物中氨氮、总氮、总磷向上覆水中的释放,且摇蚊幼虫对污染物释放的作用效果比水丝蚓更明显;当摇蚊幼虫和水丝蚓混合放入后,摇蚊幼虫对沉积物中氨氮、总氮、总磷释放起主要促进作用;在混合实验组(摇蚊23条,霍普水丝蚓47条)中,氨氮、总氮、总磷的平均净增量均低于单一物种的摇蚊组和水丝蚓组,表明在该组中,摇蚊幼虫和霍普水丝蚓在沉积物中共同扰动作用对氮、磷释放的促进效果减弱;对上覆水中溶解氧浓度而言,摇蚊所占比例越高,溶解氧浓度就越低,且上覆水中的溶解氧浓度变化,会影响生物扰动对沉积物氮、磷释放的效果.     

氮磷比对蛋白核小球藻和塔玛亚历山大藻种间竞争的影响

通过单独培养和共同培养的方法,以Na NO3和KH2PO3为氮源和磷源,研究了氮磷比(4、6、9、10、13、16、22、36和91)对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)生长和种间竞争的影响,并对其作用机制进行了探讨.结果表明:在单独培养模式下,蛋白核小球藻在N/P为4~22时生长适宜,N/P22时生长受抑制,而塔玛亚历山大藻在N/P为4和6时生长适宜,N/P6时生长受抑制;在共同培养模式下,蛋白核小球藻具有竞争优势,而塔玛亚历山大藻的生长受抑制,且N/P为13和16时蛋白核小球藻种群竞争优势最明显;蛋白核小球藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的培养滤液对彼此生长均未产生抑制作用,由此推测,两种微藻的种间竞争主要以资源利用性竞争为主.结果可为开发利用饵料藻进行赤潮生物防控提供一些理论依据.     

农业废物好氧堆肥中环境因子对nirK、nirS和nosZ数量的影响

应用定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time PCR)技术对农业废物好氧堆肥过程中参与反硝化过程的功能基因(nirK、nirS和nosZ)丰度在堆体不同位置处随时间的变化情况进行了研究.结果表明,随着堆肥进程,3种基因数量整体呈现出先升后降的变化规律,且不同位置处的反硝化基因数量之间存在着显著的差异性.使用Canoco 4.5软件对获得的反硝化功能基因丰度数据与不同时期不同层次堆体温度、pH、含水率、NH4+-N、NO3--N和水溶性有机碳(WSC)等环境因子的相关性进行冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA).基于手动选择的RDA分析结果表明,WSC、NH4+-N和堆体温度对反硝化基因丰度有着显著的影响(P<0.05),且前2个因子达到了极显著水平(P<0.01).应用t-value回归分析方法单独分析每种环境因子与3种基因的相关性,其中nirK与温度和pH显著正相关(P<0.05),nirS与温度显著正相关(P<0.05),nosZ与NH4+-N显著正相关(P<0.05)、与WSC显著负相关(P<0.05).     

凤眼莲化感物质对铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻生长及细胞数相对比例的影响

为探索化感物质在蓝藻水华治理方面的应用潜力,选取在凤眼莲根系分泌物中发现的5种化感物质（亚油酸、亚油酸甘油酯、丙酰胺、N-苯基—2-萘胺和壬酸）,研究了3种剂量下（0.1、1.0、10.0mg.L-1）其对单一、混合培养铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响.结果发现,化感物质成分、剂量和藻类培养方式对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长...