典型南方水源溶解性有机物分子量分布变化及去除特性

用超滤膜法对以东江为水源的深圳水库水体溶解性有机物(DOM)进行物理分级表征,研究了2005年3～9月原水中DOM分子量分布的连续变化特性,以及各分子量范围的DOM组分与消毒副产物三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)之间的关系结果表明,在此原水DOM中,相对分子量小于1000的有机物所占比例最高(平均值为41.15%(以DOC计)),这说明东江原水中DOM主要以小分子量有机物为主,此分子量范围有机物所产生的THMFP在原水中所占比例均值为32.23%水处理研究表明,常规工艺和深度处理工艺对其DOC和THMFP的去除率均不高.对原水总DOC的贡献占第二位的是分子量在104～3×104之间的有机物(均值为24.07%),其对总THMFP的贡献率为29.09%,常规工艺对此分子量范围有机物去除效果很好.     

UV/O3-Na2S2O8处理活性炭再生冷凝废水效能及机理

过热蒸汽法再生活性炭的过程中会产生大量含难降解有机物的冷凝废水,为去除冷凝废水中难降解COD,提高可生化性,采用紫外/臭氧活化过硫酸盐（UV/O₃-Na₂S₂O₈）氧化体系对活性炭再生冷凝废水进行处理,考察了O₃投加量、初始pH和Na₂S₂O₈投加量等因素对有机物处理效能的影响,并采用红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光等表征手段探究了冷凝废水处理过程中的变化机理。结果表明:当O₃投加量为30 mg/L,pH值为9.0,Na₂S₂O₈投加量为0.4 g/L时,在120 min内对冷凝废水的COD去除率达到82.1%,色度（CN）去除率达到86.3%。冷凝废水可生化性得到提高,BOD₅/COD值由0.17提升至0.46。由冷凝废水溶解性有机物（DOM）的表征可知,DOM中的腐殖质和发色基团被持续氧化,芳构化程度降低,色氨酸类有机物得到有效去除。结论表明,UV/O₃-Na₂S₂O₈氧化体系可有效去除冷凝废水中的难降解有机物。     

Selective elimination of chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic matter in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant

Effluent organic matter (EfOM) from municipal wastewater treatment plants potentially has a detrimental effect on both aquatic organisms and humans. This study evaluated the removal and transformation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant under different seasons. The results showed that bio-treatment was found to be more efficient in removing bulk DOM (in terms of dissolved organic carbon, DOC) than CDOM and FDOM, which was contrary to the disinfection process. CDOM and FDOM were selectively removed at various stages during the treatment. Typically, the low molecular weight (MW) fractions of CDOM and protein-like FDOM were more efficiently removed during bio-treatment process, whereas the humic-like FDOM exhibited comparable decreases in both bio-treatment and disinfection processes. Overall, the performance of the WWTP was weak in terms of CDOM and FDOM removal, resulting in enrichment of CDOM and FDOM in effluent. Moreover, the total removal of the bulk DOM (P < 0.05) and the protein-like FDOM (P < 0.05) displayed a significant seasonal variation, with higher removal efficiencies in summer, whereas removal of CDOM and the humic-like FDOM showed little differences between summer and winter. In all, the results provide useful information for understanding the fate and transformation of DOM, illustrating that sub-fractions of DOM could be selectively removed depending on treatment processes and seasonality.     

Characteristics of molecular weight distribution of dissolved organic matter in bromide-containing water and disinfection by-product formation properties during treatment processes

The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bromide ion concentration have a significant influence on the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). In order to identify the main DBP precursors, DOM was divided into five fractions based on molecular weight (MW), trihalomethane formation potential and haloacetic acid formation potential were determined for fractions, and the change in contents of different fractions and total DBPs during treatment processes (pre-chlorination, coagulation, sand filtration, disinfection) were studied. Moreover, the relationship between bromide concentration and DBP generation characteristics in processes was also analyzed. The results showed that the main DBP precursors were the fraction with MW < 1 kDa and fraction with MW 3−10 kDa, and the DBP''s generation ability of lower molecular weight DOM (< 10 kDa) was higher than that of higher molecular weight DOM. During different processes, pre-chlorination and disinfection had limited effect on removing organics but could alter the MW distribution, and coagulation and filtration could effectively remove organics with higher MW. For DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs) were mainly generated in pre-chlorination and disinfection, while haloacetic acids (HAAs) were mostly generated during pre-chlorination; coagulation and sand filtration had little effect on THMs but resulted in a slight removal of HAAs. In addition, the results of ANOVA tests suggested that molecular sizes and treatment processes have significant influence on DBP formation. With increasing bromide concentration, the brominated DBPs significantly increased, but the bromine incorporation factor in the processes was basically consistent at each concentration.     

利用稳定同位素技术研究外源物质输入对太湖微食物链的贡献

应用碳氮稳定同位素方法研究了太湖不同营养状态湖区内外源物质对微生物食物链主要成分的贡献.结果表明,在有大量外来物质输入的河口区,细菌、浮游枝角类、溶解性有机物(DOM)和颗粒性有机物 (POM)的δ¹³Ｃ 和δ¹⁵Ｎ同位素值,溶解性无机碳(DIC)的δ¹³Ｃ同位素值明显低于其它采样点,这表明河口区受陆源营养物质的影响强烈.其中,DOM的δ¹³Ｃ平均值和陆源C₃植物的δ¹³Ｃ值-26‰相近,表现出流域外源的排入对湖泊碳库的影响.与从DIC到浮游藻类的分馏值22‰计算得到的浮游藻类δ¹³Ｃ值相比,POM主要为内源藻类贡献.浮游枝角类的δ¹³Ｃ的平均值低于POM (0.2‰)和细菌 (2.5‰),这可能是由于枝角类脂类的积聚或选择性的摄食δ¹³Ｃ较为贫化的微型藻类(<50 μm)造成的.根据双组分混合模型(two-member mixing model),在河口区陆源C对细菌生物量的贡献占到61.2%,随着向湖心的推进,内源藻类的贡献逐渐增加(58.5%～92.9%).     

Dissolved organic matter removal using magnetic anion exchange resin treatment on biological effluent of textile dyeing wastewater

This study investigated the removal of dissolved organic matter（DOM） from real dyeing bio-treatment effluents（DBEs） with the use of a novel magnetic anion exchange resin（NDMP）.DOMs in two typical DBEs were fractionized using DAX-8/XAD-4 resin and ultrafiltration membranes. The hydrophilic fractions and the low molecular weight（MW）（〈3 kDa） DOM fractions constituted a major portion（〉50%） of DOMs for the two effluents. The hydrophilic and low MW fractions of both effluents were the greatest contributors of specific UV254absorbance（SUVA254）,and the SUVA254 of DOM fractions decreased with hydrophobicity and MW. Two DBEs exhibited acute and chronic biotoxicities. Both acute and chronic toxicities of DOM fractions increased linearly with the increase of SUVA254 value. Kinetics of dissolved organic carbon（DOC） removal via NDMP treatment was performed by comparing it with that of particle active carbon（PAC）. Results indicated that the removal of DOC from DBEs via NDMP was 60%,whereas DOC removals by PAC were lower than 15%. Acidic organics could be significantly removed with the use of NDMP. DOM with large MW in DBE could be removed significantly by using the same means. Removal efficiency of NDMP for DOM decreased with the decrease of MW. Compared with PAC,NDMP could significantly reduce the acute and chronic bio-toxicities of DBEs. NaCl/NaOH mixture regenerants,with selected concentrations of 10% NaCl（m/m）/1%NaOH（m/m）,could improve desorption efficiency.     

Relationship between heavy metals and dissolved organic matter released from sediment by bioturbation/bioirrigation

Organic matter (OM) is an important component of sediment. Bioturbation/bioirrigation can remobilize OM and heavy metals that were previously buried in the sediment. The remobilization of buried organic matter, thallium (Tl), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) from sediment was studied in a laboratory experiment with three organisms: tubificid, chironomid larvae and loach. Results showed that bioturbation/bioirrigation promoted the release of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved Tl, Cd, Cu and Zn, but only dissolved Zn concentrations decreased with exposure time in overlying water. The presence of organisms altered the compositions of DOM released from sediment, considerably increasing the percentage of fulvic acid-like materials (FA) and humic acid-like materials (HA). In addition, bioturbation/bioirrigation accelerated the growth and reproduction of bacteria to enhance the proportion of soluble microbial byproduct-like materials (SMP). The DOM was divided into five regions in the three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (3D-EEM), and each part had different correlation with the dissolved heavy metal concentrations. Dissolved Cu had the best correlation with each of the DOM compositions, indicating that Cu in the sediment was in the organic-bound form. Furthermore, the organism type and heavy metal characteristics both played a role in influencing the remobilization of heavy metal.     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter as N-nitrosamine precursors based on hydrophobicity, molecular weight and fluorescence

It is very important to identify the dominant precursors for N-nitrosamine formation from bulk organic matter, to enhance the understanding of N-nitrosamine formation pathways in water treatment plants and allow the development of practical treatment technologies. In this study, dissolved organic matter (DOM) from two source waters was fractionated with XAD resins and ultra- filtration membranes. The N-nitrosamine formation potential (FP) (ng of N-nitrosamines formed per mg of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) from raw water and each fraction were measured and correlated with the fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM), molecular weight (MW) and other assays. The results showed that the hydrophilic fraction had N-nitrosamine FP 1.3 to 3.5 times higher than the hydrophobic fraction from both source waters. The DOM fraction with low MW was the dominant fraction in these two source waters and contributed more precursors for N-nitrosamine formation than the larger MW fraction. The EEM spectra indicated there were notable amounts of soluble microbial products (SMPs) and aromatic proteins in the two studied rivers, which probably originated from wastewater discharge. The SMPs tended to be more closely correlated with N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential than the other DOM components. Higher N-nitrosamine FP were also related to fractions with lower DOC/DON ratios and lower SUVA 254 values.     

不同组成有机质对土壤中砷迁移行为的影响

本研究选择腐植酸(HA)、黄腐酸(FA)和鸡粪提取的可溶性有机质(DOM)三种天然有机质,加入供试土壤,以溴离子作为示踪剂,通过四组模拟土柱实验,获得不同有机质组成的土壤中As (V)的穿透曲线,并用CXTFIT 2.1软件拟合,计算阻滞系数R_d值,同时测定流出液中As (V)的形态变化。结果表明:HA抑制了As (V)的迁移,而加入FA和DOM后As (V)在土壤中的移动性显著增强。四种处理(CK、土壤+HA、土壤+FA、土壤+DOM)中As (V)的阻滞系数R_d值分别为17.82、19.53、10.13和12.2,土柱中残留的As分别占As总量的27.4%、31.7%、19.2%和18.2%。腐植酸以芳香族含量为主,分子量较大,吸附固定As的能力较强;黄腐酸和提取的可溶性有机质主要结构为烷基碳和氧烷基碳,H/C和O/C值较高,与As存在竞争吸附,促进As的迁移。     

稠油废水中溶解性有机物的分离和表征

利用XAD-8大孔吸附树脂将稠油废水中的溶解性有机物进行分离,对稠油废水DOM及各分离组分进行TOC、UV254、硬度、Ca2+、Mg2+浓度等的测定,并采用官能团滴定、红外光谱等分析方法对稠油废水进行表征。结果表明:稠油废水中DOM以包括腐殖酸和富里酸两部分物质的憎水部分为主,两者分别占总TOC的18.64%和43.58%,亲水部分仅占9.35%,同时还有一部分有机物未分离出;紫外吸光度结果表明,稠油废水及各组分的芳香化程度为:腐殖酸>富里酸>稠油废水>亲水部分;官能团滴定结果表明,各组分的总酸度大小为富里酸>腐殖酸>亲水部分;稠油废水中DOM及各组分的硬度和Ca2+、Mg2+分布分析结果表明,腐殖酸和富里酸均和Ca2+、Mg2+发生反应,由此可推断由于腐殖酸和富里酸与交换下来的Ca2+、Mg2+的吸附作用导致两者可能因此粘附在大孔弱酸树脂上,从而影响树脂正常运行;红外光谱分析结果与官能团滴定结果一致。     

高DOM渗滤液厌氧-好氧-混凝处理工艺

采用厌氧-好氧-混凝工艺,对垃圾焚烧厂高DOM渗滤液进行处理,当进水ρ(COD_Cr)平均值为10 800 mg/L时,出水ρ(COD_Cr)平均值可达208 mg/L;同时,着重针对各工艺单元出水DOM不同分子质量分布区间的ρ(COD_Cr)以及DOM组成成分的变化进行了研究.结果表明:该处理工艺对DOM分子质量＜50 ku的有机物去除率均可达到94.7%以上,而对分子质量＜2 ku的有机物的去除率可达99.0%;对渗滤液DOM组成成分〔腐殖酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和亲水性有机质(HyI)〕的去除率均达到90.0%以上,表明该组合工艺用于处理垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液是可行的.      

可溶性有机物对四溴双酚A的增溶作用研究

用批平衡法研究了污水处理厂进、出污水中提取的可溶性有机物（DOM）和商用腐殖酸（HA）等3种DOM对四溴双酚A（TBBPA）的增溶作用,并用红外、紫外吸收、元素组成、分子大小分布、扫描电镜等对DOM进行结构表征.结果表明,增溶作用受DOM结构、分子大小以及溶液离子强度的影响,并且与TBBPA形态有关.进水DOM和出水DOM对TBBPA的增溶等温曲线呈非线性,可用Langmuir方程描述,结合系数（K_doc）分别为1.19×10⁵L·kg^-1和1.27×10⁵L·kg^-1,其中的大分子DOM（相对分子质量>1 000）对TBBPA的增溶等温曲线呈线性,主要机制为分配,非线性变化由小分子DOM（相对分子质量<1 000）造成,进出水中小分子DOM的增溶能力（K_doc）比大分子高约55%,增溶贡献率也更大（75%～80%）.增溶作用同时受溶液离子强度影响,离子强度低时促进增溶作用,随着离子强度增大而引起DOM聚合、絮凝等降低了增溶效果.     

太湖溶解有机质光谱和氮磷污染的区域分布差异特征

对太湖水体溶解有机质三维荧光光谱、紫外吸收系数、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、总氮和总磷的分布特征进行了研究,定量估算了溶解有机质的来源. 研究发现:太湖水体溶解有机质的各物理化学参数以及氮磷质量浓度的区域分布特征明显. 水体三维荧光光谱显示有2个特征的类蛋白荧光峰,但不同湖区水样荧光峰位置以及强度并不完全一致. ρ(DOC)和荧光强度〔Fn(355)〕与吸收系数(α)有显著的相关性,但其相关关系也存在明显的区域特征. 根据有机质光谱学和理化指标的分布特点、梯度变化规律及地理特征要素,将太湖分为4个区域(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ和Ⅳ区),讨论了各区域的特征和变化规律. 利用有机质来源与荧光光谱指数的定量关系,估算了溶解有机质的来源贡献率,结果显示,北部湖区城市污水、陆源和生物活动对DOM的来源均有影响,其他湖区DOM以生物作用为主,陆源贡献率均不超过25%.      

生活垃圾焚烧厂贮坑沥滤液的污染与可处理特性

通过对生活垃圾焚烧厂贮坑沥滤液历时6个月的常规污染物监测,分析了沥滤液中溶解性有机物(DOM)分子量分级和重金属在不同分子量DOM中的分布,以探讨沥滤液的污染与可处理特性结果表明:沥滤液有机污染程度高.沥滤液中有机物以非溶解性(约占有机物总量的23%)和分子量＜4 ku的DOM(超过DOM总量的88%)为主,低碳有机酸和醇的总量占沥滤液中DOM(分子量＜4 ku)的50%.沥滤液中重金属含量高,在DOM各分子量分级中,重金属主要与分子量＜4 ku的DOM相关,尤其是Zn和Ni的分布占90%以上,并且重金属(除As和Hg外)的分布与有机物的分布呈显著的正相关性.根据沥滤液的性质,宜采用混凝或厌氧-好氧生物方法对其进行处理.      

模拟废水高温厌氧消化出水中SMP的特性研究

为考察废水高温厌氧消化出水中溶解性微生物产物(SMP)的特性,采用高温厌氧序批式反应器处理葡萄糖模拟废水,运用尺寸排除色谱(SEC)分离厌氧消化出水溶解性有机物(DOM),结合溶解性有机碳(DOC)、UV254吸光度和三维荧光光谱分析方法,对不同分离组分进行了定性和定量研究.结果表明,SMP在出水DOM(356mg/L,以DOC计)中占90.8%,其在高分子量(MW)(10k~100kDa)、中等MW(1k~10kDa)和低MW(<1kDa)内的含量分别为46.8%、45.4%和7.8%.高MW内的SMP比中等、低MW内的SMP有更高的芳香度.废水高温厌氧消化出水中SMP的荧光物质以高的酪氨酸类物质含量,低的富里酸和腐殖酸类物质含量为主要特征.低MW区域的SMP主要包括酪氨酸类物质,而富里酸和腐殖酸类物质主要集中于中等MW区域,色氨酸类和微生物副产物类物质在各MW区域内均有分布.高、中等MW区域(不含630Da相似文献   

Prediction of DOM removal of low specific UV absorbance surface waters using HPSEC combined with peak fitting

High performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) is used in water quality research primarily to determine the molecular weight distribution of the dissolved organic matter (DOM), but by applying peak fitting to the chromatogram, this technique can also be used as a tool to model and predict DOM removal. Six low specific UV absorbance (SUVA) source waters were treated using coagulation with alum and both the source and treated water samples were analysed using HPSEC. By comparing the molecular weight profiles of the source and treated waters, it was established that several DOM components were not effectively removed by alum coagulation even after high dosage alum treatment. A peak-fitting technique was applied based on the concept of linking the character (molecular weight profile) of the recalcitrant organics in the treated water with those of the source water. This was then applied to predict DOM treatability by determining the areas of the peaks which were assigned to removable organics from the source water molecular weight profile after peak fitting, and this technique quantified the removable and non-removable organics. The prediction was compared with the actual dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal determined from jar testing and showed good agreement, with variance between 2% and 10%. This confirmed that this prediction approach, which was originally developed for high SUVA waters, can also be applied successfully to predict DOC removal in low SUVA waters.     

Fouling of nanofiltration membrane by effluent organic matter： Characterization using different organic fractions in wastewater

The UF membrane with molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) ranging from 2 kDa to 100 kDa and XAD-8 resin were employed to identify the characteristic of molecular weight (MW) distribution of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM) in terms of TOC and UV254, as well as the amounts of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic fractions in different MW ranges. Then, the nanofiltration (NF) membrane fouling experiments were carried out using the above fractionated water to investigate the effect of MW distribution and hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics of EfOM on the membrane flux decline using the fractionated water samples above. The experimental results have shown that 45.61% of the total organics belongs to the low MW one, among which the percentage of the hydrophilic organics with low MW (less than 2 kDa) was up to 28.07%, while that of the hydrophobic organics was 17.54%. In particular, the hydrophilic fraction was found to be the most abundant fraction in the effluents. MW distribution has a significant effect on the membrane fouling. When the MW was less than 30 kDa, the lower the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, while in the case of MW higher than 30 kDa, the higher the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, and the decline degree of low MW organics was larger than the high MW one. With the same MW distribution range, specific flux decline of the hydrophilic organic was considerably slower than that of the hydrophobic organic, which indicated that the hydrophobic organic fractions dominantly contribute to the flux decline.     

Fouling of nanofiltration membrane by e uent organic matter: Characterization using di erent organic fractions in wastewater

The UF membrane with molecular weight cuto (MWCO) ranging from 2 to 100 kDa and XAD-8 resin were employed to identify the characteristic of molecular weight (MW) distribution of wastewater e uent organic matter (EfOM) in terms of TOC and UV254, as well as the amounts of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic fractions in di erent MW ranges. Then, the nanofiltration (NF) membrane fouling experiments were carried out using the above fractionated water to investigate the e ect of MW distribution and hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics of EfOM on the membrane flux decline using the fractionated water samples. The experimental results have shown that 45.61% of the total organics belongs to the low MW one, among which the percentage of the hydrophilic organics with low MW (less than 2 kDa) was up to 28.07%, while that of the hydrophobic organics was 17.54%. In particular, the hydrophilic fraction was found to be the most abundant fraction in the e uents. MW distribution has a significant e ect on the membrane fouling. When the MWwas less than 30 kDa, the lower the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, while in the case of MW higher than 30 kDa, the higher the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, and the decline degree of low MW organics was larger than the high MW one. With the same MW distribution range, specific flux decline of the hydrophilic organic was considerably slower than that of the hydrophobic organic, which indicated that the hydrophobic organic fractions dominantly contribute to the flux decline.     

溶解性有机物在土壤含水层处理系统中的变化

通过实验室模拟土壤含水层处理(SAT)的土壤柱系统研究了二级处理出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的荧光特性在SAT系统中的变化.利用XAD树脂将二级处理出水中的DOM分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A),疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N),过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A),过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).结果表明,TPI-N中的类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质在SAT系统中优先去除.经过SAT系统处理后,类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质和类溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光物质在HPO-A,HPO-N,TPI-A和HPI中的相对含量升高.各组分中带有3~5个稠合苯环的荧光物质,以及激发波长/发射波长(λex/λem)=390~410nm/456~476nm的类腐殖酸荧光物质在SAT系统中的去除率低于相应组分中以溶解性有机碳(DOC)表征的整体有机物的去除率.不同组分中的其他荧光物质在SAT系统中去除行为不同.     

The migration and transformation of dissolved organic matter during the freezing processes of water

This study investigated the partitioning behavior of dissolved organic matter(DOM) in liquid and ice phases, as well as the changes in the optical properties and chlorine reactivity of DOM during the freezing processes of water. DOM was rejected from the ice phase and accumulated in the remaining liquid phase during water freezing. Moreover, the decrease in freezing temperature, as well as the increase in dissolved organic carbon(DOC)concentration of feed water, caused an increase in DOM captured in the ice phase. The ultraviolet-absorbing compounds, trihalomethane precursors, as well as fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescent materials, were more liable to be to be rejected from the ice phase and were more easily retained in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing, as compared with organics(on average) that comprise DOC. In addition, it was also found a higher accumulation of these organics in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing at higher temperature. The freeze/thaw processes altered the quantity, optical properties, and chlorine reactivity of DOM. The decrease in ultraviolet light at 254 nm as well as the production of aromatic protein- and soluble microbial byproduct-like fluorescent materials in DOM due to freeze/thaw were consistently observed. On the other hand, the changes in DOC, trihalomethane formation potential, and fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescence caused by freeze/thaw varied significantly between samples.