生物炭的制备温度及酸处理对卡马西平的吸附动力学影响

本研究考察了卡马西平(CBZ)在9种不同条件(裂解温度200、300、500℃,无酸,HCI和HCI-HF)处理的生物炭上的吸附动力学,分别应用拟一级、拟二级和双室一级3种动力学模型对实验数据进行拟合.研究结果表明,双室一级动力学模型对吸附动力学提供了更精确的描述.裂解温度和酸处理对CBZ的吸附动力学有显著影响,具体表现为不同酸洗导致矿物含量发生显著变化,矿物对生物炭吸附CBZ的快室吸附单元起主要作用,生物炭内部的芳香环随生物炭的升高而更加致密,生物炭内部的芳香环结构主要贡献于慢室吸附单元.生物炭的矿物组分一方面屏蔽了有机质上的一些吸附点位,另一方面矿物自身可以有效地吸附污染物,酸洗去矿物对生物炭吸附污染物的表观影响可能取决于两个方面的平衡.     

氧氟沙星在不同性质碳基吸附剂上的吸附动力学特征

本研究探讨用香蕉皮和玉米芯两类生物质制备的生物炭、多壁纳米碳管(CNTs)和活性炭(AC)对氧氟沙星(OFL)的吸附动力学过程.结果表明,吸附动力学过程符合双室一级动力学模型.OFL在两类生物炭上的吸附能力随炭化温度的升高而减弱,归因于生物质炭化程度的增大,芳香性增加,生物炭有机分配相减少.生物炭的O含量极大地影响了其与水分子之间形成水膜的能力,OFL穿透水膜在生物炭表面上的吸附过程成为控制OFL吸附快慢的关键环节.OFL在CNTs和AC的快室吸附比在生物炭上的先趋于平衡,这可能与CNTs和AC较为单一的表面性质有关.CNTs的慢室吸附比AC的慢室吸附需要更长时间达到平衡,主要原因是随着OFL分子在CNTs表面持续吸附,原先由于疏水性作用聚合在一起的CNTs逐渐分散开,暴露出更多的表面积,导致OFL持续的吸附,在动力学上表现为慢室吸附.此外,单位比表面积上CNTs对OFL的吸附量最高,表明如果能够使CNTs充分分散,大量暴露的表面可能使CNTs成为去除有机污染的高效吸附剂.     

腐殖酸负载对萘和1-萘酚在生物炭上吸附动力学的影响

进入环境的生物炭对有机污染物的吸附过程受到普遍共存的溶解性有机质的影响.本研究将两种腐殖酸组分负载在以玉米秸秆为原料、不同炭化温度下(200、400、600℃)制得的生物炭上,考察极性和非极性有机污染物萘和1-萘酚在原始和腐殖酸负载生物炭上的吸附动力学,分别应用拟一级、拟二级和双室一级3种动力学模型对实验数据进行拟合.结果表明,拟二级和双室一级动力学模型均能较好地描述动力学吸附过程.腐殖酸负载对生物炭上萘和1-萘酚的吸附动力学有显著影响,使得平衡吸附量(Q_e)下降,而表观吸附速率提高.致密的芳香碳组分和纳米级孔隙主要对萘和1-萘酚在生物炭上的慢吸附单元起作用,腐殖酸负载降低了生物炭的芳香化程度和孔隙度,慢吸附对总吸附的贡献(f_slow)降低.生物炭内部有机碳的致密性降低,使得萘和1-萘酚分子容易扩散进入生物炭颗粒内部,加之表面积和孔隙度减少,缩短吸附平衡时间,两种化合物的慢吸附速率常数(k_slow)均提高.负载腐殖酸后,两种化合物的快吸附速率常数(k_fast)的变化却不同.腐殖酸负载向生物炭表面引入...     

牛粪源生物炭对水中甲基紫的吸附动力学和热力学

600℃缺氧热解制得牛粪源生物炭(CBC),采用SEM、FTIR和XRD等分析手段对生物炭理化性质进行表征,并通过静态平衡吸附法研究了CBC对甲基紫的吸附动力学及热力学过程.结果表明,甲基紫的吸附量随着其初始浓度的增加而增大,初始浓度由10 mg·L~(-1)增加到40 mg·L~(-1),平衡吸附量由5 mg·g~(-1)提高到30 mg·g~(-1),吸附过程先快后慢,60 min后吸附达到平衡;甲基紫的吸附量还随溶液pH的增加而增大,随温度的升高而增大;用准一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程、Langmuir吸附等温方程、Freundlich吸附等温方程对试验数据进行拟合,结果表明,准二级动力学模型更准确地反映其吸附动力学过程,Freundlich等温方程与实验数据拟合度更好,即甲基紫在CBC上的吸附以化学吸附为主;吸附热力学参数ΔG~o0、ΔS~o0、ΔH~o0,表明甲基紫在CBC上的吸附是自发进行的吸热过程.     

马铃薯秸秆生物炭对黄土吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响

为了探究来源于本地农业废弃物的生物炭对区域重金属污染黄土吸附固定化修复的可行性,本文采用批量平衡实验法,研究了马铃薯秸秆生物炭、黄土和生物炭与黄土混合物(加炭黄土)吸附重金属Cd(Ⅱ)的性能,考察了吸附时间、初始Cd(Ⅱ)浓度和溶液p H值对吸附过程的影响,并利用红外光谱、X-射线衍射分析等方法对吸附前后的生物炭和黄土分别进行表征.结果表明,生物炭、黄土、加炭黄土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附等温模式符合Langmuir模型,在25℃下的最大吸附量分别为15.60、7.87、12.40 mg·g~(-10,吸附动力学数据满足准二级动力学方程,溶液初始p H值对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附过程影响较大,2p H4和6p H8时,吸附量增加速率很快,而4p H6时,吸附量平缓上升.表征结果说明离子交换和阳离子-π作用为生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的主要吸附机制,而黄土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附主要归因于石英、高岭石等黏土矿物以及有机质中的羧基基团.对比动力学和等温吸附数据可得,在实验研究范围内,生物炭的添加使黄土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附能力分别提高了41.50%和49.94%.因此,在一定条件下,生物炭的输入可有效提高黄土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附固定化能力.     

花生壳和松木屑制备的生物炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附研究

为了深入了解生物炭施用对重金属环境行为和风险的影响,研究了生物炭吸附Cu~(2+)的机理。以花生壳和松木屑为原料,采用限氧升温炭化法,在200~500℃热裂解制得8种生物炭,并通过元素分析仪、傅立叶变换红外光谱分析(FITR)和扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM/EDS)对其进行了表征。同时,采用批试验方法研究了生物炭对Cu~(2+)吸附行为。研究结果表明,(1)热解温度越高,灰分含量越多,p H增大,生物炭芳构化程度越高,比表面积更大;(2)Cu~(2+)在生物炭上的吸附动力学划分为快吸附和慢吸附两个一级动力学阶段,其中快室是生物炭表面含氧官能团如羧基(-COOH)、酚羟基(-OH)等与重金属离子相互作用的吸附,慢速室是生物炭通过颗粒内扩散作用被生物炭吸附;(3)FM模型更适合于对花生壳和松木屑制备的生物炭吸附Cu~(2+)的数据进行拟合,所得非线性指数(n)的值在0.23~0.67之间且随热解温度升高n值越来越小;(4)在热解温度为200~500℃,花生壳生物炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附量先下降后增加且PS5对Cu~(2+)的吸附性能最佳;而松木生物炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附量没有明显的规律性变化,但PC2对Cu~(2+)的吸附性能最佳。     

Cr(Ⅵ)和Cu(Ⅱ)在胡麻和油菜生物质炭上吸附的交互作用

以胡麻、油菜的秸秆和油渣热解制得的4种生物炭为吸附剂,以批平衡吸附实验研究了Cr(Ⅵ)-Cu(Ⅱ)混合溶液体系中两种金属的吸附作用,考察吸附时间和初始金属浓度对吸附作用的影响,并与单一吸附体系对比,分析了可能的交互作用机制.发现混合体系中生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)和Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附动力学和热力学规律与单一金属体系下相似,但生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量较单一Cr(Ⅵ)体系略有增加但不显著,而Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附量较单一Cu(Ⅱ)体系明显增大.表明两种金属在4种生物炭上的吸附存在交互作用,为协同吸附作用.交互作用的主要机制是两种金属离子间正负电荷的静电引力作用.     

三维多孔生物炭吸附剂的制备及其对菲的吸附行为

以生活中常见的丝瓜络为原材料,在氮气保护和不同温度(600、700、800、900℃)的条件下热解制备了三维多孔丝瓜络生物炭(LSBC600、LSBC700、LSBC800、LSBC900)。表征了丝瓜络生物炭的理化性质,通过动力学吸附实验和等温线吸附实验研究了不同热解温度条件下制备的丝瓜络生物炭对菲的吸附动力学特征和吸附等温线特征,探讨了可能的吸附机理,评估三维多孔生物炭对菲的去除能力,为水生态系统保护和饮用水安全提供科学依据。结果表明,热解温度会影响生物炭的表面官能团组成,进而影响其芳香性。丝瓜络生物炭呈现多管束堆叠的三维多孔结构,随着热解温度的升高,挥发性物质减少,丝瓜络生物炭的表面变得粗糙,比表面积增大,芳香结构增加;LSBC900的比表面积达到了467 m²·g^-1。吸附动力学结果说明,丝瓜络生物炭对菲的吸附是复杂和多阶段的,主导吸附速率的是液膜扩散过程,其次是颗粒内扩散过程。在600-900℃范围内,随着热解温度的升高,丝瓜络生物炭对菲的平衡吸附量升高,吸附速率加快。吸附等温线结果说明,热解温度升高可以提高丝瓜络生物炭对菲的吸附容...     

溶解性有机质(DOM)对不同浓度卡马西平在蒙脱土上吸附行为的影响

为探究溶解性有机质(DOM)对药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)类污染物吸附过程的影响,以卡马西平(CBZ)为目标污染物,以蒙脱土为介质,用商用腐殖酸(HA)制备DOM,开展吸附实验,并采用紫外-可见光吸收光谱和红外光谱表征等手段,研究了DOM对不同浓度CBZ在蒙脱土上吸附影响的差异及机制.等温吸附实验结果显示:DOM对不同浓度CBZ吸附影响方式不同.CBZ浓度较低时(0.2—1.5 mg·L~(-1)),DOM对CBZ的吸附表现为抑制作用,吸附等温线为L型;浓度较高时(5—40 mg·L~(-1))表现为由抑制转为促进作用,吸附等温线为C型.结合表征结果分析认为,CBZ浓度是影响DOM存在下CBZ吸附行为的主要因素.DOM与低浓度CBZ的结合能力弱,此时大分子量DOM与CBZ竞争有限的吸附位点,小分子量DOM与CBZ结合起到增溶作用,而DOM中以大分子量物质为主,因而DOM对CBZ的吸附抑制作用增强,形成L型吸附等温线;DOM与高浓度CBZ的结合能力较强,结合物质的分子量随CBZ浓度升高而逐渐增大,进而引起共吸附和累积吸附现象产生,在蒙脱土上形成的新的活性吸附位点,从而导致CBZ的吸附促进作用随污染物浓度的升高而增强,形成C型吸附等温线.     

Fe&Cu生物炭复合材料脱除污染水体中金霉素

金霉素是一种广谱性抗生素,在水中溶解度高且不易为微生物降解,是威胁环境安全和人畜健康的潜在隐患。以榆中县某污水厂浓缩污泥为基体制备生物炭,通过化学沉淀在其表面负载FeCu颗粒用于处理金霉素废水。结果表明,负载FeCu颗粒后的生物炭对金霉素的吸附率显著提高至98.56%,相比初始生物炭提高了81.08%。当材料的投加量控制在5 g·L~(-1),CTC质量浓度控制在500 mg·L~(-1),溶液pH=4,Fe?Cu物质的量比为3?1时,生物炭脱除金霉素能力达到峰值386.93 mg·g~(-1)。SEM及BET验证了材料的高表面积及多孔结构。吸附等温线、动力学和热力学的分析结果表明,复合材料对金霉素的去除符合准二级动力学模型,吸附方式被认为是物理化学吸附和吸热过程。各类表征的结果也表明吸附机制可以归结于氢键结合、π-π堆积作用、金属配位、静电吸引以及电子转移等作用。研究结果表明合成的材料是高效的金霉素吸附剂,为金霉素引起的污染水体处理提供了一定思路。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).