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Salla Eilola Nora Fagerholm Sanna Mäki Miza Khamis Niina Käyhkö 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(7):1242-1269
The efforts in sustainable natural resource management have given rise to decentralization of forest governance in the developing world with hopes for better solutions and effective implementation. In this paper, we examine how spatially sensitive participation is realized from policy to practice in the process of establishing participatory forest management in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Our policy–practice analysis shows that the policies in Zanzibar strongly support decentralization and local level participation has in practice been realized. However, the policy does not emphasize participatory process design nor address the possibilities of using spatial information and technologies to ensure wider participation. Thus, the practices fall short in innovativeness of using site-sensitive information with available technologies. Reflecting the Zanzibari Community Forest Management Agreements (CoFMA) context with examples of participatory use of spatial information and technologies in other parts of the world, we discuss ways to improve the Zanzibari CoFMA process towards increased participation, communication, local sense of ownership and more sustainable land management decisions, and argue for the future implementation of CoFMA as a spatially sensitive participatory process. 相似文献
3.
Philip D. Gardner Hanna J. Cortner Keith F. Widaman Kathryn J. Stenberg 《Environmental management》1985,9(4):303-311
The formulation and implementation of new fire policies in the national forests depend upon public acceptance. A national survey of organized groups of forest users indicates that, contrary to the concern of many forest managers, considerable support exists for flexible fire suppression policies. Forest users are also willing to accept the risk associated with the manager's use of prescribed fire. However, important intergroup differences do exist. Such variation is discussed in relation to a number of socioeconomic variables, general fire knowledge, specific knowledge about the effects of low-intensity fires, and risk preference levels. 相似文献
4.
Margaret S. Hrezo 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1986,22(6):1001-1009
ABSTRACT: Research suggests that conflict over public participation in water resource planning is due, in part, to confusion over the nature of the policies involved. This article examines the roadblocks to citizen involvement in water resource planning in terms of two policy models: (1) the Social Feasibility Model and (2) the Political Feasibility Model. Each model posits a different role for public participation. Although the Political Feasibility Model has been widely accepted in water resource planning, changes in the nature of the policies involved in water resource management have weakened its appropriateness. Currently, social and redistributive policies involving value conflicts often dominate water planning and these policies are best chosen through the Social Feasibility Model. The article discusses the nature of the social feasibility model, the new types of policy decisions facing water resource managers, and how the social feasibility model can help overcome the roadblocks to increased public participation in water resource policy making. 相似文献
5.
Assessing Public Perceptions of Computer-Based Models 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Although there is a solid body of research on both collaborative decision-making and on processes using models, there is little research on general public attitudes about models and their use in making policy decisions. This project assessed opinions about computer models in general and attitudes about a specific model being used in water planning in the Middle Rio Grande Region of New Mexico, United States. More than 1000 individuals were surveyed about their perceptions of computer-based models in general. Additionally, more than 150 attendees at public meetings related to the Middle Rio Grande planning effort were surveyed about their perceptions of the specific Rio Grande-based model. The results reveal that the majority of respondents are confident in their ability to understand models and most believe that models are appropriate tools for education and for making policy decisions. Responses also reveal that trust in who develops a model is a key issue related to public support. Regarding the specific model highlighted in this project, the public revealed tremendous support for its usefulness as a public engagement tool as well as a tool to assist decision-makers in regional water planning. Although indicating broad support for models, the results do raise questions about the role of trust in using models in contentious decisions. 相似文献
6.
James D. Proctor 《Environmental management》1998,22(3):347-358
/ Public participation in environmental management decisions has frequently led to conflict. This paper examines the role of environmental values in fueling these conflicts, based on a data base and sample content analysis of written public comments solicited in 1994 regarding the highly contentious Clinton Forest Plan (also known as Option 9) proposed for management of federal forests in the US Pacific Northwest. The analysis considered whether those respondents favoring more versus less environmental protection than was offered in Option 9 held entirely different values, identifying which antagonistic values appeared to be most fundamental and where (if at all) values consensus occurred. It also compared values emanating from respondents within and outside the affected region, although few major differences were detected in this regard. Results suggest that strong values differences did exist among those preferring greater versus less environmental protection, in particular as concerned the extent, form, and spatial and temporal scope of justification of their positions, their ideas of forests, and the appropriate role of people in forest management. Disagreement concerned far more than purely environmental values: a major point of difference involved human benefits and harms of the proposed forest plan. Indeed, both sides' positions were overridingly anthropocentric and consequentialist-a values orientation that almost inevitably spells conflict in light of the commonly differentiated social impacts of environmental management decisions. Although public involvement in environmental management thus cannot be expected to lead to a clear and consensual social directive, the Pacific Northwest case suggests that viable environmental management solutions that take this range of values into account can still be crafted.KEY WORDS: Environmental values; Public participation; Clinton Forest Plan; Pacific Northwest 相似文献
7.
Oak Conservation and Restoration on Private Forestlands: Negotiating a Social-Ecological Landscape 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the midwestern United States, oak (Quercus spp.) forests are considered critical habitat for conserving biodiversity and are a declining resource. Ecological conditions,
such as deer herbivory and competition from more mesic broad-leaved deciduous species, have been linked to poor oak regeneration.
In the Midwest, where up to 90% of forestland is privately owned, a greater understanding of social dimensions of oak regeneration
success is especially critical to designing effective restoration strategies. We sought to determine factors that serve as
direct and indirect constraints to oak restoration and identify policy mechanisms that could improve the likelihood for restoration
success. We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 32 natural resource professionals working in the Midwest Driftless
Area. We found that most professionals anticipate that oak will remain only a component of the future forest. Furthermore,
they identified the general unwillingness of landowners to adopt oak restoration practices as a primary driving force of regional
forest change. The professionals pointed to interdependent ecological and social factors, occurring at various scales (e.g.,
economic cost of management, deer herbivory, and exurban residential development) as influencing landowner oak restoration
decisions. Professionals emphasized the importance of government cost-share programs and long-term personal relationships
to securing landowner acceptance of oak restoration practices. However, given finite societal resources, ecologically- and
socially-targeted approaches were viewed as potential ways to optimize regional success. 相似文献
8.
A new environmental paradigm has emerged, reflecting a change in the public's understanding of resource sustainability. Forest
policy makers need to be better informed about such changes to achieve economic, social, and environmental objectives in a
manner that balances human needs and aspirations with ecosystem constraints. As an aid to this task, a forest resource accounting
system based on the key concept of natural capital could help reshape forest policies to provide an even wider spectrum of
benefits for both present and future generations by maintaining and enhancing the productive capacity of forest capital. Such
a resource accounting system would provide a tool for integrating multidimensional information requirements in measuring the
health of both forest ecosystems and economic systems. This paper outlines some of the features of this accounting system
and proposes and framework that would integrate economic and ecological characteristics of natural resources. Forest resource
accounting is urgently needed to achieve the sustainability goals of ecosystem management. 相似文献
9.
Renewable energy often provokes heated debate on climate change, energy security and the local impacts of developments. However, how far such discussions involve thorough and inclusive debate on the energy and environmental-social justice issues associated with renewable energy siting remains ambiguous, particularly where government agendas prioritise renewable energy and planning systems offer limited opportunities for public debate on value-based arguments for and against renewable energy developments. Using the concept of justice self-recognition, we argue for greater attention to public discussion of the justice dimensions of renewable energy to assist in developing mechanisms to integrate distributive and procedural fairness principles into renewable energy decision-making. To explore how justice is currently invoked in such contexts, we examine recent U.K. policies for renewable energy and public submissions to applications for small-scale wind energy projects in Cornwall, U.K. The analysis of public comments revealed that justice concerns were rarely discussed explicitly. Comments instead did not raise concerns as justice issues or focused implicitly on distributive justice, stressing local aesthetic, community and economic impacts, clean energy and climate change. However, the findings indicated limited discussion of procedural or participatory justice, an absence that hampers the establishment of coherent procedures for deciding acceptable impacts, information standards, public participation and arbitrating disputes. We conclude by suggesting procedural reforms to policy and planning to enable greater public expression of justice concerns and debate on how to negotiate tensions between energy and environmental-social justice in renewable energy siting decisions. 相似文献
10.
Theory into Practice: Implementing Ecosystem Management Objectives in the USDA Forest Service 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
In the United States and around the world, scientists and practitioners have debated the definition and merits of ecosystem management as a new approach to natural resource management. While these debates continue, a growing number of organizations formally have adopted ecosystem management. However, adoption does not necessarily lead to successful implementation, and theories are not always put into practice. In this article, we examine how a leading natural resource agency, the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, has translated ecosystem management theory into concrete policy objectives and how successfully these objectives are perceived to be implemented throughout the national forest system. Through document analysis, interviews, and survey responses from 345 Forest Service managers (district rangers, forest supervisors, and regional foresters), we find that the agency has incorporated numerous ecosystem management components into its objectives. Agency managers perceive that the greatest attainment of such objectives is related to collaborative stewardship and integration of scientific information, areas in which the organization has considerable prior experience. The objectives perceived to be least attained are adaptive management and integration of social and economic information, areas requiring substantial new resources and a knowledge base not traditionally emphasized by natural resource managers. Overall, success in implementing ecosystem management objectives is linked to committed forest managers. 相似文献
11.
Land Resource Sustainability for Urban Development: Spatial Decision Support System Prototype 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Banai R 《Environmental management》2005,36(2):282-296
Land resource sustainability for urban development characterizes the problem of decision-making with multiplicity and uncertainty. A decision support system prototype aids in the assessment of incremental land development plan proposals put forth within the long-term community priority of a sustainable growth. Facilitating this assessment is the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a multicriteria evaluation and decision support system. The decision support system incorporates multiple sustainability criteria, weighted strategically responsive to local public policy priorities and community–specific situations and values, while gauging and directing desirable future courses of development. Furthermore, the decision support system uses a GIS, which facilitates an assessment of urban form with multiple indicators of sustainability as spatial criteria thematically. The resultant land-use sustainability scores indicate, on the ratio-scale of AHP, whether or not a desirable urban form is likely in the long run, and if so, to what degree. The two alternative modes of synthesis in AHP—ideal and distributive—provide assessments of a land development plan incrementally (short-term) and city-wide pattern comprehensively (long-term), respectively. Thus, the spatial decision support system facilitates proactive and collective public policy determination of land resource for future sustainable urban development. 相似文献
12.
Cooperation or conflict? Interagency relationships and the future of biodiversity for US parks and forests 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R. Edward Grumbine 《Environmental management》1991,15(1):27-37
Cooperation between the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service and the United States Department of
Interior (USDI) National Park Service is most often advocated to protect biological diversity on national forests and parks,
but the agencies, so far, have done little to implement the biodiversity mandates of such laws as the Endangered Species Act
and the National Forest Management Act. The ideological and political history of the Forest Service and Park Service is explored
to determine the roots of interagency conflicts. Several recent models of cooperative reform are also critiqued and found
to be insufficient to stimulate better working relationships. To protect biodiversity, cooperation must be framed within conservation
biology and must place primary emphasis on ecosystem patterns and processes as well as on individual species. Increased education
of agency managers, ecosystem-level research, local and regional public participation, scientific oversight committees, new
legislation, and enlightened leadership also play important roles. Ultimately, management policies must be reframed within
a context of ecocentric values. 相似文献
13.
Jagannadha Rao Matta John Kerr Kimberly Chung 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2005,48(4):475-490
Despite the critical role of government agencies in decentralizing natural resource governance, little work to date has focused on the organizational aspects of the responsible government bureaucracies. Based on a qualitative investigation of the perspectives of Forest Department employees involved in India's Joint Forest Management (JFM) program, this paper aims to provide an understanding of these internal dynamics. Elaborating on why bureaucracies with a learning orientation are essential if participatory natural resource management is to succeed, the paper underlines the constraints to transforming forest agencies' hierarchical work cultures. Foresters describe JFM as a radical departure from traditional forest governance, but suggest that corresponding transformation within the Forest Department has not occurred. Foresters cite as reasons: (1) a target-based incentive system that leaves little room for establishing the relationships with local people needed for collaborative management; (2) rigid rules and regulations that prevent the flexibility needed for adaptive, site-specific problem-solving; (3) a hierarchical, top-down style of communication that prevents the upper administration from learning what is happening on the ground and stifles initiative by field staff; (4) the need for a committed leadership to reverse this hierarchical culture. They point to the few such team-oriented leaders as the key to transforming the Forest Department and enabling participatory forest management to succeed. The authors also recommend accompanying changes in training and reward systems. 相似文献
14.
This paper proposes a method to select forest restoration priority areas consistently with the key principles of the Ecosystem
Approach (EA) and the Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) framework. The methodology is based on the principles shared by the
two approaches: acting at ecosystem scale, involving stakeholders, and evaluating alternatives. It proposes the involvement
of social actors which have a stake in forest management through multicriteria analysis sessions aimed at identifying the
most suitable forest restoration intervention. The method was applied to a study area in the native forests of Northern Argentina
(the Yungas). Stakeholders were asked to identify alternative restoration actions, i.e. potential areas implementing FLR.
Ten alternative fincas—estates derived from the Spanish land tenure system—differing in relation to ownership, management,
land use, land tenure, and size were evaluated. Twenty criteria were selected and classified into four groups: biophysical,
social, economic and political. Finca Ledesma was the closest to the economic, social, environmental and political goals,
according to the values and views of the actors involved in the decision. This study represented the first attempt to apply
EA principles to forest restoration at landscape scale in the Yungas region. The benefits obtained by the application of the
method were twofold: on one hand, researchers and local actors were forced to conceive the Yungas as a complex net of rights
rather than as a sum of personal interests. On the other hand, the participatory multicriteria approach provided a structured
process for collective decision-making in an area where it has never been implemented. 相似文献
15.
《Local Environment》2007,12(6):663-674
This paper analyses the Vancouver Sun's coverage of the Working Forest Initiative, which the provincial government of British Columbia (BC), Canada, introduced in 2002. The Working Forest originally defined forestry as the primary use of all forested Crown land in BC that was not within protected areas. By 2003, this policy initiative was transformed into a largely symbolic recognition of the importance of the forest industry. Through the Sun, the debate over the Working Forest is simplified into a conflict between a discourse of 'certainty and stability' for the forest industry and an oppositional discourse that challenges the conflation of the interests of forestry corporations with a reified 'general interest'. In the Sun, debate over the Working Forest is dominated by sources from government, environmental organizations and the forest industry. Other important news sources are rendered silent, including First Nations and forestry labour voices. 相似文献
16.
The snowmobile controversy in Yellowstone National Park not only pits snowmobilers against environmentalists, but it also pits the Bush Administration against the Clinton Administration. Caught in the middle are the National Park Service, scores of natural and social scientists, and Yellowstones permanent residents—the flora and fauna. The controversys political aspects are the focus of this paper; specifically, the tenuous relationship among research scientists, whose job it is to inform management and policy decisions; politicians, whose job it is to formulate those same decisions in the public arena; and public land management agencies, whose job it is to implement the decisions. The crux of the paper concerns the politicization of natural resource policy and ways in which research scientists tend to get caught up in it. Lessons learned from this Yellowstone episode regarding the role of science in policy-making processes are also considered. Two recent federal court rulings shed additional light on the politics surrounding Yellowstones snowmobile controversy, as does the importance of governmental checks and balances in resolving natural resource management disputes. 相似文献
17.
Guiding Climate Change Adaptation Within Vulnerable Natural Resource Management Systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Climate change has the potential to compromise the sustainability of natural resources in Mediterranean climatic systems,
such that short-term reactive responses will increasingly be insufficient to ensure effective management. There is a simultaneous
need for both the clear articulation of the vulnerabilities of specific management systems to climate risk, and the development
of appropriate short- and long-term strategic planning responses that anticipate environmental change or allow for sustainable
adaptive management in response to trends in resource condition. Governments are developing climate change adaptation policy
frameworks, but without the recognition of the importance of responding strategically, regional stakeholders will struggle
to manage future climate risk. In a partnership between the South Australian Government, the Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges
Natural Resource Management Board and the regional community, a range of available research approaches to support regional
climate change adaptation decision-making, were applied and critically examined, including: scenario modelling; applied and
participatory Geographical Information Systems modelling; environmental risk analysis; and participatory action learning.
As managers apply ideas for adaptation within their own biophysical and socio-cultural contexts, there would be both successes
and failures, but a learning orientation to societal change will enable improvements over time. A base-line target for regional
responses to climate change is the ownership of the issue by stakeholders, which leads to an acceptance that effective actions
to adapt are now both possible and vitally important. Beyond such baseline knowledge, the research suggests that there is
a range of tools from the social and physical sciences available to guide adaptation decision-making. 相似文献
18.
Yangjian Zhang Hong S. He William D. Dijak Jian Yang Stephen R. Shifley Brian J. Palik 《Environmental management》2009,44(2):312-323
To achieve the overall objective of restoring natural environment and sustainable resource usability, each forest management
practice effect needs to be predicted using a simulation model. Previous simulation efforts were typically confined to public
land. Comprehensive forest management practices entail incorporating interactions between public and private land. To make
inclusion of private land into management planning feasible at the regional scale, this study uses a new method of combining
Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data with remotely sensed forest group data to retrieve detailed species composition and
age information for the Missouri Ozark Highlands. Remote sensed forest group and land form data inferred from topography were
integrated to produce distinct combinations (ecotypes). Forest types and size classes were assigned to ecotypes based on their
proportions in the FIA data. Then tree species and tree age determined from FIA subplots stratified by forest type and size
class were assigned to pixels for the entire study area. The resulting species composition map can improve simulation model
performance in that it has spatially explicit and continuous information of dominant and associated species, and tree ages
that are unavailable from either satellite imagery or forest inventory data. In addition, the resulting species map revealed
that public land and private land in Ozark Highlands differ in species composition and stand size. Shortleaf pine is a co-dominant
species in public land, whereas it becomes a minor species in private land. Public forest is older than private forest. Both
public and private forests have deviated from historical forest condition in terms of species composition. Based on possible
reasons causing the deviation discussed in this study, corresponding management avenues that can assist in restoring natural
environment were recommended. 相似文献
19.
/ As federal land management agencies such as the USDA Forest Service increasingly choose to implement collaborative methods of public participation, research is needed to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the technique, to identify barriers to effective implementation of collaborative processes, and to provide recommendations for increasing its effectiveness. This paper reports on the findings of two studies focused on the experiences of Forest Service employees and their external partners as they work to implement collaborative planning processes in national forest management. The studies show both similarities and differences between agency employees and their partners in terms of how they evaluate their collaborative experiences. The studies reveal that both Forest Service employees and external partners are supportive of collaborative planning and expect it to continue in the future, both see the trust and relationships built during the process as being its greatest benefit, and both see the Forest Service's organizational culture as the biggest barrier to effective collaborative efforts. The groups differed in terms of evaluating each other's motivation for participating in the process and in whether the process was a good use of time and resources, with external partners seeing it as too drawn out and expensive. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications and changes necessary to increase the effectiveness of collaborative efforts within the Forest Service and other federal land management agencies.KEY WORDS: Public land management; Collaborative planning; National forests; Public participation 相似文献
20.
Management of public lands occurs today with high levels of scrutiny and controversy. To succeed, managers seek the support,
involvement, and endorsement of the public. This study examines trust as an indicator of managerial success and attempts to
identify and measure the components that most influence it. A review of trust literature yielded 14 attributes that were hypothesized
to contribute to trust, grouped into the three dimensions of Shared Norms and Values, Willingness to Endorse, and Perceived
Efficacy. Operationalizing these attributes and dimensions, a telephone survey was administered to a sample of Montana, USA,
residents living adjacent to the Bitterroot National Forest (n = 1,152). Each of the attributes was measured in the context of federal lands fire and fuel management. Structural equation
modeling showed that all 14 attributes were found to be influential contributors to levels of trust. Results suggest that
if managers are to maintain or increase levels of public trust, they need to consider each of trust’s attributes as they make
social, ecological, and economic resource decisions. 相似文献