细水雾灭火系统扑救铁路隧道救援站内客车火灾的全尺寸试验研究

研究了细水雾灭火系统对铁路隧道救援站火灾的扑救性能。试验在铁路隧道救援站全尺寸模拟隧道平台上开展,研究了隧道内不同纵向通风条件下,细水雾灭火系统作用前后隧道内的温度场、燃烧成分、火源热辐射参量的分布及变化。结果表明,细水雾灭火系统可有效抑制模拟隧道内火灾,验证了细水雾灭火系统在铁路隧道救援站内的可行性和有效性。     

煤炭企业铁路路外安全之探讨

煤炭企业铁路多处于乡村以及山区丘陵地带,路外事故多发。总结目前共性问题,统计事故规律,是减少事故的重要方法。本文通过定性分析,先建立了树、网状模型,然后通过定量分析,计算出各因素权重比例,最后,采用结点管理的方法,提出了减少路外事故的重要途径为:建立健全路外安全管理机构及激励机制、采用科学的路外安全管理办法、强化教育提高人们安全意识。     

铁路隧道火灾烟气温度场分布规律的试验研究

以我国某铁路水下盾构隧道为背景,针对不同纵向通风风速、火灾规模等因素进行了18组缩尺寸火灾模型试验,对火灾时隧道内烟气温度场的纵向变化规律、高温烟气的蔓延规律进行研究,获得了不同工况下拱顶下方烟气温度纵向分布规律、火区内和火区下游烟气最高温度分布规律,以及火灾蔓延范围等.并根据火区内烟气最高温度的试验数据,得到关于烟气最高温度与纵向通风风速及火灾规模的理论公式.拟合结果表明,该理论公式与试验数据能够较好地吻合,相关性为0.92左右.     

Opinions on railway trespassing of people living close to a railway line

A survey was designed to investigate opinions on railway trespassing of people living close to a railway line. The results showed that 89.2% of the respondents (n = 502) recalled that they had seen trespassing in their neighbourhood and, based on their observations, adults are the largest group trespassing. Overall, 68.9% of the respondents had personal experience of trespassing although 83.5% considered trespassing to be fairly or highly dangerous and 81.0% assumed it to be illegal. The respondents supported countermeasures such as building an underpass or fencing off the tracks, and only a few of them indicated that nothing could be done to resolve the problem. In addition, education in schools on the dangers of trespassing was suggested. These results allow practitioners and researchers to see the problem from a local perspective and thus develop a better understanding. This in turn helps design effective countermeasures.     

铁路运输含硫原油过程中H_2S挥发规律模拟试验研究

以塔河12区含硫原油为研究对象,通过模拟铁路运输原油工况,研究罐内原油中H_2S挥发规律.结果表明,铁路运输过程中原油里H_2S析出浓度与时间的关系近似为6次多项式,并建证了H_2S浓度随时间变化的曲线方程;对影响罐内原油中H_2S挥发的2个主要因素罐内原油温度和罐车振动强度进行了分析.结果表明,罐内原油温度是原油中H_2S挥发的主要影响因素,升高罐内原油温度可以明显增加H_2S的挥发浓度.加大罐车振动强度对原油中H_2S挥发有促进作用,但不明显.     

以某铁路为例探讨铁路噪声监测结果及防治建议

通过对一条既有铁路改扩建工程的铁路外侧轨中心线30m处及距铁路外轨中心线65m以内敏感点的噪声监测与分析,结果表明,距离的远近是影响噪声值大小的关键因素,但不是唯一因素。针对此,从噪声源、传播途径及接受者等方面提出了一些防治措施。     

浅析铁路道口事故的预防

铁路道口安全系统足一个极为复杂、庞大联动的系统,具有系统复杂度及风险高的特征,实现铁路道口安全是一个社会性的多层次多学科的系统工程问题.本文分析了铁路道口事故发生的原因、特点和规律,总结影响道口安全的主要因素,在对比分析中外铁路道口安全形势及研究现状的基础上,从人、车、道口几何特性、安全防护装置、管理及环境等因素出发.提出了预防道口事故的措施和建议,包括:加大硬件投入、完善道口管理、提高道口员素质、改善道口环境面貌等等.     

邢钢铁路运输安全管理工作经验

介绍了企业运输安全管理系统预先危险性分析、预防和控制的经验。     

铁路信号微机联锁设备防雷

介绍了铁路信号微机联锁系统的作用、原理。以武钢配料站为例提出了微机联锁设备防直接雷和感应雷的方案及费用定额。     

Analyzing injury severity factors at highway railway grade crossing accidents involving vulnerable road users: A comparative study

Objective: The main objective of this study is to identify the main factors associated with injury severity of vulnerable road users (VRUs) involved in accidents at highway railroad grade crossings (HRGCs) using data mining techniques.

Methods: This article applies an ordered probit model, association rules, and classification and regression tree (CART) algorithms to the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration's (FRA) HRGC accident database for the period 2007–2013 to identify VRU injury severity factors at HRGCs.

Results: The results show that train speed is a key factor influencing injury severity. Further analysis illustrated that the presence of illumination does not reduce the severity of accidents for high-speed trains. In addition, there is a greater propensity toward fatal accidents for elderly road users compared to younger individuals. Interestingly, at night, injury accidents involving female road users are more severe compared to those involving males.

Conclusions: The ordered probit model was the primary technique, and CART and association rules act as the supporter and identifier of interactions between variables. All 3 algorithms' results consistently show that the most influential accident factors are train speed, VRU age, and gender. The findings of this research could be applied for identifying high-risk hotspots and developing cost-effective countermeasures targeting VRUs at HRGCs.     

Safety equipment for passengers on railway platforms

In Japan, especially in the Tokyo area, railway platforms are increasingly crowded with passengers during commuter rush hours for many reasons. It is a very important task for railway companies to reduce the risk of passengers being exposed to accidents. We built safety fences with automatic doors on the platform of Meguro Station, one of the stations of the Yamanote commuter line in Tokyo, in order to investigate whether safety fences are useful for preventing passengers from falling off the crowded platforms onto the tracks and being hit by moving trains during commuter rush hours. As a result of our investigations, we found that the safety fences with automatic doors do not hinder the flow of the passengers, and therefore concluded that fences are a useful way of reducing the risk of accidents to passengers.     

Maintenance-related major accidents: Classification of causes and case study

The potential for major accidents is inherent in most industries that handle or store hazardous substances, for e.g. the hydrocarbon and chemical process industries. Several major accidents have been experienced over the past three decades. Flixborough Disaster (1974), Seveso Disaster (1976), Alexander Kielland Disaster (1980), Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984), Sandoz Chemical Spill (1986), Piper Alpha Disaster (1988), Philips 66 Disaster (1989), Esso Longford Gas Explosion (1998), Texas City Refinery Explosion (2005), and most recently the Macondo Blowout (2010) are a few examples of accidents with devastating consequences.Causes are being exposed over time, but in recent years maintenance influence tends to be given less attention. However, given that some major accidents are maintenance-related, we intend to concentrate on classifying them to give a better insight into the underlying and contributing causes.High degree of technological and organizational complexity are attributes of these industries, and in order to control the risk, it is common to deploy multiple and independent safety barriers whose integrity cannot be maintained without adequate level of maintenance. However, maintenance may have a negative effect on barrier performance if the execution is incorrect, insufficient, delayed, or excessive. Maintenance can also be the triggering event.The objectives of this article are: (1) To investigate how maintenance impacts the occurrence of major accidents, and (2) To develop classification schemes for causes of maintenance-related major accidents.The paper builds primarily on model-based and empirical approaches, the latter being applied to reports on accident investigation and analysis. Based on this, the Work and Accident Process (WAP) classification scheme was proposed in the paper.     

Work-related road safety: A case study of Roche Australia

Fleet, work-related or occupational road safety has the potential to make a major contribution to reducing both human harm and asset damage. To date, however, there would appear to be a dearth of well researched and evaluated case studies in the public domain in this area.This paper provides an on-going, documented, real-world case study of work-related road safety within an Australian company that has sought to manage, monitor and improve its road safety performance over the last 5 years through a range of proactive, fleet manager, insurance and risk-led initiatives.Roche Australia has successfully implemented a Company Motor Vehicle Safety Program with support from its fleet insurers and risk management advisors. Four key initiatives are set out covering: (1) Driver risk assessment, monitoring and improvement. (2) Policy development and communications. (3) Process and outcomes evaluation. (4) Continuous review and refinement of policies, processes, programs and future developments.The program has led to a range of process and performance-based outcomes. Typical barriers to success in work-related road safety have been identified and overcome. Almost 100% risk assessment and improvement process compliance by drivers has been achieved. A predictive relationship between risk assessment outcomes and collision history has been identified. Reductions in insurance claims, collision costs and claims ratio have been sustained. A detailed project plan is in place to continue the program for the next 3 years.The paper concludes that with effective management, a well developed work-related road safety program can result in performance improvements within the initiating organisation. Several limitations in the case study methodology, as well as areas for further work and lessons for policy makers, researchers and practitioners are also identified.     

Organizational and behavioural consequences of uncertainty: A case study

This paper examines some of the organizational and behavioural consequences of uncertainty through consideration of a case study. An industrial firm and its problems are described and an attempt is made to understand the origins of the situation using a systems analysis which draws on constructs from the structural, the behavioural and the ‘bureaucratic’ traditions within organization theory. The analysis demonstrates: that the problems are interrelated and stem from the structural arrangements in the firm which are unable to cope with the prevailing uncertainties; that the behavioural difficulties may be seen as manifestations of the underlying structural/environmental mismatch; and, that the problems are exacerbated by apparently logical but paradoxically inappropriate managerial choices and responses. The implications of this study for theory, practice and method are discussed.     

铁路隧道TBM施工风险评估

采用基于熵权的模糊综合评估模型对西秦岭特长铁路隧道TBM施工风险进行分析,识别关键风险因素并提出施工应对策略。首先结合西秦岭隧道项目工程特点,参照《铁路隧道风险评估与管理暂行规定》进行TBM施工风险识别,将其归结为设备风险、掘进风险、辅助工序风险三大方面,对每个方面细分出4项一级风险因素。接着确定各层次风险因素权重:借助专家调查确定一级风险发生的概率等级,运用熵权法确定底层风险权重;运用层次分析法确定三大方面风险权重。最后建立二级模糊综合评判模型,评估西秦岭铁路隧道右线的施工风险等级。通过现场专家调查得到的一级风险因素后果损失等级表建立一级评判隶属度矩阵,进行一级模糊评判;并将结果作为二级评判因素的评价集,进行第二级综合评判,评定该项目为2级风险。同时借助熵权反映底层各风险因素的重要程度,确定关键风险因素并判断其风险等级,提出施工应对措施。     

基于故障树的铁路平交道口事故分析

针对铁路平交道口火车、机动车相撞事故,分析了其产生的原因,并运用故障树分析方法建立了模型,对其进行了分析,发现了导致道口事故的主要影响因素,并提出了对策措施.     

Toluene removal biofilter modeling: Optimization and case study

Based on the model proposed by De Visscher and Van Cleemput for methane oxidation in landfill cover soils, a simulation model for biofiltration of toluene-contaminated air has been developed for biofilters with substrate inhibition. A convenient way to optimize biofilter performance was developed assuming Haldane kinetics. It was calculated that for a typical oilsands operation emitting 200 ton of toluene annually, 90% of the toluene can be removed by a 740 m³ biofilter, if the waste gas sent to the biofilter has a toluene concentration of 2.25 g m⁻³. The optimal initial concentration increases with increasing target efficiency.