膜生物反应器及其组合工艺在有机废水处理中的应用

膜生物反应器是一种膜与生物反应器相结合的废水处理新工艺。介绍了膜生物反应器的种类，特性及其组合工艺。综述了国内外用于有机物废水处理过程中的研究进展及应用现状，并对其发展前景作出了展望。     

膜生物反应器及其在工业废水处理中的应用

介绍了膜生物反应器的工艺流程、膜材料与膜组件形式、工艺特点及其在工业废水处理应用中对CDD、氮、磷及挥发性有机物的去除效果；分析了影响膜生物反应器废水处理效果的主要因素及对策；指出了膜生物反应器在工业废水处理方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

一种处理高浓度有机废水的厌氧序批式活性污泥工艺

该专利公开了一种处理高浓度有机废水的厌氧序批式活性污泥工艺。其特征是：采用两级厌氧序批式反应器（ASBR）串联，实现甲烷菌群优化，用A段反应器和B段反应器分别完成吸附过程和生物降解反应。在A段、B段反应器中分别选择性地培养和发展各自的优势菌，在A段反应器中培养以甲烷八叠球菌为优势菌的颗粒污泥，在B段反应器中培养以甲烷丝菌为优势菌的颗粒污泥，使A段、B段两反应器在相差悬殊的负荷下分别以吸附-生物降解和生物降解的模式运行，     

国外动态

生物反应器处理废物土地填埋场沥滤液ＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｒｉｎｇ，１０６［３］，２５（１９９９）到目前为止主要用于废水处理的生物反应器技术将具有新应用。美国Ｅｎｖｉｒｏｇｅｎ公司开发出一种膜式生物反应器（ＭＢＲ），用于土地填埋场沥滤液的处理，并...     

序批式反应器工艺的研究进展

回顾了序批式反应器(SBR)技术的发展历史，介绍了近20年来国内外SBR技术研究与应用的新发展，着重分析了其基本原理、技术优势和不足之处，指出SBR技术是一项极具竞争力的废水生物处理技术。     

生物膜反应器中生物膜脱落的机理及数学模型

生物膜法是一种高效的废水处理方法。对生物膜反应器中的生物膜形成、流体力学、传质以及反应动力学特性都做了较深入的研究。目前，在反应机理研究方面，生物膜的脱落是了解最少的，而反应器中生物膜的脱落对生物膜的形态、稳定性以及转化效率都有直接的影响，因此，生物膜脱落的研究具有十分重要的意义。介绍了生物膜反应器中生物膜脱落的过程及其机理，讨论了影响生物膜脱落的种种因素，并对有关研究生物膜脱落的数学模型作了总结和分析，最后提出了今后生物膜脱落研究的重点。     

白腐真菌反应器处理废水的研究进展

介绍了白腐真菌的生物学特性及其降解污染物的优势,综述了生物转盘反应器、搅拌釜生物反应器、气升式生物反应器、流化床生物反应器、填充床生物反应器、转管生物反应器、空心纤维反应器等白腐真菌反应器的结构特点和在废水处理方面的研究进展,指出了目前白腐真菌反应器应用中存在的问题。     

厌氧生物法废水处理技术进展

阐明了厌氧生物法处理废水的特征,并着重介绍了厌氧接触反应器、厌氧流化床反应器、厌氧膨胀床反应器.厌氧生物转盘和厌氧污泥床反应器在各种厌氧生物法处理废水工艺中的应用情况。     

有机废水处理装置

该发明提供了一套处理有机废水的装置，依次为厌氧生物反应器、好氧生物反应器、膜分离反应器。该装置能通过生物处理过程去除水中的有机污染物，并用膜将固体与液体彻底分离。用该装置处理有机废水，可有效去除有机污染物、避免膜表面的结垢和剥落等问题，并可降低成本、提高效率。     

膜生物反应器的膜污染机理及其防治

膜生物反应器(MBR)在污水处理中的应用范围和规模虽然不断增加,然而,膜污染严重阻碍了膜生物反应器技术的推广应用.介绍了膜污染产生机理及数学模型,从膜材料选取及膜组件安装、对混合液进行预处理、选择最佳操作条件、采用最佳膜清洗方式四个方面分析了膜污染的防治方法.     

On-line early fault detection and diagnosis of municipal solid waste incinerators

A fault detection and diagnosis framework is proposed in this paper for early fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) in order to improve the safety and continuity of production. In this framework, principal component analysis (PCA), one of the multivariate statistical technologies, is used for detecting abnormal events, while rule-based reasoning performs the fault diagnosis and consequence prediction, and also generates recommendations for fault mitigation once an abnormal event is detected. A software package, SWIFT, is developed based on the proposed framework, and has been applied in an actual industrial MSWI. The application shows that automated real-time abnormal situation management (ASM) of the MSWI can be achieved by using SWIFT, resulting in an industrially acceptable low rate of wrong diagnosis, which has resulted in improved process continuity and environmental performance of the MSWI.     

A knowledge acquisition process to analyse operational problems in solid waste management facilities.

The available expertise on managing and operating solid waste management (SWM) facilities varies among countries and among types of facilities. Few experts are willing to record their experience, while few researchers systematically investigate the chains of events that could trigger operational failures in a facility; expertise acquisition and dissemination, in SWM, is neither popular nor easy, despite the great need for it. This paper presents a knowledge acquisition process aimed at capturing, codifying and expanding reliable expertise and propagating it to non-experts. The knowledge engineer (KE), the person performing the acquisition, must identify the events (or causes) that could trigger a failure, determine whether a specific event could trigger more than one failure, and establish how various events are related among themselves and how they are linked to specific operational problems. The proposed process, which utilizes logic diagrams (fault trees) widely used in system safety and reliability analyses, was used for the analysis of 24 common landfill operational problems. The acquired knowledge led to the development of a web-based expert system (Landfill Operation Management Advisor, http://loma.civil.duth.gr), which estimates the occurrence possibility of operational problems, provides advice and suggests solutions.     

运行中更换电除尘器瓷转轴方法探讨

介绍了机组运行期间电除尘器电晕极振打瓷转轴断裂的原因及判断方法,首次尝试在不停机状态下更换瓷转轴,并在顶部传动和侧部传动两种电晕极振打方式下得到了成功应用。     

Development of a novel hybrid microwave-heater reactor for paper-based waste treatment

It is necessary to develop a medical waste management system featuring nonburning treatment and safety functions for small medical institutions. In this article, the development of a waste management system without oxygen injection was achieved by means of hybrid heating using microwave energy and an electric heater. The shape of the microwave reactor was a rectangular parallelepiped with a volume of about 0.1 m³. In the experimental setup, microwave energy (2.45 GHz, about 800 W) was injected from the top of the reactor, while the heater (about 1 kW) was located at the bottom. Heat insulators were set into all the walls of the reactor. The gases generated in the system were vented through water and activated carbon. Five paper-based diapers with absorbed water were used as the waste sample. For the evaluation of performance, the reduction rate was defined as the ratio (in percent) of the weight before and after treatment. The reduction rate as a function of treatment time and the effect of the position of the waste in the reactor on the reduction rate and the uniformity of treatment were examined for about 3 kg of waste. It was found that the reduction rate reached as low as 4.2% at 3 h and then 3% after 8 h. The treated profile strongly depended on the position of the waste in the reactor. In particular, it was clarified that a metal cylindrical enclosure and a needle electrode played an important role in attaining uniform treatment of the waste.     

Factors affecting water balance and percolate production for a landfill in operation.

Percolate production and precipitation data for a full-scale landfill in operation measured over a 13-year period were used to evaluate the impact and importance of the hydrological conditions of landfill sections on the percolate production rates. Both active (open) and closed landfill sections were included in the evaluation. A simple top cover model requiring a minimum of input data was used to simulate the percolate production as a function of precipitation and landfill section hydrology. The results showed that changes over time in the hydrology of individual landfill sections (such as section closure or plantation of trees on top of closed sections) can change total landfill percolate production by more than 100%; thus, percolate production at an active landfill can be very different from percolate production at the same landfill after closure. Furthermore, plantation of willow on top of closed sections can increase the evapotranspiration rate thereby reducing percolate production rates by up to 47% compared to a grass cover. This process, however, depends upon the availability of water in the top layer, and so the evaporation rate will be less than optimal during the summer where soil-water contents in the top cover are low.     

Evaluation of waste pyrolysis characteristics in a pressurized fluidized bed reactor

To obtain the distribution of fuel components to gas, tar and char in a pressurized fluidized bed waste pyrolyzer, experiments were conducted with a laboratory scale fluidized bed reactor. Waste samples were fed batchwise from the top of the reactor into the fluidized bed of silica sand and pyrolyzed by nitrogen/nitrogen-O2 gas and the effects of pressure, particle size, heating rate and oxygen addition were investigated. In the case of rubber, the char yield tended to increase a little and the tar yield decrease over the pressure of 304-709 kPa. In comparison with the thermogravimetry data it was clearly demonstrated that the char yield from fluidized bed pyrolysis is much lower. A small amount of oxygen addition decreased both tar and char yields but its further increase did not affect them very much.     

LSH-02G克劳斯尾气加氢催化剂的开发及应用

介绍了LSH-02G克劳斯尾气加氢催化剂的生产工艺及工业应用情况。LSH-02G催化剂具有一定的大孔,可减少CO在催化剂孔道中的停留时间,显著提高催化剂的COS水解率。LSH-02G催化剂工业应用结果表明：装置在80％、100％和110％负荷下运行,各项参数运行正常,急冷水pH稳定在7.8~8.0,急冷塔顶在线氢气含量（φ）维持在1.8%~2.2%,加氢反应器无SO₂穿透。加氢反应器中SO₂加氢转化率均为100％,COS水解率均在92%以上,符合普光天然气净化厂加氢催化剂技术规格书要求（SO₂加氢转化率100％,COS水解率达90%以上）。     

耦合光催化与生物处理4-氯酚废水

采用三相内循环式流化床光反应器和固定床生物反应器耦合处理4-氯酚(4-CP)废水。光反应器中采用粗孔硅胶负载的具有高活性和长寿命的TiO2为催化剂,处理效率高。废水的BOD5／COD及固定床生物反应器处理效果表明,4-CP为难生物降解物,光催化预处理能显著增强废水的可生化性。在单级耦合处理中,光催化预处理4h后进行生物处理,能达到最佳效率,但要完全矿化COD则需要延长预处理时间。光催化预处理为生物处理提供可降解性COD,后者却没有机会作用于前者。在多级耦合处理中,两者之间存在协同作用,使多级耦合处理效率大大提高。     

Analysis of gas flow behavior in an annular fluidized-bed reactor for polystyrene waste treatment

The characteristics of bubble properties and the chaotic flow behavior of gas were investigated in an annular fluidized bed (0.102 m in inner diameter and 2 m in height) because the behavior of gas flow in such a reactor is one of the important factors governing reactor operation, reactor performance, and the reaction itself. Pressure fluctuations as a state variable for the analysis of gas flow behavior were measured and analyzed. Bubble properties were determined by adopting the cross-correlation function of pressure fluctuations. The resultant chaotic flow behavior of gas was interpreted by means of chaotic parameters such as the Kolmogorov entropy. It was found that the Kolmogorov entropy could be utilized effectively to explain the nonlinear dynamic behavior of gas-solid flow in the annular fluidized bed. The pierced length and rising velocity of bubbles increased with increasing gas velocity, bed temperature, and particle size of the bed material. The bubble frequency increased with increasing gas velocity and bed temperature, while it decreased with increasing particle size of the bed material. Correlations to predict the bubble properties in annular fluidized-bed reactors were suggested.     

A RE-EVALUATION OF OBJECTIONS TO TREE PLANTING ON CONTAINMENT LANDFILLS

Legislation from developed countries indicates that planting trees on containment landfills is generally forbidden. Concerns centre on the supposition that tree roots can penetrate into and through capping materials, and will thus compromise control of water ingress into waste, and allow the escape of landfill gas. An associated anxiety is that if roots penetrate a clay cap they could cause desiccation and cracking of the clay through excessive moisture abstraction. It is also considered that trees growing on the relatively shallow soil above a landfill cap could be especially prone to uprooting. However, a review of the world literature indicates that maximum depths achieved by tree roots are usually between 1–2 m. Almost 90% of a tree's roots may be found in the upper 0.6 m of soil. Tree roots are highly sensitive to environmental conditions and their downward penetration can be restricted by a number of soil factors including compaction, poor aeration and infertility. A detailed study of these factors indicates that the materials used for capping landfill sites, such as HDPE (high density polyethylene) and compacted clays, can provide an effective barrier to downward root growth. The available information also suggests that tree roots are extremely unlikely to be a primary cause of desiccation cracking in a clay cap owing to their inability to extract more than about one-quarter of the total moisture held in a clay of the density required to ensure a permeability of 1×10⁻⁹m s⁻¹. Trees growing on landfill sites with a rootable soil depth of at least 1.5 m should be at no greater risk of windthrow than most forest trees on undisturbed sites. Methods are available to assess the likelihood of windthrow. In any event, windthrow should not cause disruption of a cap, due to the inability of tree roots to penetrate HDPE, or mineral materials compacted to a bulk density of 1.8 g cm⁻³.