生物燃料的类型划分

生物燃料主要包括由玉米和甘蔗、秸秆制造的燃料乙醇、生物柴油、由纤维素制造的燃料乙醇以及其它生物燃料，因此甘蔗是一种高产量的热带植物，在茎部积累了大量的蔗糖；玉米是美国产量最大的农作物，2005年总产量约2.82亿t,玉米种子中约60％为淀粉。     

生物燃料与西部开发

本文介绍了生物燃料的概况,对国家战略安全,环境保护和区域经济发展的意义,以及技术和应用可行性,把四川建成中国生物燃料的基地。     

低碳汽车燃料发展的政策分析

随着我国汽车保有量及燃料消耗量的快速增加,发展低碳汽车燃料对提高国家能源安全、减缓交通温室气体排放、促进低碳技术创新、提高我国汽车和燃料产业的竞争力具有重要现实意义。本文提出了促进汽车燃料多元化,多技术互补协调发展,建立"国家汽车燃料生命周期研究中心",设定合理低碳汽车燃料利用目标及燃料平均碳强度目标等六条政策建议来推动汽车燃料低碳化进程。     

波音欲将地沟油用作航空燃料

近日,波音公司在一份声明中表示,已拟定一份计划,准备将地沟油用于生产可持续的航空生物燃料。所谓地沟油,是指来自中国餐馆和街头摊贩的废弃食用油。这将是波音公司与中国国企中国商用飞机公司间的一个合资项目。波音表示,据2家公司估计,中国的废弃食用油每年可用于生产5亿加仑（合18亿升）生物燃料。声明表示：“中美航空生物燃料试点项目生产的生物燃料将达到2011年批准通过的国际规格标准。     

国家发展改革委、财政部关于加强生物燃料乙醇项目建设管理促进产业健康发展的通知

国家发展改革委，财政部于2005年12月14日发布了《国家发展改革委，财政部关于加强生物燃料乙醇项目建设管理，促进产业健康发展的通知》（发改工业[2006]2842号）。现刊登如下。[编者按]     

国际资讯

美报告称地球大气中甲烷水平连续7年保持平稳；芬兰：生物燃料走上前台；全球环境变化与人类健康项目；荷兰将建首家生物甲醇制造厂；[编按]     

前沿动态

国际动态欧盟推迟生物燃料新规生效欧盟已同意将生物燃料惩罚规定的生效进行推迟。该规定对带来间接气候影响的生物燃料使用做出惩罚,推迟时间最长可达七年。欧盟的生物燃料产业每年产值170亿欧元。这一妥协旨在保护欧盟农民的     

欧盟通过2005年使用低硫燃料法规

为减少空气污染和更广泛使用清洁燃料，欧盟法律界就使用低硫和无硫汽油和柴油的法律文书进行了长时间的辩论，１月３０日欧盟议会通过了该法规，规定欧盟到２００５年使用低硫汽油和柴油，至２００９年１月欧盟的全部道路运输统一使用无硫汽油和柴油燃料。硫含量限制在１０ppm的举措将推动企业开发新的燃料发动机，改进汽车尾气催化转化器的效率。使用无硫燃料的规定将帮助欧盟达到既定的目标，新车CO２的排放平均每公斤燃料减少１２０克。新法规规定至２００６年非道路运输机械，如农场和林场使用的拖拉机，建筑设备如大型挖土机、推土机…     

云南省开发麻疯树生物柴油的SWOT分析

为缓解能源危机和环境污染,生物燃料成为石化燃料的理想替代品.由于不占用农用地,麻疯树成为了倍受欢迎的生物柴油原料.通过对云南省开发麻疯树生物柴油的SWOT分析得出,该省具有开发麻疯树生物柴油天然的优势,但从外部环境来看,机遇与威胁并存.为了促进云南生物柴油产业的健康发展,应在现有优势的基础上充分利用外部机遇并减少外部威胁.     

生物柴油技术或有新突破

<正>食物垃圾和烹饪废油均可提取生物柴油,使用生物柴油可减少有害气体排放。残羹冷炙居然可以做燃料?是的。一项新技术将剩饭残渣和烹饪废油转化成清洁燃料,垃圾变成了再生能源的理想原料。馅饼蛋糕都能炼油顾客们在快餐店吃剩的蛋糕、馅饼丢掉可惜。近日,英国绿能公司"变废为宝",从食物残渣中提取食用油,制成生物     

Modeling the Production and Uses of Biological Resources from the Viewpoint of Energy Flow in a Rural Village in Sichuan,China

This study aimed at clarifying the impact of deforestation and afforestation on the quality of life in a village in Sichuan Province, China. We devised a conceptual model of bioresource production and use based on quantified energy flow. The basic structure of the model has three sectors: production, use, and externals. We developed comprehensive methodology to quantify the model. Bioresource use per person in 1997 was 3.7 GJ for food, 10.2 GJ for fodder, 0.2–0.4 GJ for building material, 12.8 GJ for fuel, and 1.8 GJ for fertilizer, totaling 28.6–28.8 GJ.We used four environmental indicators to evaluate bioresource production and use: a biological productivity indicator, a use-efficiency indicator, a supply–demand balance indicator, and a self-sufficiency indicator. Use of these indicators showed that supply-demand balance of fuel was dramatically improved from 30% to 85% by afforestation, but 99% of bioresource use still depends on domestic products. Thus, it is necessary to improve biological productivity and promote the efficient use of bioresources to achieve sustainable living in the area. Massive deforestation in the 1950s caused a direct shortage of building material and fuel wood. The shortage of wood led to a stagnation in the rebuilding of houses, and fuel wood was substituted with crop residues. Because crop residues had been used for fertilizer and fodder, their use as fuel caused a shortage of fertilizer and fodder. This was an indirect impact of deforestation on peoples quality of life.     

生物质秸秆成型燃料的制备、应用与市场

介绍了国内外生物质能源技术的应用及生物质燃料的研发制备情况,分析了目前生物质燃料制备技术、资源化利用的现状以及存在的问题,针对符合中国国情的生物质(秸秆)成型燃料生产技术及市场需求进行了分析探讨。     

Factors influencing fire behaviour in shrublands of different stand ages and the implications for using prescribed burning to reduce wildfire risk

Fire behaviour under experimental conditions is described in nine Mediterranean gorse shrublands ranging from 3-12 years of age with different fuel loads. Significant differences in the fire-line intensity, fuel load and rate of fire spread have been found to be related to the stage of development of the communities. Fire spread is correlated with fuel moisture using multiple regression techniques. Differences in fuel moisture between mature and young communities under moderate weather conditions have been found. The lower moisture content identified in the mature shrubland is due both to the decreasing moisture content of senescent shrubland in some species, mainly in live fractions of Ulex parviflorus Pour. fuel, and to a substantial increase in dead fuel fractions with low percentages of moisture content. The result is that the older the shrubland is, the greater will be the decrease in the total moisture content of the vegetation. In these moderate weather conditions, the fire intensity of the mature community was as high as the maximum intensity recommended for prescribed fires. This fact seems to indicate that, even under moderate conditions, prescribed burning as an alternative management tool in the mature shrubland must always take into account fuel control; on the other hand, this technique could be applied more easily when the shrubland is at an intermediate growth stage (4-5 years of age). Therefore, more frequent low-intensity prescribed fires are indicated to abate the risk of catastrophic fire.     

现代环境生物技术的发展与应用

现代环境生物技术作为由环境工程与现代的生物学技术相结合而发展起来的新兴学科,现已广泛应用于理论研究和生产实践中。本文在了解环境生物技术发展过程和特点的基础上,讨论了环境生物技术的应用及未来的发展趋势。     

Heat dissipation characteristic in the intake grille and radiator of a fuel cell vehicle

ABSTRACT

In this study, a three-dimension (3D) computational model was proposed to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the intake grilles of two different fuel cell vehicles. The models of the intake grilles were constructed according to the actual sizes of two vehicles, namely, Roewe 950 and Toyota Mirai, considering the heat dissipation unit to simplify the heat transfer model of the vehicle. The results showed that relative to Roewe 950, Mirai intake air flow rate was approximately 10% higher, the heat transfer capacity was approximately 7% higher, and the intake grille area was larger. The coolant outlet temperature of Mirai was lower than that of Roewe 950, which was beneficial for the long term and stable operation of a fuel cell. This comparative study provided guidance for the intake grille and radiator design of fuel cell vehicles. The only difference between fuel cell vehicles on the market and conventional vehicles was that in the former, the internal combustion engine was replaced with a fuel cell stack, which had insufficient heat transfer capacity because of the reducing temperature difference. Increasing the intake grille area and the heat exchange capacity of the radiator were the key issues for the development of fuel cell vehicles. In this study, an optimal window opening angle of the radiator fin of 23° provided a maximal heat transfer coefficient.     

Biomass for Fuel Cells: A Technical and Economic Assessment

Fuel cells can be highly efficient energy conversion devices. However, the environmental benefit of utilising fuel cells for energy conversion is completely dependent on the source of the fuel. Hydrogen is the ideal fuel for fuel cells but the current most economical methods of producing hydrogen also result in the production of significant amounts of carbon dioxide. Utilising biomass to produce the fuel for fuel cell systems offers an option that is technically feasible, potentially economically attractive and greenhouse gas neutral. High-temperature fuel cells that are able to operate with carbon monoxide in the feed are well suited to these applications. Furthermore, because they do not require noble metal catalysts, the cost of high-temperature fuel cells has the greatest potential to become competitive in the near future compared to other types of fuel cells. It is, however, extremely difficult to assess the economic feasibility of biomass-fuelled fuel cell systems because of a lack of published cost information and uncertainty in the predicted cost per kW of the various types of fuel cells for large volume production methods. From the scant information available it appears that the current cost for fuel-cell systems operating on anaerobic digester gas is about US$2,500 per kW compared to a target price of US$1,200 required to compete with conventional technologies.     

From exogenous to endogenous development in Scottish forestry: the feasibility of small-scale wood energy enterprise

This paper presents a change in the Scottish forestry policy from the exogenous to the endogenous development approach, and feasibility of heat entrepreneurship based on locally produced woodfuels in the Highlands of Scotland. The cost structure and heat pricing in the case of an 800 kW solid fuel boiler is presented, and the profitability of local heat entrepreneurship is analysed with scenarios of different investment costs and fuel prices. The results indicate that a district heating (DH) system, using locally produced woodchips, could produce heat at a lower price than single-house heating systems using light fuel oil. The profitability of replacing existing heating units by investing in a new district heating (DH) scheme is very dependent on the available investment support, price level of woodchips and substituted light fuel oil, and the amount of sold energy. In the case of an 800 kW DH scheme, and woodchip prices of 14 and 22 €/MWh, investments should remain under break-even points of 280 and 420 €/kW of heating power (230,000–335,000€).     

中小型生活污水处理工艺综述与展望

生活污水处理工艺较多,目前国内主要采用：人工生物净化、自然生物净化、人工生物净化与自然生物净化三大处理技术。随着污水处理技术的不断发展,水解一好氧处理技术、管道处理工艺、生物膜自然净化工艺、深井曝气等一些新技术以低能耗、低投资,管理简单而受青睐。作者就上述技术进行了综述,并提出因地制宜地研究开发和利用高效节能污水处理工艺是今后发展的方向。     

Household Energy Resources: Whose Priority?

This paper examines the different perceptions on deforestation and the household fuel crisis from the point of view of the development planners and the main user group of household fuels in developing countries — women. It is argued that afforestation strategies designed to deal with the environmental deterioration are not the most appropriate response to the household fuel shortage. It is suggested that this shortage, which in many parts of the world has reached a crisis, can only be adequately responded to by strategies which allow for the increased access to, and control over, productive resources by women.     

废水生物除磷技术及其研究进展

废水生物除已日益受到人们的重视。本文介绍与评述了生物除磷机理及其工艺发展现状，并对生物除磷今后的发展作了展望。