电镀废水中铜锌铬镍对农业环境的影响

电镀废水排水河涌会污染农业环境,以广东省南,海市平洲地区为例,农田灌溉水中Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ｎｉ的含量超过允许限值１－１４倍,河涌底泥Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ｃｒ,Ｎｉ超标１２－３７倍,土壤超标０．５－２．９倍,作物超标０．３－８倍。进入河涌的Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ｃｒ,Ｎｉ能较快沉积于底泥中。     

内蒙阿拉善地区植物与土壤元素背景值特征及其相互关系

内蒙阿拉善地区植物、土壤的元素背景特征及其相互关系的研究结果表明：５３种植物的９种元素（Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｒ、Ｖ、Ｍｎ）背景含量有很大差异．不同生活型植物背景值也各异，总的规律为：Ｍｎ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｖ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｎｉ＞Ｃｒ＞Ｐｂ＞Ｃｏ＞Ｃｄ；同种植物的元素含量在不同群落中有明显差别，但都在同一个数量级．土壤９种元素的背景含量均以Ｍｎ含量最高，其次为Ｚｎ和Ｖ，Ｃｄ的含量最低；不同上类各剖面各种元素的垂直分布规律为底层或表层的元素含量高于中间各层．土壤元素背景值都高于植物背景值，前者一般为后者的２～２０倍．植物对元素的吸收系数以Ｃｄ最大，Ｃｒ最小．土壤元素含量与有机质含量的相关性因土类不同而异：沙土的有机质含量最低，只有Ｚｎ含量与有机质相关性显著；而盐土的有机质含量最高，有Ｃｏ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ｚｎ６种元素含量与之显著相关．     

Cu Ni As Cr对萝卜出苗的影响

利用盆栽试验研究Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ａｓ、Ｃｒ４个元素不同浓度对萝卜出苗的影响．结果表明，土壤含Ｃｕ５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上时，随着含Ｃｕ量的增加，出苗数随之减少．在酸性土壤上发生Ｃｕ和Ｎｉ危害时，可用提高土壤ｐＨ至中性的办法来消除．在中性土壤上，含Ｎｉ５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上对萝卜出苗有害．Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ复合污染比单一元素污染的危害大，且毒性Ｎｉ＞Ｃｕ．土壤Ｃｒ、Ａｓ含量越大，对萝卜出苗的危害也越大，并且毒性Ｃｒ（６＋）＞Ｃｒ（３＋）．     

重金属和油处理剂对水稻根系的影响

试验了Ｎｉ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｓｎ、Ｃｒ和Ｃｕ等６种重金属及油处理剂对水稻根系的影响，结果表明．水中含Ｎｉ０．００７ｍｇ／１、Ｃｕ０．００５ｍｇ／１时，能阻碍根系的伸长；含Ｚｎ０．５ｍｇ／１以上时。不利于根系的伸长；水中含Ｍｎ２０ｍｇ／１，Ｓｎ、Ｃｒ￣（６－）各５ｍｇ／１时，对根系有明显危害；水中含Ｃｒ￣（２＋）＋Ｃｒ￣（６＋）时，当１种离子浓度保持不变，根系的抑制程度随着另１种离子浓度的增加而增大。水中含油处理剂１０００ｍｇ／１时，能抑制水稻发根。     

广州城市水体沉积物中重金属形态分布研究

选取广州城市水体中的４ 个污染沉积物样品,采用连续提取法研究沉积物中重金属元素（ Ｐｂ 、 Ｚｎ 、 Ｃｕ 、 Ｎｉ 、 Ｃｒ 、 Ｍｎ） 的形态分布,结果表明：重金属元素主要以残渣态、有机结合态和氧化铁结合态存在,其中 Ｐｂ 、 Ｎｉ、 Ｍｎ 以残渣态和氧化铁结合为主, Ｚｎ 以残渣态和有机结合态为主, Ｃｕ 以有机态和氧化铁结合态为主, Ｃｒ 以氧化铁结合态为主。沉积物中固相组分对重金属的富集能力为：无定型氧化锰＞ ＞ 碳酸盐＞ 氧化铁＞ 有机质,而富集量则是后两者大于前两者。     

污泥对区域生态环境的影响

对上海某乡因施用大量污泥而造成的污染状况作跟踪调查研究和质量评价。研究对象为土壤、水稻和蔬菜，被研究的污染元素为Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｈ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ｈｇ和Ａｓ．结果表明，该乡土壤为复合污染，Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ是主要污染元素．污泥施用越多的地区，水稻、蔬菜受污染就越严重，尤以Ｃｄ污染最为突出，超过了允许卫生标准。确定了污染村、污染程度和污染面积。     

九龙江口桐花树红树林对重金属的吸收与累积

探讨了福建九龙江口桐花树红树林对ＣＵ、Ｐｈ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ元素的吸收、累积及分布．结果表明：该林地土壤５种元素的储量关系为Ｍｎ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｐｈ＞ＣＵ≥Ｃｄ；植物体不同部位，各元素含量有着明显的差异，含量范围分别为Ｃｈ１．５１～５．７０、Ｐｂ１．３０～１０．７０、Ｚｎ１８．０～１００．１、Ｃｄ０．０４～０．２３和Ｍｎ１５．５～２３７．５（ｗ／１０－６）；植物对土壤元素的富集系数大小依次为Ｃｄ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｍｎ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｐｈ；群落现存生物量中，ＣＵ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ元素的现存累积量分别为１６．５６、６３．３０、４４５．０５、１．１４和１６５６．９３（ρＡ／ｍｇ·ｍ－２）．其中，地下部分别占７０．２％、８１．８％、７６．２％、７２．２％和８２．１％；林地残留物相应元素的储量分别为２１１．１１、１８４．００、１９４１．６９、６．１９和２２２４８．３１（ρＡ／μｇ·ｍ－２）．     

橡胶园土壤若干微量元素含量 ——以海南省胶园土为例

胶园土壤微量元素含量有一定的特征。海南省胶园土个别样点Ｃｄ偏高,Ｃｕ偏低,其它样点Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｈ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ｍｏ、Ｈｇ含量正常。土壤母质、质地、化学组成、耕作等对微量元素含量有一定影响。玄武岩上的胶园土微量元素较丰富。质地粘重的土壤微量元素含量往往较高。由于铁的水合物吸附固定作用,Ｃｕ、Ｚｕ、Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ含量与Ｆｅ含量有一定关系。Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ的许多化学性质相似,它们的含量有一定的相关性。     

海南省几种草本植物微量元素的组成

海南省位于我国热带地区,草本植物微量元素组成可反映热带区域生物地球化学特点。海南植物微量元素含量属正常范围值,仅个别植物Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ含量偏高。植物Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｏ含量大多在５ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上,Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｃｄ含量一般低于２ｍｇ／ｋｇ,Ｈｇ、Ａｓ、Ｎｉ通常不足１ｍｇ／ｋｇ。雀稗（Ｐａｓｐａｌｕｍｃｏｍｍｅｒｓｏｎｉ）、地胆草（Ｅｌｅｐｈａｎｔｏｐｕｓｓｃａｂｅｒ）等微量元素含量普遍较高。红裂稃草（Ｓｃｈｉｚａｃｈｙｒｉｕｍｓａｎｇｕｉｎｅｕｍ）、白茅（Ｉｍｐｅｒａｔａｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａ）等微量元素含量一般较低。植物微量元素组成与植物种类及其生境条件有关。生物吸收系数反映植物摄取元素的强度,Ｍｏ、Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ的生物吸收系数通常大于１．０,属强积聚元素,Ｐｂ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ、Ａｓ的生物吸收系数大多低于０．３,是弱摄取元素。     

浦东新区土壤—食物链中的铜锌

本文调查了浦东新区污灌区、吹泥区和一般区三种处理土壤中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ的水平和垂直分布，Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ分层现象不明显，水平差异较大，但三种关型土壤差异不显著。Ｃｕ在食物链中累积系数铰小，一般小于１．０，而Ｚｎ的累积程度较大，尤其是以人为消费者的食物链中，累积系数最高达到１８。     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.