两段式A/O-MBR工艺在方庄污水厂改造工程中的应用设计

为将北京市方庄污水处理厂处理出水的排放标准由一级B提升至一级A,需进行提标改造工程。在原有A/A/O＋生物填料的CNR工艺的基础上,采用两段式A/O-MBR工艺进行改造升级,强化脱氮除磷效果。预计该工艺对COD、NH3-N和SS的去除率可分别达到95.2%、98%和99.1%;对于氮磷的去除,出水TN〈9.0 mg/L,TP〈0.3 mg/L,各指标均可实现《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GBl8918-2002）中一级A排放标准。     

新型填料床-逐级曝气池一体化反应器水处理技术

为解决低浓度污水处理工艺脱氮除磷过程中存在的微生物碳源不足的问题,本文研制了新型填料床-逐级曝气串联反应器.填料床分别采用珊瑚砂、竹炭颗粒、钢渣为填料,在好氧、厌氧兼顾的环境下,实现化学除磷、生物除氮.试验采用模拟生活污水,COD、TN、TP、氨氮的浓度为170—190 mg.L-1、27—30 mg.L-1、8—10 mg.L-1,23—25 mg.L-1.反应器在第27天启动成功,100 d稳定运行结果显示,当HRT为14 h,曝气池DO为3.5 mg.L-1,反应器处理效果良好,出水中COD、TN、TP、氨氮的浓度分别为30.7 mg.L-1、5.59 mg.L-1、1.0 mg.L-1、4.67 mg.L-1,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)中的一级B排放标准.经钢渣填料床处理后的污水,TP浓度降到1 mg.L-1左右,在不排泥的情况下,实现TP的高效去除,同时有效避免了除磷与脱氮过程对碳源的竞争,实现了生物法对水体中富余氮、磷的高效去除.     

软性填料序批式生物膜法的内源脱氮与外源脱氮

本文在软性填料序批式生物膜法同步脱氮除磷工艺探讨研究的基础上，再加一缺氧段，以进行反硝化，进一步提高脱氮效率，并对内源脱氮及不同添加比时的外源脱氮进行了比较，确定了该法脱氮除磷的最佳工艺及相应的工艺参数。     

好氧颗粒污泥工艺强化脱氮研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥是微生物通过自凝聚作用形成的一种特殊的生物聚集体,具有结构致密、沉降性能优异、抗冲击负荷能力强、多功能微生物分区定殖等特点,其在废水强化脱氮除磷与难降解有机物去除方面具有明显的技术优势.针对目前工业和养殖废水及城镇生活污水等碳氮比低、处理出水总氮达标压力大等突出问题,综述基于好氧颗粒污泥的全自养、同步硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化、短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化、异养硝化-好氧反硝化等强化脱氮工艺,介绍其脱氮机制及技术优势,阐明不同好氧颗粒污泥脱氮工艺的特点与颗粒污泥特性,同时总结各种工艺的启动条件及富集相应功能菌的好氧颗粒污泥的形成因素,评估不同工艺应用于实际废水生物处理的可行性.在此基础上进一步分析进水基质组成(不同碳氮比)、运行模式(连续曝气和间歇曝气)、运行条件(溶解氧浓度、温度和pH)等对好氧颗粒污泥工艺强化脱氮性能与稳定运行的影响.最后提出应进一步优化好氧颗粒污泥强化脱氮工艺的运行参数,解析好氧颗粒污泥微生物菌群功能,揭示好氧颗粒污泥形成与结构稳定的微生物学机理.     

不同进水有机物浓度下移动床生物膜反应器(SBMBBR)脱氮除磷特性

考察了不同进水有机物浓度下厌氧/好氧序批式移动床生物膜反应器（SBMBBR）污染物去除特性,实验结果表明,SBMBBR能够实现低碳源污水中氮和磷的同步去除,在进水TN和TP浓度分别为116.7 mg.L-1和11.5 mg.L-1、COD浓度为456 mg.L-1的条件下,TN和TP去除率分别达到94.3%和92.2%以上.反应器除磷是基于常规生物除磷和反硝化除磷过程实现的,脱氮主要是基于好氧段发生的同时硝化反硝化（SND）作用而完成.由于生物膜内部存在的DO扩散梯度,在好氧阶段混合液DO浓度不断提高的条件下反应器内具有良好SND反应的发生.进水COD浓度由149 mg.L-1提高至456 mg.L-1的过程中,反应器硝化效果不变,反硝化和除磷效果改善.反应器在好氧阶段pH值基本维持在7.0—7.1之间,为各类菌群的生长创造了条件.碱度变化较pH值更能反映硝化和反硝化反应发生的程度.反应器中微生物相丰富,生物膜以丝状菌为骨架,其上附着大量的球状菌和杆状菌,而悬浮活性污泥中丝状菌较少,形成了由细菌、真菌到原生动物和后生动物的复杂的生态体系,为系统取得稳定的污水处理效果提供了有效的保证.     

单级好氧和限氧污水处理系统中总氮损失的微生物学机理

近年来,单级好氧和限氧污水处理系统中总氮损失的现象引起了人们的普遍关注,本文对这种现象的微生物学机理及研究现状进行了阐述,主要是儿类细菌的单独脱氮或者它们之间的协同脱氮,包括自养(亚)硝化菌单独脱氮、好氧反硝化菌单独脱氮、(亚)硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌的协同脱氮以及(亚)硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌的协同脱氮.与传统的硝化-反硝化脱氮工艺相比,这些脱氮新途径具有不可比拟的优越性,对于强化污水生物脱氮具有重要意义.图8参53     

序批式生物膜法同步除磷脱氮特性研究

对淹没序批式生物膜法去除有机物和磷及同步部分脱氮的特性进行了研究。其适合的载体装填密度为30％，水力停留时间为9h，其中厌氧3h，好氧6h，进水COD负荷从0．27kg/(m^3.d)到1．32kg/(m^3.d)均可使除磷率达90％以上，脱氮率达50％－60％。淹没式生物膜法除磷脱氮工艺中的优势菌属为假单胞菌属，其次依顺序为气单胞菌属，芽孢杆菌属，微球菌属，硝化矸菌属，生物膜具有生物量大（MLVSS达5531．7mg/L)，脱落污泥含磷量高（达5．67％），沉降性好（SVI为101．7）的特点，污泥产率为0．1996kg干泥／kgCOD。     

猪皮制革废水生物处理工艺试验研究

以猪皮制革废水为研究对象,在比选研究序批式生物膜(SBBR)和序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺处理制革废水的基础上,根据异养菌和硝化菌的微生物特性,研发形成以匀质调节—序批式生物膜(SBBR)—曝气生物滤池(BAF)为主的污水生物处理工艺.长期运行研究表明,该工艺处理效果稳定,出水水质COD≤80mgL-1,NH4+-N≤10mgL-1,SS≤30mgL-1,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8976-1996)一级排放标准.处理水可用于制革生产各工段冲洗水.该生物处理工艺操作方便,产泥少,无污泥回流系统,耐冲击负荷能力强,长期运行水质稳定.图9表3参15     

投加填料强化A/O系统脱氮性能研究

介绍了投加填料法对A/O(厌氧—好氧)工艺生物脱氮的影响。在填料投加率50%(φ(填料)=50%)、好氧段HRT 4.4 h和缺氧段HRT 2.2 h的情况下,进水CODC r为300~800 mg/L、NH4+-N为30~70 mg/L,TN为30~90 mg/L,出水CODC r小于48 mg/L,NH4+-N小于5 mg/L,TN小于15 mg/L,去除效率可分别达到90%、91%和60%以上,出水水质达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A排放标准,明显优于常规A/O系统。     

SMBBR工艺处理生活污水脱氮效能及其微生物多样性

微生物是生物膜法处理技术的核心,微生物多样性的研究对于生物膜法去除污染物的机理探讨具有重要意义.采用特异性流化床生物膜反应器(Special Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor,SMBBR)处理城市生活用水,并利用IlluminaHiSeq高通量测序技术对各反应器的微生物分布以及菌群与环境因子的相关性进行研究.结果显示,在水温20-30℃、上清液回流比为150%、DO为4 mg/L、水力停留时间为18 h的条件下,SMBBR对氨氮的去除率高达96.7%;SMBBR的好氧反应器和厌氧反应器的生物膜微生物种群结构组成存在不同,但优势微生物种群均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes).在属的水平检测到好氧反硝化菌红细菌(Rhodobacter)、陶厄氏菌属(Thauera),以及氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonadales)等.另外,DO是影响微生物群落结构最显著的环境因子.本研究表明环境因子会影响微生物群落替演,好氧反硝化以及氨氧化反应可能是SMBBR工艺中重要的脱氮机制.     

Effect of dilution rate on dynamic and steady-state biofilm characteristics during phenol biodegradation by immobilized <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas desmolyticum</Emphasis> cells in a pulsed plate bioreactor

Pulsed plate bioreactor (PPBR) is a biofilm reactor which has been proven to be very efficient in phenol biodegradation. The present paper reports the studies on the effect of dilution rate on the physical, chemical and morphological characteristics of biofilms formed by the cells of Pseudomonas desmolyticum on granular activated carbon (GAC) in PPBR during biodegradation of phenol. The percentage degradation of phenol decreased from 99% to 73% with an increase in dilution rate from 0.33 h^–1 to 0.99 h^–1 showing that residence time in the reactor governs the phenol removal efficiency rather than the external mass transfer limitations. Lower dilution rates favor higher production of biomass, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) as well as the protein, carbohydrate and humic substances content of EPS. Increase in dilution rate leads to decrease in biofilm thickness, biofilm dry density, and attached dry biomass, transforming the biofilm from dense, smooth compact structure to a rough and patchy structure. Thus, the performance of PPBR in terms of dynamic and steady-state biofilm characteristics associated with phenol biodegradation is a strong function of dilution rate. Operation of PPBR at lower dilution rates is recommended for continuous biological treatment of wastewaters for phenol removal.

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Chemical additives affect sulfate reducing bacteria biofilm properties adsorbed on stainless steel 316L surface in circulating cooling water system

This paper studied the biofilm properties and corrosion behavior of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) on stainless steel 316L (SS316L) surface in circulating cooling water system with and without additives including hydroxy ethyl fork phosphonic acid (HEDP), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlotide (1227) and NaClO. Biochemical technique, electrochemical technology, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used. The results show that the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in biofilm attached on the SS316L surface mainly contain proteins and polysaccharides, the contents are 98 ug·cm^-2 and 635ug·cm^-2, respectively. The polysaccharides were cut by 1227 about 80%, while 55% by NaClO. The proteins were reduced by NaClO about 53%, while only 30% by 1227. The potentiodynamic polarization shows that the corrosion potential of SS316L was enhanced from -0.495 V to -0.390 V by the chemical additives, delaying the occurrence of the corrosion. And the corrosion rate was also reduced from 5.19 × 10^-3 mm·a^-1 to 2.42 × 10^-3 mm·a^-1. But NaClO still caused pitting corrosion after sterilizing the bacteria, while 1227 can form a protective film on the surface of SS316L. Though HEDP contribute to the bacteria activity, it can enhance the breakdown potential. XPS results confirmed that 1227 can change the value of C:O in the biofilm attached on metal surface, and NaClO can eliminate the existence of amidogen. This study would provide some recommendations for the selection of chemical additives in the thermal power plant.

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Effect of biological activated carbon filter depth and backwashing process on transformation of biofilm community

We studied BAC biofilm during the process of initial operation and backwash. Microbial diversity decreased gradually with the increase of BAC filter depth. Proteobacteria dominated at the phylum level among the BAC biofilm samples. α-proteobacteria increased about 10% in all carbon filter depth after backwash. The biological activated carbon (BAC) is a popular advanced water treatment to the provision of safe water supply. A bench-scale device was designed to gain a better insight into microbial diversity and community structure of BAC biofilm by using high-throughput sequencing method. Both samples of BAC biofilm (the first, third and fifth month) and water (inlet water and outlet water of carbon filter, outlet water of backwashing) were analyzed to evaluate the impact of carbon filter depth, running time and backwash process. The results showed that the microbial diversity of biofilm decreased generally with the increase of carbon filter depth and biofilm reached a steady-state at the top layer of BAC after three months’ running. Proteobacteria (71.02%–95.61%) was found to be dominant bacteria both in biofilms and water samples. As one of opportunistic pathogen, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the outlet water of device (1.20%) was about eight times higher than that in the inlet water of device (0.16%) at the genus level after five-month operation. To maintain the safety of drinking water, the backwash used in this test could significantly remove Sphingobacteria (from 8.69% to 5.09%, p<0.05) of carbon biofilm. After backwashing, the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) number and the Shannon index decreased significantly (p<0.05) at the bottom of carbon column and we found the Proteobacteria increased by about 10% in all biofilm samples from different filter depth. This study reveals the transformation of BAC biofilm with the impact of running time and backwashing.     

太湖典型入湖河道中氨氮去除研究

入湖河流是湖泊营养物质的一个重要来源,因此入湖河道水质的改善是控制湖泊富营养化的关键。文章采用自行研制的新型仿生填料直接布设在河道内的生物接触氧化法,在不影响河流生态结构和原有使用功能的前提下,对河流微污染水体进行氨氮的去除研究。研究结果显示,氨氮的净去除率在5.35%~39.91%,其中最高为7月的39.91%,最低月为12月的5.35%。试验期间生物膜的平均厚度为0.8~1.1mm(雨后略厚),生物膜内的微生物主要是一些贫营养微生物,数量少,因此形成的生物膜较薄,生物膜由表及里几乎全是好气层。同时,根据氨氮去除率与硝化菌的数量关系也可以看出试验河段内氨氮的去除主要是靠硝化菌的硝化作用来完成的。     

Investigate of in situ sludge reduction in sequencing batch biofilm reactor: Performances,mechanisms and comparison of different carriers

Biofilm is an effective simultaneous denitrification and in situ sludge reduction system, and the characteristics of different biofilm carrier have important implications for biofilm growth and in situ sludge reduction. In this study, the performance and mechanism of in situ sludge reduction were compared between FSC-SBBR and SC-SBBR with constructed by composite floating spherical carriers (FSC) and multi-faceted polyethylene suspension carriers (SC), respectively. The variation of EPS concentration indicated that the biofilm formation of FSC was faster than SC. Compared with SCSBBR, the FSC-SBBR yielded 0.16 g MLSS/g COD, almost 27.27% less sludge. The average removal rates of COD and NH₄⁺-N were 93.39% and 96.66%, respectively, which were 5.21% and 1.43% higher than the average removal rate of SC-SBBR. Investigation of the mechanisms of sludge reduction revealed that, energy uncoupling metabolism and sludge decay were the main factors for sludge reduction inducing 43.13% and 49.65% less sludge, respectively, in FSC-SBBR. EEM fluorescence spectroscopy and SUVA analysis showed that the hydrolytic capacity of biofilm attached in FSC was stronger than those of SC, and the hydrolysis of EPS released more DOM contributed to lysis-cryptic growth metabolism. In additional, Bacteroidetes and Mizugakiibacter associated with sludge reduction were the dominant phylum and genus in FCS-SBBR. Thus, the effect of simultaneous in situ sludge reduction and pollutant removal in FSC-SBBR was better.

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挂膜生长的白腐真菌处理草浆造纸黑液废水

比较了几株白腐真菌在造纸黑液废水中的挂膜生长状况及其对黑液废水的处理效果．结果表明，在pH6．0的废水中添加葡萄糖1．0g／L，酒石酸铵0．2g／L及适量无机盐时，黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)和侧耳菌(Pleurotus ostieatus)以及本实验室自选的白腐真菌S22的挂膜状况和对黑液废水的处理效果最好．废水中添加的葡萄糖和酒石酸铵的浓度分别为1．0g／L和0．2g／L时，侧耳菌的挂膜和对黑液废水的处理效果最佳．S22菌在pH10．0时其木质素降解率和COD去除率最高，分别可达84％和69％．黄孢原毛平革菌、侧耳菌和S22菌能够在碱性较强的废水中生长挂膜并显著降解木质素，表现出对废水很强的适应能力．生物膜对黑液废水的半连续化处理结果表明了生物膜法的优越性．图8表1参14     

Effect of dilution rate on dynamic and steady-state biofilm characteristics during phenol biodegradation by immobilized Pseudomonas desmolyticum cells in a pulsed plate bioreactor

Continuous pulsed plate bioreactor (PPBR) was used for phenol biodegradation. Pseudomonas desmolyticum cells immobilized on granular activated carbon was used. Dynamic and steady state biofilm characteristics depend on dilution rate (DR). Lower DR favour phenol degradation and uniform, thick biofilm formation. Exo polymeric substance production in biofilm are favoured at lower dilution rates. Pulsed plate bioreactor (PPBR) is a biofilm reactor which has been proven to be very efficient in phenol biodegradation. The present paper reports the studies on the effect of dilution rate on the physical, chemical and morphological characteristics of biofilms formed by the cells of Pseudomonas desmolyticum on granular activated carbon (GAC) in PPBR during biodegradation of phenol. The percentage degradation of phenol decreased from 99% to 73% with an increase in dilution rate from 0.33 h?1 to 0.99 h?1 showing that residence time in the reactor governs the phenol removal efficiency rather than the external mass transfer limitations. Lower dilution rates favor higher production of biomass, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) as well as the protein, carbohydrate and humic substances content of EPS. Increase in dilution rate leads to decrease in biofilm thickness, biofilm dry density, and attached dry biomass, transforming the biofilm from dense, smooth compact structure to a rough and patchy structure. Thus, the performance of PPBR in terms of dynamic and steady-state biofilm characteristics associated with phenol biodegradation is a strong function of dilution rate. Operation of PPBR at lower dilution rates is recommended for continuous biologic treatment of wastewaters for phenol removal.     

Assessment of oxidative and UV-C treatments for inactivating bacterial biofilms from groundwater wells

Microorganisms are ubiquitous in natural environments and in water supply infrastructure including groundwater wells. Sessile-state microorganisms may build up on well surfaces as biofilms and, if excessive, cause biofouling that reduces well productivity and water quality. Conditions can be improved using biocides and other traditional well rehabilitation measures; however, biofilm regrowth is inevitable given the continuous introduction of microorganisms from the surrounding environment. Alternative and less invasive well maintenance approaches are desirable for reducing biofilm densities while also minimizing harmful disinfection-by-products. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate effectiveness of alternative treatments for inactivating microorganisms comprising biofilms. A novel approach was designed for in situ growth of biofilms on steel coupons suspended from ‘chandeliers’. After more than 100 days of in situ growth, biofilms were harvested, sampled, and baseline biofilm densities quantified through cultivation. Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) and oxidative treatments including hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), ozone (O₃) and mixed oxidants were then applied to the biofilms in laboratory-scale treatments. Microbial inactivation was assessed by comparing treated versus baseline biofilm densities. H₂O₂ was the most effective treatment, and decreased density below baseline by as much as 3.1 orders of magnitude. Mixed oxidants were effective for the well having a lower density biofilm, decreasing density below baseline by as much as 1.4 orders of magnitude. Disparity in the response to treatment was apparent in the wells despite their spatial proximity and common aquifer source, which suggests that microbiological communities are more heterogeneous than the natural media from which they originate.     

SBAR反应器生物膜生长特性

采用载体吸附法的自固定化方式培养出活性良好的颗粒污泥———悬浮载体生物膜颗粒,并建立了生物膜物化特性和生化特性的系统分析方法。试验装置采用SBAR反应器,投加人工配水,裸载体为陶粒(湿视密度1 310 kg/m3、平均粒径0.55 mm)。试验运行了110 d,反应器内最大污泥浓度12.4 g/L,最大附着污泥浓度9.52 g/L。     

Mechanistic insight into the biofilm formation and process performance of a passive aeration ditch (PAD) for decentralized wastewater treatment

• A Passive Aeration Ditch was developed to treat decentralized wastewater. • A model was developed to describe the process performance. • A high C/N ratio facilitates microbial growth but nitrification deteriorates. • A high salinity decreases both organic and nitrogen contaminants removal. Decentralized wastewater containing elevated salinity is an emerging threat to the local environment and sanitation in remote coastal communities. Regarding the cost and treatment efficiencies, we propose a passive aeration ditch (PAD) using non-woven polyester fabric as a feasible bubbleless aerator and biofilm carrier for wastewater treatment. Consideration has been first given to PAD’s efficacy in treating saline decentralized wastewater, and then to the impact of chemical oxygen demand-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and salinity on biofilm formation. A multispecies model incorporating the salinity effect has been developed to depict the system performance and predict the microbial community. Results showed that the PAD system had great capacity for pollutants removal. The biofilm thickness increased at a higher C/N ratio because of the boost of aerobic heterotrophs and denitrifying bacteria, which consequently improved the COD and total nitrogen removal. However, this led to the deterioration of ammonia removal. Moreover, while a higher salinity benefited the biofilm growth, the contaminant removal efficiencies decreased because the salinity inhibited the activity of aerobic heterotrophs and reduced the abundance of nitrifying bacteria inside the biofilm. Based on the model simulation, feed water with salinity below 2% and C/N ratio in a range of 1 to 3 forms a biofilm that can reach relatively high organic matter and ammonia removal. These findings not only show the feasibility of PAD in treatment of saline decentralized wastewater, but also offer a systematic strategy to predict and optimize the process performance.