不同嫁接方式对黄瓜嫁接苗成活及生长特性的影响

研究了不同嫁接方式对黄瓜嫁接苗成活率、生物学性状及其植株抗病性的影响．结果表明：以湘园三号黄瓜作为接穗，黑籽南瓜作为砧木，采用靠接、顶插、劈切、芽接四种嫁接方式，其嫁接苗成活率分别为100．0％、78．4％、92．9％和75．5％；其平均株高、平均真叶数均以靠接苗为大，分别为15．8cm、3．0片；四种嫁接苗的平均株幅无明显差异．以津春二号黄瓜作为接穗，分别以黑籽南瓜和西葫芦作为砧木，均采用靠接方式，其靠接苗成活率分别为99．4％、100．0％，平均株高、平均株幅和真叶数均以前者为大．经嫁接后，黄瓜植株枯萎病发病率明显下降，控制在0-14．0％范围之内；而未经嫁接的津春二号（对照1）、津春三号（对照2）黄瓜植株，病株率分别达到48．0％、36．0％．     

GGR6对楠木春季造林的效果研究

GGR6是一种绿色植物生长调节剂，能促进幼苗的生根、成活和生长．楠木在春季造林前，用50mg／L的CGR6对其一年生苗进行浆根或泡根处理1h后再进行造林，能显著地提高其造林成活率，并能促进林木的生长．     

整地施肥对尾叶桉生长及土壤性状的影响

整地施肥试验结果表明，全垦、带垦和穴垦三种整地方式以及施肥对尾叶按造林成活率和保存率均无明显的影响，成活率在９５％－９８．８％之间，保存率在９２．１％－９７．７％之间．整地能改变土壤性状，如土壤孔隙度全垦为５７．８８％。穴垦为４９．４２％；对林木生长有促进作用，但作用效果很快减少，如造林３年后的林木材积全垦、带垦分别为穴垦的１３６．４％和１２０．０％，５年后却分别下降到１１６．５％和１０８．３％．施肥可提高土壤养分，促进林木生长．造林５年后的调查结果，穴垦施肥林地的土壤有机质、速效Ｎ分别为１５．４４７ｇ／ｋｇ和４９．２３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，林木年均树高生长为１．２５ｍ；不施肥处理的有机质、速效Ｎ分别为１０．３８８ｇ／ｋｇ和３５．７１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，林木年平均生长量为０．３５ｍ；林木材积施肥处理的为不施肥的９．８倍．整地施肥还可提高林木叶片的养分含量．     

湿式氧化生物氧化两步法处理有机磷农药生产废水

本文报道了用湿式氧化结合生物氧化两步法,处理有机磷农药生产废水的研究结果.在较缓和条件下,湿式氧化一步可去除有机磷80—90％,有机硫90％,较大幅度降低了废水的COD值.湿式氧化使废水的BOD_5/COD比值从0.2左右上升到0.4—0.5,废水的可生化性显著提高.在遵循常规生化处理必须满足的条件下,湿式氧化处理后的废水进一步用活性污泥传统曝气法处理,COD可再下降90％以上,有机磷得到去除,出水达标.     

美国金融危机的影响与扩大内需

随着全球经济一体化的不断深入,此次美国金融危机给世界各国带来了广泛的影响．对于外贸依存度超过60％的中国经济来说,在微观和宏观上受到了较大的冲击,随着我国融入世界经济的程度不断加深,由投资和出口驱动的经济增长模式,使我国经济运行的风险越来越大．因此,扩大国内消费需求,促进经济增长由主要依靠投资、出口拉动向依靠消费、投资、出口协调拉动的转变,将是我国经济增长的努力方向．参5．     

香花槐组培苗快繁体系的建立及工厂化育苗的主要影响因素

建立了香花槐组培苗快繁无性系．在改良MS培养基中添加ρ(6-BA)／mg L^-1=0．35～0．5、ρ(NAA)／mg L^-1=0．05～0．08，ρ(GA3)／mg L^-1=0．07～0．1作为生长培养基．在丛生芽诱导培养基中，ρ(6-BA)／mg L^-1=0．8～1．4，其余成分同生长培养基．两种培养方法同时使用，保证了组培苗繁殖系数为5左右．生根培养基中大量元素为MS基本培养基的1／4，ρ(IBA)／mg L^-1=0．1～0．5、ρ(IAA)／mg L^-1=1．7～2．5，香花槐组培苗的生根率为90％．炼苗后组培苗的移栽成活率为85％，且植株表型未见变异．将MS基本培养基中硝酸钾的含量由1.9g／L提高至2．199～2．931g／L，可满足每代香花槐试管苗生长25～35d期间对钾的需求．将培养基中6-BA的含量降至0．4mg／L，并采用合适的组培容器，在连续培养2、3代后，可将超度含水态苗的发生频率控制在10％以下，在6mo内生产100万株香花槐组培移栽苗．图1表1参16     

湖北海棠实生树童区与成年区形态学和细胞学比较研究

通过将湖北海棠（Ｍａｌｕｓｈｕｐｅｈｅｎｓｉｓ）实生树不同发育区接穗嫁接到一年生本砧上,建立一个遗传背景一致、所处发育阶段不同的童期研究实验系统,并采用显微图像形态定量分析系统对湖北海棠实生树童区和成年区及其嫁接植株形态学和细胞学进行比较研究．结果表明,实生树从童区向成年区转变后,其叶片细胞核ＤＮＡ相对含量增加,细胞ＲＮＡ合成增强,细胞核增大,但细胞变小,叶片叶肉组织分化程度提高,叶面积增大,叶片增厚;取实生树童区和成年区枝条嫁接到一年生本砧上,成年区嫁接苗当年就具有开花能力,而童区嫁接苗仍保持童年特征,不具备开花能力,ＰＰ３３３不能诱导童区嫁接苗开花,童区嫁接苗分枝能力较强,叶形与实生树童区和同龄实生苗相似．成年区嫁接植株叶片细胞ＲＮＡ含量依然显著高于童区嫁接植株,尽管叶片细胞核ＤＮＡ含量和细胞核大小仍有增加趋势,但增加幅度显著减少,两者叶片叶肉组织均表现为阳性结构．对实生树童区向成年区转变过程中ＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ含量变化及其作用进行了讨论     

王锦蛇的无冬眠饲养试验

2004年11月～2005年4月，进行了王锦蛇的冬眠期饲养试验．结果表明：在王锦蛇的冬眠期内，人工保持其环境温度为25～30℃，相对湿度为60％～85％，并提供其所需要的食物条件，就能够使王锦蛇在冬眠期内正常地生长发育，不仅能缩短其饲养时间，而且能提高其成活率，从而达到高效饲养王锦蛇的目的．     

秸秆覆盖对旱地红壤水分动态变化的影响

在中国科学院红壤生态实验站的猕猴桃园上进行秸秆覆盖改进方法的试验．结果表明,旱地红壤覆盖秸秆后再覆±5-10cm,与原来单纯覆盖秸秆相比,在干旱季节表层土壤水分含量可增加1．5％,凋萎含水量出现几率减少8％,抗旱效果大大增强,是一种值得推广的防旱措施．另外,与对照相比,深翻0．8m对改善土壤水分状况也有明显效果．不同覆盖物的试验结果表明,覆盖草本植物残体,在改善表层土壤水分状况、提高作物产量上的效果优于覆盖秸秆植物残体,建议在应用诸如玉米等稿秆作物的秸秆进行覆盖时应进行切碎处理并适当配施无机肥料．     

乌毛蕨凝集素的部分性质

乌毛蕨的叶片经PBS抽提和硫酸铵沉淀，得到的粗蛋白经活性碳柱处理后，在分子筛层析柱Sephadex G-100上纯化得到一种凝集素(Blechnum Orientale Lectin，简称BOL)，BOL的比活性比粗提液提高了32倍，活力回收率达75％，在PAGE上显示一条蛋白染色带，而在SDS-PAGE上显示BOL由两个不同的亚基组成，亚基分子量分别为16600和22910．BOL是一种糖蛋白，其中性糖含量为20．06％．其分子中含有Mg和Ca两种金属元素，含量分别为0．08％和0．70％．BOL对温度变化敏感，其凝血活性能被N-乙酰葡萄糖胺所抑制，用滤纸圆片法检测，BOL在测试的8种菌中对大肠杆菌和玉米大斑病菌的生长有抑制作用，图4表5参13     

胶原纤维固化黑荆树单宁吸附Cr(VI)的研究

研究了胶原纤维固化黑荆树单宁对Cr(VI)的吸附.采用不同温度、pH值等条件进行吸附研究,并进一步探讨了固化黑荆树单宁的吸附动力学和吸附柱动力学及其吸附机理.结果表明,该材料对Cr(VI)的吸附平衡符合Freundlich方程,温度对吸附平衡的影响不明显;吸附动力学可用拟二级速度方程来描述,该材料同时具有良好的柱动力学特性;Cr(VI)的吸附过程可能存在3个反应,即Cr(VI)与吸附剂之间发生氧化还原反应生成Cr(III),Cr(III)和-COOH之间发生离子交换反应,以及Cr(III)与单宁的邻位羟基发生螯合.图8表2参10     

Distribution normality of pH and H<Superscript>+</Superscript> activity in soil

Soil pH, a log-transformed form of hydrogen ion (H⁺) activity, is often used for various statistics. However whether soil pH meets the requirement of distribution normality for statistical analyses is unknown. We studied the statistical suitability of both soil pH and H⁺ activity by examining their distribution normalities. Results show that the variability of H⁺ activity is higher and its distribution is skewer, which is significantly different from the normal and soil pH, regardless of soil conditions and analytical methods. Here we demonstrate that soil pH is more appropriate than the H⁺ activity for performing statistical analysis in terms of distribution normality.     

Ethologie alimentaire d'invertébrés benthiques filtreurs (ascidies). I. Dispositif expérimental. Taux de filtration et de digestion chez Phallusia mammillata

In a study on ascidian feeding ethology, rates of filtration and digestion of the unicellular algae Monchrysis lutheri by Phallusia mammillata (Cuvier, 1815) have been determined experimentally. All results were obtained under constant conditions of temperature, salinity, pH, light, and food, using 5 individuals in 9 experiments of 24 h each. The method of Winter (1969) has been modified by using an automatic system which enables constant food concentrations (±5%) to be maintained. Controls are made by a fluorometer. The rate of filtration is deduced from the quantity of culture food added each hour; this rate varies; a well defined rhythm is not observed, but alternating maxima and minima. The values obtained for, specimens of medium size (10 to 12 cm) vary from 3856 to 4730 ml/h and per gramme organic dry weight, the average being 4380 ml. The quantity of food actually converted by each ascidian, once it has passed the alimentary canal, is calculated from the amount of proteins present in food and faeces. Digestion rate varies from 4.65 to 5.75 mg of albumin equivalent/24 h and per gramme organic dry weight (mean 5.30 mg). The percentage food conversion (filtrated amount=100%) is high: 86 to 93%, with a mean of 90%.     

纯化方式和保存条件对改性落叶松单宁絮凝性的影响

选择一种典型植物多酚——落叶松单宁,研究了纯化方式和保存条件对改性植物多酚絮凝性的影响,通过测定相对黏度和红外谱图分析稳定性变化的原因.对于1 g.L-1的高岭土模拟水样,未纯化落叶松单宁改性后的最佳投加量为10 mg.L-1;经过抽滤、萃取、离心后的纯化样,改性后最佳投加量降低到1 mg.L-1,且以液体或固体形式在4℃或25℃条件下保存30 d后仍具有较好絮凝性;而只经抽滤、离心,未经萃取的纯化样,其改性产物只有保存于4℃才有絮凝性;只经抽滤、萃取,未经离心或只经抽滤的纯化样,对应改性产物只有以固体形式在4℃保存才有絮凝性.以4℃保存的固体样相对黏度变化最小,且相对黏度的变化越小,絮凝性能的稳定性越强.红外结果显示,落叶松单宁中含有大量的酚羟基基团,改性后,叔胺基团加成到芳环上,但保存前后红外谱图变化不大.     

Leaf herbivory and decomposability in a Malaysian tropical rain forest

There is accumulating evidence that similar suites of plant traits may affect leaf palatability and leaf litter decomposability. However, the possible association between leaf herbivory and litter decomposition rates across species in species-diverse natural ecosystems such as tropical rain forests remains unexplored, despite its importance in estimating the herbivory effects on carbon and nutrient cycling of ecosystems. We found no strong association between leaf herbivory and litter decomposition rates across 40 tree species in a Malaysian tropical rain forest, even though the leaf and litter traits were tightly correlated. This is because the leaf and litter traits related to herbivory and decomposition rates in the field were inconsistent. Leaf toughness accounted for only a small part of the variation in the herbivory rate, whereas a number of litter traits (the leaf mass per area, lignin to nitrogen ratio, and condensed tannin concentration) accurately predicted the decomposition rate across species. These results suggest that herbivory rate across species may not be strongly related to single leaf traits, probably because plant-herbivore interactions in tropical rain forests are highly diverse; on the other hand, plant-decomposer interactions are less specific and can be governed by litter chemicals. We also investigated two factors, phylogeny and tree functional types, that could affect the relationship between herbivory and decomposition across species. Phylogenetic relatedness among the species did not affect the relationship between herbivory and decomposition. In contrast, when the plants were segregated according to their leaf emergence pattern, we found a significant positive relationship between herbivory and decomposition rates for continuous-leafing species. In these species, the condensed tannin to N ratios in leaves and litter were related to herbivory and decomposition rates, respectively. However, we did not observe a similar trend for synchronous-leafing species. These results suggest that the relationship between herbivory and decomposition may be more greatly affected by functional types than by phylogenetic relatedness among species. In conclusion, our results suggest that well-defended leaves are not necessarily less decomposable litter in a tropical rain forest community, implying that herbivory may not generate positive feedback for carbon and nutrient cycling in this type of ecosystem.     

下山桩过渡栽培技术的研究

为了保证下山桩能够成活、提高其成活率并形成树桩的骨架,从素材选择、采掘、过渡栽培3方面研究了新掘树桩的过渡栽培技术。     

西藏米拉山高寒草甸土壤微生物DNA提取及宏基因组Fosmid文库构建

青藏高原土壤中富含特殊的微生物资源,因大多数未能得到培养而无法利用.提取微生物总DNA及构建宏基因组文库的方法是研究未培养微生物的重要方法(免培养法).两藏米拉山高寒草甸土壤中腐植酸、有机质含量非常高,DNA提取非常困难,本研究表明卣接法提取该样品的DNA片段小,杂质含量高,不能满足构建大插入片段文库的要求;结合低速离心和Nycodenz密度梯度离心先分离出微生物细胞的间接法虽然DNA产率降低,但是纯度高,片段长,多样性丰富,更适合于构建大插入片段文库.在间接法提取高质量西藏高寒草甸土壤微生物DNA的基础上,成功构建了一个包含30 624个克隆、库容量超过1 Gb、稳定性好的宏基因组Fosmid文库,为从西藏高原土壤中挖掘和利用新的功能基因研究奠定了基础.图7表3参27     

Cultivation of microalgae on liquid anaerobic digestate for depollution,biofuels and cosmetics: a review

Solid wastes from domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors cause acute economic and environmental problems. These issues can be partly solved by anaerobic digestion of wastes, yet this process is incomplete and generates abundant byproducts as digestate. Therefore, cultivating mixotrophic algae on anaerobic digestate appears as a promising solution for nutrient recovery, pollutant removal and biofuel production. Here we review mixotrophic algal cultivation on anaerobic waste digestate with focus on digestate types and characterization, issues of recycling digestate in agriculture, removal of contaminants, and production of biofuels such as biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel and dihydrogen. We also discuss applications in cosmetics and economical aspects. Mixotrophic algal cultivation completely removes ammonium, phosphorus, 17β-estradiol from diluted digestate, and removes 62% of zinc, 84% of manganese, 74% of cadmium and 99% of copper.

     

Effect of tannins on survival and development of Daphnia menucoensis and the abundances of bacteria

Polyphenols – products of organic-matter decomposition entering water bodies from autochthonous and especially allochthonous sources – affect primary producers, bacterioplankton, and zooplankton to consequently modify food webs. Cladocerans are widely used in research experiments because they constitute the most frequent prey of high-trophic-level organisms in the majority of lakes, and certain species symbolise the ecologic prototype of the generalist filter feeder. In our study area’s shallow lakes, cladocerans, though generally of low abundance, do attain significantly high biomasses. We accordingly evaluated the mortality of the cladoceran Daphnia menucoensis Paggi, 1996 exposed to different tannin concentrations along with the bacterial abundance. In two experiments D. menucoensis females exposed to high tannin concentrations reproduced inefficiently, exhibited high mortality, and manifested altered behaviour, such as reduced reflexes and diminished mobility. Though tannins apparently affected algal abundances, the cladoceran herbivory strongly reduced those numbers. Positive effects on bacteria, however, were not recorded. High-allochthonous-organic-matter-containing water bodies support trophic webs because bacterioplankton provide an alternative energetic base for the zooplankton, as possibly occurs in shallow lakes of the Salado-River basin, characterised by cyclic hydrologic periods alternating between draught and flooding and intensive land use. In conclusion, tannins diminish D. menucoensis’s survival, locomotion, and the capacity to respond to stimuli.     

Microbial stress-response physiology and its implications for ecosystem function

Microorganisms have a variety of evolutionary adaptations and physiological acclimation mechanisms that allow them to survive and remain active in the face of environmental stress. Physiological responses to stress have costs at the organismal level that can result in altered ecosystem-level C, energy, and nutrient flows. These large-scale impacts result from direct effects on active microbes' physiology and by controlling the composition of the active microbial community. We first consider some general aspects of how microbes experience environmental stresses and how they respond to them. We then discuss the impacts of two important ecosystem-level stressors, drought and freezing, on microbial physiology and community composition. Even when microbial community response to stress is limited, the physiological costs imposed on soil microbes are large enough that they may cause large shifts in the allocation and fate of C and N. For example, for microbes to synthesize the osmolytes they need to survive a single drought episode they may consume up to 5% of total annual net primary production in grassland ecosystems, while acclimating to freezing conditions switches Arctic tundra soils from immobilizing N during the growing season to mineralizing it during the winter. We suggest that more effectively integrating microbial ecology into ecosystem ecology will require a more complete integration of microbial physiological ecology, population biology, and process ecology.