三维石墨烯材料在污水处理中的研究进展

随着生态环境的日益恶化,水体污染越来越引起人们的关注.吸附法是去除水体污染简单环保的有效方法.由二维石墨烯相互搭建构筑而成的多孔柔软三维石墨烯材料,具有高表面积、丰富的官能团以及快速的电子转移能力,对多种水体污染物都具有一定的吸附性能.文章对三维石墨烯材料对染料、金属离子、油类等多种水体污染物的吸附性能进行了综述.     

锆铁复合氧化物颗粒对As（Ⅴ）的去除研究

系统研究了锆铁氧化物颗粒吸附剂（GZI）对As（Ⅴ）的去除性能,考察了反应时间、溶液pH、初始As（Ⅴ）浓度、共存离子等反应条件的影响.同时评价了吸附后材料的脱附性能及动态处理后材料的安全性.实验结果显示,初始浓度低于20 m.gL^-1时,5 h后As（Ⅴ）在GZI吸附剂上达到平衡,初始浓度为50 m.gL^-1时,...     

油茶籽壳炭微球及其改性物对水中全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)的吸附

基于废弃油茶籽壳制备了4种炭材料,并应用于对水中全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)的吸附性能研究.以油茶籽壳生物质为碳源,首先通过水热碳化法制备了胶质炭微球并进一步对炭微球分别进行了退火、KOH浸渍扩孔和KOH研磨扩孔改性,然后将所制备的4种炭材料应用于水中PFOS的吸附去除,并对其吸附机理进行了探讨.吸附动力学结果表明,4种炭材料对PFOS吸附均符合拟二级动力学模型(R2≥0.994),吸附平衡时间分别为2 h、1 h、6 h和2 h.溶液p H值对KOH研磨炭材料的吸附性能影响较小,而对其它3种材料影响较大,4种炭材料对PFOS吸附的最佳p H值分别为2—3、3、2、2—10.4种炭材料对PFOS的吸附均符合Langmuir吸附模型(R2≥0.988),最大吸附量分别为14.4、17.8、223.7、3658.9 mg·g-1.4种炭材料对PFOS的吸附均倾向于单分子层的化学吸附过程,材料的比表面积为影响吸附量的最主要因素,其对PFOS的吸附主要依赖静电作用和疏水作用.     

功能化金属有机骨架材料对水中痕量磺胺氯哒嗪的吸附行为及其机理

近年来,抗生素的大量使用对生态环境和人类健康构成了严重威胁.抗生素去除技术开发引起了人们的广泛关注.本研究制备了4种具有良好水热稳定性的锆基金属骨架有机材料(UiO-66,UiO-66-NH_2,UiO-66-Cl和UiO-66-NO_2),通过比较4种材料对水中痕量磺胺氯哒嗪(SCP)的吸附性能,从中筛选出最佳吸附剂,进而探究了温度、pH、共存阴离子、腐殖酸和可再生性等因素对其吸附性能的影响,探讨了作用机制.研究结果表明,功能基团的引入提升了金属骨架有机材料对SCP的吸附性能,其中氨基的引入效果最为显著(去除率从11.62%提升至71.12%),这主要是由于氢键的作用;UiO-66-NH_2对SCP的吸附符合拟二级动力学,温度的升高抑制了吸附的进行,pH=6时吸附效果最好;Cl-和SO_4~(2-)对UiO-66-NH_2吸附性能起到了抑制作用,而腐殖酸影响较小;CO_3~(2-)的水解导致路易斯酸碱反应,从而极大地干扰了SCP的吸附过程;UiO-66-NH_2经过四次循环使用后,SCP去除率下降不到10%.本研究为采用功能化金属有机骨架材料去除水中污染物提供了新思路.     

相变微胶囊在节能环保中的应用研究进展

改性相变微胶囊作为新型环境功能材料,以其优良的保温性能、节能减排和吸附作用成为材料科学、环境科学等前沿学科的研究热点.本文首先介绍了相变微胶囊的结构、相变机理和形貌类型,并围绕喷射干燥法、静电结合法、原位聚合法、界面聚合法、凝聚-相分离法等5种制备方法对微胶囊制备技术进行了详细的阐述.根据芯材物理状态的差异列举了不同类型的微胶囊,并归纳总结目前微胶囊应用存在的问题.重点综述了碳材料、金属材料及导电聚合物对相变微胶囊改性的研究.结果表明,改性相变微胶囊不仅提高了微胶囊自身的性能而且对环境质量可以起到良好的改善作用,具体体现在大气、水质、噪声、辐射等众多领域的应用.     

丙烯腈—醋酸乙烯二元共聚物超滤膜的制备及其性能表征

本文研究了丙烯腈-醋酸乙烯二元共聚物[P(AN-VAc)]超滤膜及其性能。研究了共聚物材料、铸膜液成份和成膜工艺条件对膜性能的影响,并对膜的物化稳定性和耐菌性能等进行了表征。实验表明,P(AN-VAc)是一种性能良好的膜材料,其对添加剂的适应性尤佳。本文还通过对红外光谱及电子显微镜扫描对膜的结构进行了初步探讨。     

含银掺氮碳材料在饮用水体系的抑菌作用

以对苯二胺和乙二醛反应生成的一种希夫碱碳氮聚合物为基材,添加Ag NO3,使Ag+与该聚合物中N原子配位形成一种复合材料,此材料高温碳化形成了一种新的含银掺氮碳材料.X射线衍射(XRD)结果显示了该复合材料中单质纳米银的存在;透射电子显微镜(TEM)显示有纳米银线的存在;傅立叶红外波谱(FTIR)证实此碳材料中—NH2、C—C、CC及CN随着温度升高而降低,银在800℃以上时被原位还原为银单质;X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表明材料中存在氮和银,银和氮有一定相互作用.该碳材料应用于饮用水,研究其对大肠杆菌(E.coil)的抑菌性能.发现希夫碱与Ag的物质的量之比为1∶0.8,材料的炭化温度为800℃时,此材料可具有1.54-log以上的对数去除率.实际水样的应用抑菌测试也显示出令人满意的抑菌效果,而且抗银流失性能满足国家饮用水标准GB5749-2006.     

硅基微/介孔材料吸附二硫化碳(CS_2)的性能

以聚甲基含氢硅氧烷(PMHS)和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为原料,在不同的PMHS:TEOS质量比条件下合成了一系列具有微/介孔硅基材料.N2吸/脱附表征显示该材料具有微/介孔双孔分布的结构特征和较高的比表面积,并且随着PMHS:TEOS质量比的变化而变化.其中,当PMHS:TEOS质量比为1:3时硅基微/介孔材料具有最大的比表面积,达到783m·2g-1.XRD表征结果显示,该材料是无定形材料.材料对二硫化碳(CS2)的吸附性能的研究结果表明,PMHS:TEOS质量比为1:3合成的硅基微/介孔材料对CS2的吸附量最大,静态吸附量达到762.76mg·g-1,动态吸附穿透时间达到35min.再生实验表明材料再生性良好,可重复使用。     

金属有机骨架材料吸附与荧光检测水中持久性有毒有机污染物的研究与应用

近年来,环境中的持久性有毒有机污染物(persistent toxic organic substances, PTOS)因具有毒性高、生物累积性、致癌致突变性和内分泌干扰等特性引起了广泛关注,但是其在水环境介质中含量低、可与其他物质发生相互作用、迁移转化能力强等特点为其高效分离去除和快速的痕量分析检测带来了挑战.因此,开发新材料、新技术、新方法用于水中PTOS的高效分离去除、建立其快速的痕量分析检测方法对于水环境保护、再生水安全利用以及PTOS的环境风险评价具有重要意义.相对于传统的吸附材料,金属有机骨架材料(metal organic frameworks, MOFs)由于其较高的孔隙率和比表面积,易调控的孔径,大量的活性位点、可功能化以及具有良好的发光特性等优点,在吸附去除和分析检测环境中PTOS表现出优异性能.本文综述了MOFs、功能化MOFs以及MOFs衍生物材料在水溶液中吸附去除PTOS的研究与应用进展,归纳总结相应的吸附机理,特别对如何通过功能化手段来提高MOFs材料对PTOS的吸附性能进行了讨论.同时,本文还对基于吸附的荧光传感方法检测PTOS进行了归纳总结,对未来MO...     

微生物燃料电池阳极电极的新型材料与修饰方法

近年来,微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cells,MFCs)发展迅速,然而其功率输出仍然较低,其主要限制因素为接种物的活性及电极材料的选择.阳极电极常被作为有效的微生物载体,并介导电子的快速传递;因此使用新型的电极材料或修饰方法将成为提高MFC效率的重要手段.根据材料的物理特性及改性方法,将阳极电极材料划分为5类:修饰后的传统碳电极材料、石墨烯修饰电极材料、天然生物质电极材料、碳纳米管修饰电极材料以及金属修饰电极材料,并着重介绍了其中的热点——石墨烯修饰电极材料与碳纳米管修饰电极材料.通过分析,归纳出部分能够促进微生物燃料电池电化学表现的优异性能,例如强导电性、生物相容性、高比表面积及耐腐蚀性等;同时,修饰过后的纳米材料、石墨烯材料及三维大孔材料将成为日后的研究重点.未来,研究者们在选择电极材料的时候,应当同时考虑性能的差异性和成本的可控性.人们只有将新材料及改性方法投入到实际的大规模应用中,才能合理有效地实现废水处理及生产清洁能源的目的.(图6表5参117)     

Le matériel minéral de Sphaeroma hookeri (Isopoda Flabellifera). Croissance comparée de la teneur en cendres dans différentes populations

The total inorganic material of Sphaeroma hookeri Leach, obtained after calcination, was studied quantitatively during the growth of mature individuals. It seems, from the results, that an allometric relation exists between the dry weight of S. hookeri and its inorganic content. A sexual dimorphism arises from this relationship: the growth coefficient of the inorganic content is higher in males than in females. A comparative study of the growth of the inorganic content of S. hookeri was performed on samples which were taken the same day from 5 populations living around the Etang de Berre, France. A certain intraspecific variability arises from this comparison. The observed differences between the allometric lines of each sample show that the growth of the inorganic content may be influenced by ecological factors which determine differences in position of the allometric lines. However, they also show that the growth coefficient may change within the species; this seems to be an expression of physiological differences.     

Environmental protection by utilization of the slag from magnesium production in building materials

This paper presents the results of research on the utilization of slag produced as the waste material of metallic magnesium production. This material is a fine powder with a high magnesium content. The characterization of slag was performed by XRD, DTA and TG analysis. Chemical composition and mechanical properties of slag were also determined. By using a mixture this slag and limestone aggregate, it is possible to obtain dry mortar which, mixed with water, gives a material fully satisfying for plastering mortar. By adding inorganic pigments (Fe₂O₃, Ca₂O3, etc.) decorative mortars are obtained, and when they are spread over the foundation made of brick or concrete, they retain their colour on the entire coating and surface of the mortar.     

Effects of noise on growth and reproduction of Crangon crangon in rearing tanks

Brown shrimp, Crangon crangon (L.), were reared in Angoulins, France from April to June 1981. Rearing in a soundproof box reproduced acoustical conditions similar to those prevailing in the shrimps' original environment. Growth and reproduction were compared to those of shrimp from the same source but reared in acoustical conditions prevailing in a thermoregulated aquarium; other experimental conditions were identical. In the aquarium, the noise-level attained 30 dB in the 25 to 400 Hz frequency range; this permanently high sound-level resulted in a significant reduction in growth and reproduction rates of the shrimp. To a lesser degree, noise also appears to increase aggression (cannibalism) and mortality rate and to decrease food uptake. These symptoms are extremely similar to those induced by adaptation to stress.     

The response of Gymnodinium breve to municipal waste materials

The response of the unarmored dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve, which is the causative organism in catastrophic fish kills along the Florida Gulf coast, to enrichment with selected inorganic nutrients, municipal waste materials, and various detergent components has been determined. The biostimulatory effects of the various enrichments were determined by a modification of the Provisional Algal Assay Procedure of the Joint Industry/Government Task Force on Eutrophication. Inorganic nutrients (orthophosphate, nitrate, and ammonia) were added individually and in combination, and the results were compared to equivalent enrichments with the effluent from a secondary sewage-treatment plant. The maximum cell population, Nmax, attained could be increased 3-fold by the sew-age-treatment plant effluent or by the equivalent combination of inorganic nutrients; individually, however, the inorganic nutrients had no pronounced effect on maximum cell population, Nmax (except for a 30% increase produced by slight orthophosphate enrichment). The results of these studies indiccate that, at concentrations of orthophosphate typical of Florida coastal waters (ca. 0.10 ppm), the growth-promoting potential (as reflected by Nmax) of the medium was a linear function of the ammonia-nitrogen concentration (0.01 to 0.11 ppm). The sewage-treatment plant effluent was presumably low in detergent phosphate, having been obtained from a treatment plant some 6 months after the enactment of a ban on phosphate-containing detergents. Additions of orthophosphate or detergent-phosphate to the treatment-plant effluent did not significantly increase the observed biostimulatory effect of the waste material.     

Physiological responses of the calcifying rhodophyte, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Corallina officinalis</Emphasis> (L.), to future CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> levels

Future atmospheric CO₂ levels will most likely have complex consequences for marine organisms, particulary photosynthetic calcifying organisms. Corallina officinalis L. is an erect calcifying macroalga found in the inter- and subtidal regions of temperate rocky coastlines and provides important substrate and refugia for marine meiofauna. The main goal of the current study was to determine the physiological responses of C. officinalis to increased CO₂ concentrations expected to occur within the next century and beyond. Our results show that growth and production of inorganic material decreased under high CO₂ levels, while carbonic anhydrase activity was stimulated and negatively correlated to algal inorganic content. Photosynthetic efficiency based on oxygen evolution was also negatively affected by increased CO₂. The results of this study indicate that C. officinalis may become less competitive under future CO₂ levels, which could result in structural changes in future temperate intertidal communities.     

A link between biologically imported particulate organic nutrients and the detritus food web in reef communities

Previous work with planktivorous fishes has shown that they import particulate organic and inorganic material to reefs in the form of fecal pellets, which, in part, are deposited in crevices on the reef where these fishes shelter during their inactive period. Since these feces do not accumulate in fish shelters, we predicted that some of the feces could be rapidly consumed by reef detritivores. We examined the attractiveness of fish feces to potential reef detritivores by placing traps baited with planktivorous fish feces, along with unbaited control traps, in crevices on rocky reefs at Santa Catalina Island, California, USA, between June 1982 and November 1983, and on coral reefs at St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, during June 1983. Significantly more animals (the majority being crustaceans) were trapped in the baited traps compared to the unbaited controls on both reefs. There was also a significant association between the presence of trapped animals and fish feces at Santa Catalina Island (p = 0.009); this association was not quite as strong in St. Croix (p = 0.069). The consumption by shrimp of feces marked with carmine particles and, in turn, the predation on these shrimp by a reef fish demonstrates the links between this type of imported particulate organic and inorganic material and the food web of the reef community.Please address all correspondence and requests for reprints to Dr. Miller at California State University, Long Beach     

河流有机质生物地球化学研究进展

探讨了近年来河流中有机质的生物地球化学研究状况。大多数河流有机质的来源主要是外源即流域侵蚀而来的,经过河流的新陈代谢过程,把河流中的悬浮物分解为不同类型的有机质。在有机质分解过程中由于外部条件的差异,形成粒径大小不同的颗粒物和溶解有机质、无机质等。河流水体中的溶解有机碳(DOC)在全球不同纬度、不同区域,其含量差异较大,但目前对其生物地球化学控制的量级缺乏足够的理解和认识。另外碳氮同位素及其比值在当前的河流有机质生物地球化学研究中仍起着非常重要的示踪作用。     

Relationships between seston,available food and feeding activity in the common mussel Mytilus edulis

The feeding and metabolic rates of Mytilus edulis L. of different body sizes were measured in response to changes in particle concentrations ranging from 2 to 350 mg l^-1. Rates of oxygen consumption were not significantly affected by changes in seston concentration, whereas clearance rates gradually declined with increasing particle concentration. Pseudofaeces production was initiated at relatively low seston concentrations (<5 mg l^-1). Marked seasonal changes were recorded in the composition of suspended particulates (seston) in an estuary in south-west England. Total seston was sampled at frequent intervals throughout an annual cycle and analysed in terms of: particle size-frequency distributions, total dry weight (mg l^-1), inorganic content, chlorophyll a, carbohydrate, protein and lipid. The particulate carbohydrate, protein and lipid content provided an estimate of the food content of the seston. The results are discussed in terms of the food available to a nonselective suspension feeder, such as M. edulis, during a seasonal cycle. The effect of inorganic silt in suspension was mainly to limit by dilution the amount of food material ingested rather than to reduce the amount of material filtered by the mussel. In winter, the food content of the material ingested was 5%, and this increased to 25% during the spring and summer.     

自然保护区管理有效性评价指标分析

根据154个国家级自然保护区的问卷调查结果,运用主成分分析法对26项管理评价指标进行分析,确定了影响保护区管理有效性的6个主要指标类体系。其结果表明:对管理有效性产生较大影响的主成分包括:物资保障、监控管理、经济开发收益、管理权归属、行政执法和交流合作。6个主成分对于管理有效性的贡献率比较分散,累计贡献率为68.671%;其中物资保障主成分贡献率最大,达26.011%。     

Energy flow through the benthos in a Scottish Sea Loch

Analysis of material collected in settlement traps at regular intervals over a period of a year gave an estimate of the annual organic input to the bottom sediment of about 28 gC/m² year, which is a little less than one third of the primary production in the overlying water column. The aerobic benthic community metabolism, estimated from in situ respiration measurements, was not significantly different from the carbon input. The rate of release of ammonia from the sediment was also measured in situ and would be sufficient to supply the greater part of the required input of inorganic nitrogen for photosynthesis in the water column.