西南岩溶山区景观生态特征与景观生态建设

探讨了西南岩溶山区景观生态结构与功能以及景观生态过程的不同于其他区域的基本特征，尝试从景观角度认识西南岩溶区生态空间特性与演化过程。受地质地貌和土地利用的影响。西南岩溶山区景观基质脆弱、景观格局分异明显，具破碎化与景观结构粗粒化、景观动态变化范围大且速度快、整体退化明显的特点，以石漠化为特征的景观演化削弱了岩溶生态系统的生态服务功能。岩溶山区的景观生态建设须充分认识岩溶山区资源环境优势，充分利用当地的适生植物资源，协调生态效应和水文效应，促进水土资源的有效保持向高效利用发展，形成新的高效、和谐的人工自然景观。今后应把景观格局与生态过程结合起来、与人文因子和地学背景结合起来，加强小尺度的景观变化研究。     

An integrated indicator on regional ecological civilization construction in China

China has come up with ecological civilization as one of major goals to improve its ecological sustainability during development in future. Under this broad framework, social, economic and natural ecosystems are expected to develop in harmony. However, there is lack of evaluation mechanism for this newly proposed strategy. Therefore, in this article, ecosystem services, Ecological Footprint and gross domestic product per capita were selected in order to reflect the resource endowment, human occupation on natural capital, and the economic growth. Thus, an integrated indicator was constructed from the three indexes based on the linear correlation among them, and we provided comprehensive evaluation on ecological civilization construction in the provinces and municipalities in China in 2010. When it comes to the indicator of ecological civilization construction, Hainan province has the greatest value which is 0.5091 and Beijing municipality has the smallest value which is 0.0377. At last, the article analyzed the ecological pressure and efficiency in ecological civilization construction in China. The results contribute to scientific and objective evaluation of regional ecological civilization construction in order to properly make decisions and take actions.     

南方丘陵区土壤潜育化的发生与生态环境建设

依据近年来潜育化土壤的研究资料,分别就南方丘陵区土壤潜育化的主要影响因素,潜育化土壤主要类型及诊断指标,生态环境建设等进行了综合讨论。     

Evaluation of recycling waste materials and by-products in highway construction

SUMMARY

The generation, handling, and safe disposal of waste materials has become a major concern in North America. Approval of facilities for waste processing and proper disposal is becoming more difficult to obtain. Furthermore, there is a growing public awareness of the importance of conserving and preserving our valuable natural resources. This expanding awareness has given rise to the trend towards recycling or reuse of awide variety of solid wastes. Experiences with using waste materials in highway construction can vary considerably, depending on material characteristics, construction processes, and climatic differences. A number of waste materials may be suitable for use in highway construction, but others may not. The objective of this paper is introduced in two tasks. The first is to include a survey of the waste materials and by-products that have been used successfully, or may be used, as materials for highway construction or maintenance work. This also includes determination of the state of practice concerning economic and technical factors for these wastes. The second is to rank these materials based on three criteria: number of uses by State agencies, economic uses and performance aspects.     

关于生态省建设的理论探讨

对生态省的概念、建设目标、建设生态省相关的生态学原理、生态省建设中如何处理人与自然的关系、生态省评价标准和指标体系等有关的理论问题进行了探讨。     

黄河三角洲生态区土壤石油污染及其对碱蓬萌发的生态影响

基于黄河三角洲生态区内的油田生产区中石油污染土壤的调查取样,分析石油污染状况,并在实验室人工控制条件下,研究土壤中不同质量分数的石油污染对该区先锋植物——碱蓬（Salsola glauca Bung）的种子萌发影响。结果表明,油田区土壤受到了不同程度的石油污染;溢油处石油的质量分数最高达6.230 g·kg^-1。另外,萌发实验说明在土壤污染情况下种子萌发率具有不确定性,土壤石油污染质量分数为5～40 g·kg^-1时,对碱蓬种子的萌发无明显抑制作用。该研究对黄河三角洲生态区土壤石油类污染敏感指示指标的筛选和植物的生物修复具有重要意义。     

Environmental impact reduction through ecological planning at Bahia Magdalena, Mexico

For analyzing basic marine and coastal characteristics we selected the potential sites where shrimp culture could be developed in a large coastal zone, Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Based on our analysis, 6 sites were preselected and field stages of work were then developed to assess the precise suitability of each site in order to develop the proposed aquaculture activities. In ranking the suitability we were able to recommend the most appropriate places to develop shrimp culture in this region. Also, knowing the exact biological, physico-chemical and social environment, we determined the best species to cultivate, the recommended total area and the methodology to be used to lessen the environmental impact and to obtain the maximum profitability Our methodology could be used not only to select appropriate sites for shrimp culture in other coastal lagoons, but it also could be applied to assess the suitability in a quick and accurate way, of any other production activity in coastal zones.     

Air pollution-oriented ecological risk assessment in Xiamen city,China

Urban energy consumption is one of the most important causes of air pollution. Air pollution-oriented ecological risk assessment is of great significance to the promotion of urban environmental protection. This paper focuses on ecological risk in Xiamen city caused by air pollutant discharge from urban energy consumption. The Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning model was used to establish two scenarios of energy consumption in Xiamen city, and based on different scenarios, we estimated urban energy consumption and discharge quantity of air pollutant (DQAP). A box model and an expert scoring method were used to calculate the air pollution burden (APB) of SO₂, NO₂, CO, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and to obtain the probabilities of different air pollution loads. An ecological risk assessment model was developed and utilized to predict Xiamen city’s ecological risks in 2020. The results showed that under an energy-saving scenario, the ecological risks for PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ are high, whereas the ecological risks for CO and PM₁₀ are low. Under a baseline scenario, the ecological risks for PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ are moderate, whereas the ecological risks for CO and PM₁₀ are low. In addition, the APB of SO₂, NO₂, CO, and PM_2.5, but not of PM₁₀, is predicted to rise. In the simulation, energy generation from coal is the main source of air pollution. Although the DQAP from automobiles is not high, it is predicted to rise year-on-year. In summary, the ecological risk due to pollution in Xiamen city is high, and the main pollutants are SO₂, NO₂ and PM_2.5.     

A vertical-compressed three-dimensional ecological model in Lake Taihu, China

A three-dimensional ecological model on the basis of the analyses of environmental characteristics is set up for Lake Taihu, one of the largest shallow lakes in China. The hydrodynamic processes, nutrient cycling, chemical processes and biological processes are integrated in the model. Model state variables include: water current, surface displacement, nutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as their different forms such as ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, phosphate phosphorus, etc., biomasses of macroplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish, and also the nutrient levels of macroplankton and phytoplankton. A nutrient budget and sediment transformation are also coupled in the model. The data from January 17, 1997 to January 18, 1998 are use to calibrate the model. The model results have shown good agreement with the observations. It implies that the model could be used for the lake environmental management and research for examining the processes and determining the water quality. The reasons of deviations between the modelled results and the observed values are also discussed. There are six factors that explain the deviations of the modelled results from the observed values and they can be grouped into two sets. One set of problems is associated with the standard deviation introduced by sampling and analyses. The second set of problems can be solved by introduction of processes lacking in the present model (resuspension, phytoplankton transportation mode under the wind with low speed, shifts in species composition and varied size of phytoplankton and zooplankton). The latter two processes should be included in the model at a later stage by integration of a structurally dynamic approach into the three-dimensional model.     

对我国生态补偿的立法构想

分析了以往生态补偿的定义,并从法律的角度给出了生态补偿应有的涵义,即是指为了恢复、维持和增强生态系统的生态功能,国家对导致生态功能减损的自然资源开发或利用者收费(税)以及国家或生态受益者对为改善、维持或增强生态服务功能为目的而作出特别牺牲者给予经济和非经济形式的补偿。回顾了我国有关生态补偿的政策与法律的规定,并探讨了其缺陷:我国有关生态补偿的政策与法律虽然较多,规定得较早,但这些规定很不规范和系统,而且过于原则、缺乏可操作性,对负外部性行为的生态补偿存在政策与法律的缺位,即使是对正外部性行为也并非真正意义上的补偿,而只是一种补助或补贴。对我国生态补偿的立法构建提出了初步设想:一要补偿政策应当法律化,使生态补偿成为一项名副其实的法律制度;二要要构建合理的生态补偿法律体系。     

中国生态资产估价研究进展

随着对全球变化、生态破坏、环境污染等问题的出现,生态资产研究已成为政府、科研院所等的热点研究领域。本文将生态资产研究按行政区、流域与单一生态系统分3类进行分析,发现在流域尺度上的生态资产估算,以及生态资产的驱动机制研究较为薄弱;同时,文章对生态资产估算技术的适用范围、特点与缺点进行分析。在此基础上,探讨了目前我国生态资产研究存在的难点与不足,并对中国生态资产估算做了一些前展性的讨论。     

Secondary aerosol formation in winter haze over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,China

• Characteristics and interannual variation of aerosol pollution are illustrated. • Mechanisms of secondary aerosol formation in winter haze of North China are reviewed. • Directions in future studies of secondary aerosol formation are provided. Severe haze pollution occurs frequently in the winter over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region (China), exerting profound impacts on air quality, visibility, and human health. The Chinese Government has taken strict mitigation actions since 2013 and has achieved a significant reduction in the annual mean PM_2.5 concentration over this region. However, the level of secondary aerosols during heavy haze episodes showed little decrease during this period. During heavy haze episodes, the concentrations of secondary aerosol components, including sulfate, nitrate and secondary organics, in aerosol particles increase sharply, acting as the main contributors to aerosol pollution. To achieve effective control of particle pollution in the BTH region, the precise and complete secondary aerosol formation mechanisms have been investigated, and advances have been made about the mechanisms of gas phase reaction, nucleation and heterogeneous reactions in forming secondary aerosols. This paper reviews the research progress in aerosol chemistry during haze pollution episodes in the BTH region, lays out the challenges in haze formation studies, and provides implications and directions for future research.     

广东鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合生态系统生态服务功能价值评估

鹤山丘陵地“林-果-草-鱼”复合农林生态系统是1986年建立在退化丘陵地,利用物质与能量循环流动等生态学原理,进行构建和恢复而成功的实例,本文采用物质量和价值量相结合的评价方法,首次选取复合农林业系统进行评价,首次对广东鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合农林生态系统的生态服务功能进行价值评估。结果表明,广东鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合生态系统总体指标显著优越,其服务价值功能达2397.9783万元,在维持大气平衡、固土保肥、涵养水源等方面具有重要的作用。其间接生态服务功能价值远远大于直接生态服务功能价值,比值约为31∶1。而维持大气平衡服务价值是鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合生态系统的主要部分,占总体服务价值的96.626%,而木材生产等直接经济价值仅占总价值的3.135%。由此,直接经济价值并不是其服务价值的主要部分,应充分发挥鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合生态系统的其他生态服务功能,加强对间接生态服务功能价值的理解和保护,从长远策划和开发土地来达到长远而合理的利益收获。     

重视生态策略在建筑设计中的运用

建筑既作用于生态环境，也作用于人类，它始终持续地影响着周围的环境和使用者的生活，特别是对于我国高速发展的城市来说，其影响更是巨大。生态建筑将成为21世纪建筑设计的主流。建筑与可持续发展的三个重要方面(环境保护、经济发展和社会进步)密切相关，生态建筑应是可持续发展的一个组成部分。文章针对我国生态环境与建筑设计中存在的主要问题，提出在建筑设计中要注重生态策略的运用，推动生态建筑设计要依靠全社会生态意识的提高，增强人与自然环境的沟通，完善生态建筑设计的法律规范。     

基于水文学方法的珠江流域生态流量研究

珠江流域水资源丰富,但由于水体污染等原因,水质性缺水问题较为突出,区域水环境、水生态以及水安全等成为急需解决的重要科学问题。开展生态流量研究对于评价地表水文过程演变对区域水环境与水生态的影响具有重要理论意义,并为区域水资源优化配置和可持续开发利用提供科学依据。基于此,运用各种＂水文学＂方法（包括最小月平均流量法、改进的7Q10法、NGPRP法、逐月最小生态径流计算法和逐月频率计算法）对珠江流域11个主要水文控制站点的实测月径流量做了全面而系统的研究,分析珠江流域生态径流过程,并通过与Tennant法对比分析,选择逐月最小生态径流计算法和逐月频率计算法分别计算了各水文控制站的最小生态径流量和适宜生态径流量,除个别站点外,其评价结果分别处于Tennant法＂中＂和＂最佳＂的等级。对于逐月频率计算法中保证率的选取方法,研究表明各月径流系列均取50%最适合珠江流域。研究同时为仅利用水文资料中的多年逐月径流数据来确定生态需水提供了一种新的研究思路。     

四川汶川大地震重灾区灾后生态退化及其基本特点

2008年5月12日在四川省汶川县境内发生的里氏8.0级大地震是我国历史上大陆发生的破坏性最严重的地震灾害干扰事件.这次地震造成的人员、设施、经济损失比较清楚顺而得到高度关注,但导致的生态破坏与生态退化及其恢复重建尚未引起足够重视.本文基于生态破坏与退化的驱动力及过程的分析,初步评估了地震灾区[约60个县(市、区),面积约15×104 km2]的生态破坏形势,揭示了灾后生态退化问题及其基本特点,以期为重灾区的生态环境状况与恢复重建提供认识基础,为灾后生态恢复与重建决策、科学研究与生态恢复实践提供参考资料.     

Conditioning uncertainty in ecological models: Assessing the impact of fire management strategies

A simple simulation model has been used to investigate whether large fires in Mediterranean regions are a result of extreme weather conditions or the cumulative effect of a policy of fire suppression over decades. The model reproduced the fire regime characteristics for a wide variety of regions of Mediterranean climate in California, France and Spain. The Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology was used to assess the possibility of multiple model parameter sets being consistent with the available calibration data. The resulting set of behavioural models was used to assess uncertainty in the predictions. The results suggested that (1) for a given region, the total area burned is much the same whether suppression or prescribed fire policies are used or not; however fire suppression enhances fire intensity and prescribed burning reduces it; (2) the proportion of large fires can be reduced, but not eliminated, using prescribed fires, especially in areas which have the highest proportion of large fires.     

Feeding biology and ecological impact of an introduced nudibranch,Tritonia plebeia,New England,USA

The nudibranchTritonia plebeia (Johnston) was first observed in New England in 1983, on vertical rock walls at 7 m depth off Nahant, Massachusetts. This northern European species preys exclusively on the soft coralAlcyonium digitatum (Linneaus) in its natural habitat. At Nahant, it preyed primarily on the closely relatedAlcyonium siderium Verrill. Laboratory studies indicated that it could locate its prey by distance chemoreception and by visual orientation towards tall dark surfaces which could help it find the vertical walls, overhangs, and boulder sides where the soft corals occur. Field studies showed thatT. plebeia fed primarily on colony bases, causing extensive damage and whole colony mortality. The most important endemic predator onA. siderium, Coryphella verrucosa (Sars), preyed preferentially on hydroids, but would graze polyps off the top portions ofA. sederium colonies, causing little permanent damage to the colony, during the winter months when hydroids were scarce. AlthoughC. verrucosa occasionally behaved agonistically towardT. plebeia, there was no indication in laboratory or field studies that either nudibranch had an effect on the other's foraging through interference competition. Extensive predation byT. plebeia caused the disappearance ofA. siderium at two sites (Outer and Inner Shag Rocks) and a sharp reduction at a third site (Inner East Point). The higher mortalities at the Shag Rocks sites most likely occurred because of a simultaneous urchin (Strogylocentrotus droebachiensis) population expansion. As space among aggregates ofA. siderium opened up due toT. plebeia predation, urchins were able to forage on the vertical walls and scrape off remaining colonies. At a fourth site, Halfway Rock, whereT. plebeia were seldom present,A. siderium colonies also suffered high mortalities. This increae in mortality began nearly a year before urchin populations increased, and during a summer of abnormally high water temperatures at Halfway Rock. The high temperatures, followed by urchin predation on remaining colonies could account for the disappearance of allA. siderium colonies at this site.T. plebeia disappeared at all sites by summer 1986 andA. siderium populations have since stabilized, but community-level changes at all sites whereA. siderium were removed have persisted.     

土地处理技术在干旱-半干旱过渡带生态建设中的应用

土地处理系统是在干旱 -半干旱过渡区实现污水无害化、资源化的有效技术。内蒙古霍林河矿区污水土地处理系统设计与运行结果表明 ,该区具备推广土地处理技术的良好条件 ,土地处理系统应以慢速渗滤和污水资源利用型为主 ,实现污水处理与生态环境建设的结合。污水资源的利用有助于增加镶嵌型复合生态系统的稳定性 ,加速人工林的成林郁闭 ,增加林木蓄积量 ,改善干旱、半干旱地区的生态环境     

建立我国生态补偿制度的思考

当前,我国现行的生态补偿制度中还存在部门管理不当、政策不连续、缺乏群众参与、补偿金过低、资金使用未完全体现生态补偿等诸多问题,需要依据生态补偿的外部性理论,从市场调节、财政转移支付、保证金制度、协商机制等途径人手,因地制宜地选择适当的途径并综合利用其它途径的便利之处,推动生态补偿制度建设的顺利进行.此外,急需政府从政策层面上给予大力支持和观念上的引导.包括:①建立"环境财政"制度;设立环境转移支付专项资金列入财政预算,加大生态补偿和生态环保的支持力度;②完善相关的税收政策,确立普遍征收为主的征收机制,扩大征收范围,调整税率;③改变由政府单一买单的财政转移支付制度模式,建立起地方、民间、企业和个人等多种渠道的融资体制;④倡导建立绿色GDP的核算体系和绿色审计制度;⑤逐步建立健全<生态补偿法>,建立生态环境评估体系,完善环境执法监督管理体系;⑥尽快完成从"生态补偿"到"生态赔偿"的观念转变.