用铬天青S和非离子表面活性剂分光光度法测定天然水中的铝

表面活性剂存在时铬天青S与铝生成深色铬合物。反应的高灵敏度和对比度以及对干扰离子进行掩蔽的可能性,使得由于表面活性剂的作用而产生的改性铬天青S成为分光光度法测定痕量铝很有前途的试剂。通常含铝几至十几微克/升的天然水(大气水、冰水、河水等)有可能是采用改性铬天青S进行成功分析的对象。与其它元素相比,铝在水圈中的分布规律研究得还不够,主要原因是没有简便、灵敏、可靠测定铝的方法。作为分光光度法试剂的铬天青S的某些特性,选择作为表面活性剂的理由、铬天青S同表面活性剂相互作用的机理以及铝同铬天青S——表面活性剂形成三元铬合物的机理等在文献中已有叙述。本研究的目的是使采用铬天青S和表面活性剂测定微量铬的方法更加完善,并使该方法在水化学分析中得到实际应用。实验部分试剂和溶液     

β修正分光光度法测定水中铍

在十六烷基吡啶存在下，Ｂｅ（Ⅱ）与铬天青Ｓ（ＣＡＳ）作用生成棕红色络合物。本文研究了用β修正光光度法分析水中痕量Ｂｅ。通过对样品测定，相对标准偏差ＲＳＤ≤５％，铍加标回收率为９０．７％－１０７％，铍最低检测浓度５μｇ／Ｌ，该方法适合工业废水等各环境水体分析。     

冠醚交联壳聚糖在Cr(Ⅲ、Ⅵ)分析中的应用

研究冠醚交联壳聚糖（DCTS）对铬的吸附行为，建立了DCTS富集分离测定环境水样中痕量铬Cr(Ⅲ、Ⅵ）的新方法。在pH=7.5的溶液中，DCTS对铬的吸附率为100％，富集倍数可达50倍以上，用0.20g/L酒石酸2mL溶液可定量解吸总铬，用0.20g/L柠檬酸溶液2mL可定量解吸Cr(Ⅲ）。本法用于配置的南极水样中超痕量Cr(Ⅲ、Ⅵ）的测定，回收率98％－112％，变异系数1.8%，检出限0.004μg/L。     

ICP-AES法测定煤矸石中的Ni、Fe、Mn、Cr

取1.000g矸石样品于聚四氟乙烯坩埚中,加入5mLH2O2放置过夜,加6mL浓HCl,4mL浓HNO3,在微波炉中消解至近干,再加2mLHF,继续消解至粘稠状,用温热稀HCl溶解残渣,转入50mL容量瓶中,加1%HNO3定容,用ICP-AES法测定煤矸中Ni、Fe、Mn、Cr。在选定的测定条件下,检出限分别为0.013mg/L、0.0044mg/L、0.0014mg/L和0.0069mg/L;精密度的相对标准偏差分别为2.9%、3.4%、3.1%、2.1%;准确度实验铬的回收率在97.5%～106.0%之间。     

三元络合物增溶光度法测定废水中微量铍的试验

铍及其化合物对人类有极大的毒性,并且有致癌作用,吸入较高量铍时,会使人致死,目前已成为人们关注的环境污染物。对于水和废水中铍的测定,传统方法为铍试剂Ⅲ法和铬菁R比色法,这两种方法灵敏度均较低,表现摩尔系数一般在0.6×10~4～1.8×10~4。本文选用铬天青S(CAS)作为显色剂,阳离子表面活性剂溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)增溶光度法测定环境水样中的微量铍。试验表明:Be-CAS-CTMAB三元铬合物在波长610nm处具有最大吸收,显色适宜pH值为5左右,以     

活性炭动态交换分离富集光度法测定水和废水中痕量铍

铍及其化合物对人类的毒性极大,并且有致癌作用。目前已成为人们较关注的环境污染物。随着铍的利用和环境保护的发展,急需解决铍的富集和测定的高灵敏度方法,文献[1]利用活性炭静态吸附铍-铬天箐S(CAS)-氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)三元络合物分离富集铍,且利用此三元络合物光度法测定铍,惜此法操作繁琐,且吸附回收率也不太稳定,本文在此基础上,改用活性炭     

岩石中微量铍的萃取比色测定

<正> 至今已提出了不少直接比色测定铍的方法,但用于测定岩石中的微量铍(低至0.0001％)仍有困难。原用四氯化碳萃取铍的乙酰丙酮络合物需两次萃取才能定量回收。我们改用氯仿代替四氯化碳一次萃取即能定量回收,大大碱化了分析流程,缩短了分析时间。分析0.000n％的样品相对误差在±30％以下。     

S—3308L在葡萄里的残留量分析方法研究

这个报告叙述了S-3308L在葡萄里的残留量的分析方法。这个分析方法适用于丙酮萃取,用硅胶色谱柱净化,用装有火焰热电子鉴定器的气相色谱测定。此测定方法的平均回收率为86.0％,97.7％,103％。这是分别测定葡萄的果实、葡萄汁和葡萄酱而得到的。它们的测定极限是0.005ppm0,005ppm,0.01ppm。这是分别测定葡萄果实、葡萄汁、葡萄酱的残留量而得到的。     

ICP-OES法同时测定固体废物浸出液中多种金属元素的可行性研究

本次通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）针对其中含有的铜、锌、铍、钡等8种元素进行测定和分析,测定检出限、加标回收率、相对标准偏差分别为0.0011-0.0071mg/L、74%～103%、1.7%～2.4%。结果表明,此种测定方法能够获取相对准确的结果,符合相关检测标准。     

工业废水、废气中氯仿的气相色谱法测定

1 前言以气相色谱法分析工业废水中的氯仿时,由于废水成份复杂,如直接进样,过量的水份通过色谱柱,可使保留时间和出峰顺序发生变化;一些高沸点组份也会使色谱柱和电子捕获检测器过早失效。因此,本文采用液上空间法测定工业废水中和废气中的氯仿,测定结果较为理想。对废水中氯仿测定的变异系数为2.4％～3.5％;对废气中氯仿测定的变异系数为0.6％～2.2％。 2 实验部分 2.1 仪器及工作条件 103型气相色谱仪,电子捕获检测器,上海分析仪器厂生产; 色谱柱,2mm×2m的不锈钢管,内填80～100目Chromosob W-NAW担体,固定液为     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.