扬子东南缘中生代构造体制转换研究——以江西相山火山盆地为例

江西相山火山盆地位于中国东南部晚中生代火山-侵入杂岩带的最西端,具有明显的东西向构造域与北东向构造域叠加特征,其在扬子东南缘(浙赣段)中生代构造体制转换研究中具有重要意义。通过测定流纹英安岩和边缘相碎斑熔岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄,研究其岩石地球化学、地质构造特征,认为相山火山盆地东西向构造与北东向构造的强烈转换时间为133.87±0.76 Ma至132.01±0.7 Ma之间,可代表扬子东南缘(浙赣段)中生代构造体制强烈转换时期。     

徐淮地区冬季AOD时空特征及气象因子研究

文章基于国产高空间分辨率卫星高分一号(GF-1)的WFV数据实现对徐淮矿区及周边区域的AOD深蓝算法反演和时空特征分析,并结合AERONET站点数据进行反演精度验证。同时,将研究区AOD反演结果与气象因子进行相关性分析。研究结果表明:(1)AOD反演结果与AERONET站点数据相关性较高,相关系数R2为0.899,RMSE为0.158,说明深蓝算法对于矿区及周边城市的AOD反演较适用;(2)研究区2014-2017年AOD高值区呈现逐渐扩张趋势,人口密集区显著高于高植被覆盖区;(3)空气污染时期气溶胶浓度的增长会对气温产生冷却效应,与相对湿度呈一定正相关性,且抑制降水生成。此外,研究区西北部相山的高地形和盛行西北风也可能是阻碍高空气溶胶颗粒物扩散的重要条件。     

秦岭凤太及柞山沉积盆地中硼地球化学场分析及意义

在B元素地球化学讨论基础上 ,采用地球化学场分析研究方法与理论 ,以秦岭柞山泥盆纪沉积盆地及凤太泥盆纪沉积盆地内B地球化学场为实例 ,探讨对B的地球化学场分析与研究。认为B的地球化学场是由热水同生沉积作用所形成 ,B异常场可用于追迹和示踪热水流体场的活动范围。可能在八卦庙含金脆韧性剪切带中 ,部分电气石石英脉及菊花状电气石集合体富集部位是在后期脆韧性剪切变形过程中同构造期所形成 ,岩浆侵位及构造动热改造为富B层位中B的活化提供了能量     

基于SSA-BP与SSA的地下水污染源反演识别

应用基于SSA-BP神经网络替代模型的模拟-优化方法和SSA研究了地下水污染源位置及释放历史的反演识别问题。并在建立地下水水流模型时,应用Cholesky分解方法建立含水层渗透系数连续场,该方法相比于普通的参数分区方法更好地描述了水文地质参数的非均质性。结果表明:SSA-BP神经网络替代模型对模拟模型具有较高的逼近精度,其平均相对误差仅有3.21%。应用SSA求解优化模型,能够快速准确地识别出点污染源的位置及释放历史。SSA对污染源位置的反演识别相对误差在10%左右,对污染源源强的反演识别相对误差不超过4%。因此,本文所提出的方法是一种有效的地下水污染源识别方法,可为污染责任认定及污染修复方案的优化提供参考。     

多体系微量元素地球化学对比中存在的问题及解决途径

在微量、稀土元素地球化学对比研究中,直观地根据蛛网图上曲线相似程度而得出的结论带有很大的主观随意性,可信度低。通过2个应用实例(云南北衙金矿床;江西相山变质岩),运用Q型逐步聚类分析及模糊聚类分析与蛛网作图相结合的对比研究方法,分别对云南北衙金矿的成矿物质来源和江西相山变质岩的地层单元归属问题进行了探讨,发现该方法可获得较多精细的、为蛛网图所隐匿的、但具有重要地质意义的地球化学信息,从而得出更为严谨、客观、并具有科学再现性的结论。     

相山矿田铀矿地质研究进展与趋势

相山铀矿是华南最大的产于火山-侵入杂岩体中的热液脉型铀矿田。文章对相山铀矿地质研究的历史进行了简略回顾,重点阐述了铀矿地质研究的新进展,主要有:火山杂岩时代为早白垩世、火山岩浆具有反方向演化特点,成矿作用是一个相对连续的演化过程,铀矿类型归属斑岩型,属于与燕山晚期火山-斑岩作用有关的铀或铀-多金属矿床成矿系列。最后,文章展望了未来的研究方向。     

赣中相山矿田梅峰山地区地质特征及找矿前景

如何扩大和发展老的铀矿点(带)是当前铀矿找矿紧迫的任务之一。基于相山矿田大成矿的地质背景,本文论述了相山矿田梅峰山地区的地质特征,分析了该地区控矿地质因素及找矿前景。通过与同类型铀矿床在控矿因素、地质条件等方面进行对比,认为梅峰山地区与邻近的铀矿床处于同一地质构造单元,它们的成矿地质条件和控矿因素较相似,具有较好的找矿潜力,推覆体下隐伏的次火山岩体(次花岗斑岩)的变异部位是该区进一步的找矿方向。     

基于构造应变对隧道初始地应力场的反演分析

岩体中的初始地应力场是岩体稳定性与工程运营必须考虑的重要因素。以东营子隧道工程为例,以隧址区构造应变作为待求解的约束条件,结合工程地质条件和实测地应力资料,运用有限元软件对隧址区地应力场进行了回归反演分析。结果表明:基于区域构造应变获得的隧址区初始应力场克服了边界条件对地应力场的影响,更加准确地反映了隧址区地应力场的分布规律,可为隧道围岩稳定性分析提供准确的位移边界条件。     

联合国防治荒漠化公约美国防治荒漠化最新进展:恢复大盆地的倡议(2006)

美国西部的大盆地正面临着一场危机。100年以前，它是一个由许多动态的生态系统组成的网络，支持着不同品种的动植物。今天大盆地的广袤景色正以令人惊恐的势头在变化。包括内华达州的大部分、爱达荷州南部、犹他州西半部和俄勒冈东南角的大盆地已经到了严重的。可能是永久变化的门口。1999年夏的一场巨大的野火至少烧掉了170万英亩的土地，     

利用遗传算法反演皖中地区地壳速度结构

利用安徽数字地震台网2009～2012年记录的421条高质量近震纵波数据,建立层状介质模型,基于遗传算法对安徽中部地区(30.5～33.2°N,116～119.3°E)地壳一维速度结构进行反演,结果显示遗传算法能够较好的用于一维速度结构反演,同时得到该地区地壳平均厚度、地壳各层平均厚度及各层中P波平均速度,为进一步开展该地区基础研究提供一个合适的初始地壳模型。     

Mechanistic insights into sequestration of U(VI) toward magnetic biochar: Batch, XPS and EXAFS techniques

The magnetic iron oxide(Fe_3O_4) nanoparticles stabilized on the biochar were synthesized by fast pyrolysis of Fe(II)-loaded hydrophyte biomass under N_2 conditions. The batch experiments showed that magnetic biochar presented a large removal capacity(54.35 mg/g)at pH 3.0 and 293 K. The reductive co-precipitation of U(VI) to U(IV) by magnetic biochar was demonstrated according to X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis. According to extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis, the occurrence of U-Fe and U-U shells indicated that high effective removal of uranium was primarily inner-sphere coordination and then reductive co-precipitation at low pH. These observations provided the further understanding of uranium removal by magnetic materials in environmental remediation.     

Uranium speciation in coal bottom ash investigated via X-ray absorption fine structure and X-ray photoelectron spectra

Similar to chromium contamination, the environmental contamination caused by uranium in radioactive coal bottom ash (CBA) is primarily dependent on the chemical speciation of uranium. However, the relationship between uranium speciation and environmental contamination has not been adequately studied. To determine the relationship between uranium speciation and environmental contamination, X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) analyses were performed to determine the uranium speciation in CBA exposed to different chemical environments and simulated natural environments. The leachability of the different forms of uranium in the CBA was studied via a simulated acid rain leaching experiment, and the results showed that 57.0% of the total uranium was leached out as U(VI). The results of a linear combination fit (LCF) of the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectrum revealed that in the raw CBA, the uranium mainly occurred as U3O8 (71.8%). However, in the iron-rich particles, the uranium mainly occurred as UO2 (91.9%) after magnetic separation. Magnetite is a ubiquitous ferrous-bearing oxide, and it was effective for the sorption of U(IV). The result of FeSO4 leaching experiment indicated that 96.57% of total uranium was reduced from U(VI) to U(IV) when infiltrated with the FeSO4 solution for 6 months. This result clearly demonstrated the changes in chemical valence of uranium in the coal ash and provided a conceptual principle for preventing uranium migration from ash to the surrounding soil and plants.     

Distribution and mode of occurrence of uranium in bottom ash derived from high-germanium coals

The radioactivity of uranium in radioactive coal bottom ash(CBA) may be a potential danger to the ambient environment and human health. Concerning the limited research on the distribution and mode of occurrence of uranium in CBA, we herein report our investigations into this topic using a number of techniques including a five-step Tessier sequential extraction, hydrogen fluoride(HF) leaching, Siroquant(Rietveld) quantification, magnetic separation, and electron probe microanalysis(EPMA). The Tessier sequential extraction showed that the uranium in the residual and Fe–Mn oxide fractions was dominant(59.1%and 34.9%, respectively). The former was mainly incorporated into aluminosilicates,retained with glass and cristobalite, whereas the latter was especially enriched in the magnetic fraction, of which about 50% was present with magnetite(Fe_3O_4) and the rest in other iron oxides. In addition, the uranium in the magnetic fraction was 2.6 times that in the non-magnetic fraction. The experimental findings in this work may be important for establishing an effective strategy to reduce radioactivity from CBA for the protection of our local environment.     

电场强化博落回修复铀镉复合污染土壤机理

采用盆栽试验,研究了在0.3V/cm的外加直流电场作用下,博落回的生物量、富集铀（U）的性能和抗氧化酶活性,以及其根际土壤中有机酸含量、U和镉（Cd）的结合形态、植物根部U的价态、微生物群落结构的变化等.结果表明,施加直流电场后,博落回总生物量升高了15.33%~29.88%,其中电场+铀污染（DC+U）和电场+镉污染（DC+Cd）处理组的博落回对U和Cd的富集系数提高了90.84%和93.33%;土壤中草酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸和乳酸含量分别增加了18.36%~45.31%、58.62%~503.22%、15.71%~118.99%、12.34%~123.27%和25.97%~36.05%;过氧化物酶（POD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）的活性分别提高了13.63%~34.82%和9.70%~28.64%;根际土壤中植物可利用态U、Cd所占比例显著增大;博落回根部的大部分U由稳定的U（IV）变成了更容易从地下部分向地上部分转移的U（VI）;酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）等细菌菌门和子囊菌门（Ascomycota）等真菌菌门比例升高,这些微生物通过提高酶活性增强了博落回对U、Cd的耐受性和富集作用.     

电场强化博落回修复铀镉复合污染土壤机理

采用盆栽试验,研究了在0.3V/cm的外加直流电场作用下,博落回的生物量、富集铀（U）的性能和抗氧化酶活性,以及其根际土壤中有机酸含量、U和镉（Cd）的结合形态、植物根部U的价态、微生物群落结构的变化等.结果表明,施加直流电场后,博落回总生物量升高了15.33%~29.88%,其中电场+铀污染（DC+U）和电场+镉污染（DC+Cd）处理组的博落回对U和Cd的富集系数提高了90.84%和93.33%;土壤中草酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸和乳酸含量分别增加了18.36%~45.31%、58.62%~503.22%、15.71%~118.99%、12.34%~123.27%和25.97%~36.05%;过氧化物酶（POD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）的活性分别提高了13.63%~34.82%和9.70%~28.64%;根际土壤中植物可利用态U、Cd所占比例显著增大;博落回根部的大部分U由稳定的U（IV）变成了更容易从地下部分向地上部分转移的U（VI）;酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）等细菌菌门和子囊菌门（Ascomycota）等真菌菌门比例升高,这些微生物通过提高酶活性增强了博落回对U、Cd的耐受性和富集作用.     

象山港海域N、P污染特征及潜在性富营养化程度评价

根据2002年4～9月份象山港海域表层海水N、P营养盐监测基础资料,分析探讨了象山港海域在赤潮多发期N、P污染的时空变化特征,并利用潜在性富营养化评价模式,对整个象山港海域水质富营养化程度进行了评价。结果表明：在赤潮多发期,象山港海域水质N、P污染严重,表层海水DIN指标数倍于Ⅳ类海水最大允许值,明显呈现高N、低P的污染特征;由于受港湾季节性生态环境的演变和陆源径流的影响,象山港海域N、P污染存在明显的空间分异和时间变化特征。NO2-N含量也会因硝化细菌活动的加剧而增加;潜在性富营养化评价结果表明：在赤潮多发期,整个象山港海域由于P的限制,总体上处于潜在性富营养化阶段。     

基于三维水动力水质数值模型的象山港排污策略研究

本文以象山港（半封闭港湾）为研究对象,采用Delft 3D软件建立三维水动力数值模型,对其潮位、潮流、温度、盐度的时空变化进行验证分析,计算结果与实测结果基本吻合,表明该模型能够较好地模拟象山港海域的水动力特征。为进一步研究象山港内污染物的迁移转化过程,在上述水动力模型的基础上构建三维水质模型,水质模拟结果与实测数据吻合良好,可以反映水质的变化趋势。利用验证后的水质模型,针对排污口的落潮排放、排放量减少和排污口整合3种排污策略进行模拟计算,分析排污口对象山港水质变量的影响程度。模拟结果表明,象山港水质环境受排污口影响明显,3种排污策略均可以直接降低港内DIN浓度,但不同的工况表现出不同的影响特征。     

Acceleration of floc-water separation and floc reduction with magnetic nanoparticles during demulsification of complex waste cutting emulsions

Waste cutting emulsions are difficult to treat efficiently owing to their complex composition and stable emulsified structure. As an important treatment method for emulsions, chemical demulsification is faced with challenges such as low flocs–water separation rates and high sludge production. Hence, in this study, Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were used to enhance chemical demulsification performance for treating waste cutting emulsions under a magnetic field. The addition of MNPs significantly decreased the time required to attain sludge–water separation and sludge compression equilibrium, from 210 to 20 min. In addition, the volume percentage of sludge produced at the equilibrium state was reduced from 45% to 10%. This excellent flocculation–separation performance was stable over a pH range of 3–11. The magnetization of the flocculants and oil droplets to form a flocculant–MNP–oil droplet composite, and the magnetic transfer of the composite were two key processes that enhanced the separation of cutting emulsions. Specifically, the interactions among MNPs, flocculants, and oil droplets were important in the magnetization process, which was controlled by the structures and properties of the three components. Under the magnetic field, the magnetized flocculant–MNP–oil droplet composites were considerably accelerated and separated from water, and the sludge was simultaneously compressed. Thus, this study expands the applicability of magnetic separation techniques in the treatment of complex waste cutting emulsions.     

交流电场与Fusarium sp.A-2耦合对博落回修复铀污染土壤的强化作用

通过盆栽试验研究了交流电场(AC)与Fusarium sp.A-2(A-2)真菌耦合对博落回(P)的生物量、富集铀(U)性能、酶活性以及根际土壤中有机酸含量、生物可利用态铀、根际微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明, 在铀(U)污染土壤中, 与AC+P+U、A-2+P+U和P+U相比, AC+A-2+P+U组博落回的鲜重、株高、总干重分别升高了10.67%~45.76%、26.87%~92.02%和61.99%~159.98%;总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)含量分别提高了41.24%~133%和15.35%~63.63%;根际土壤中草酸显著增加了13.03%~157.09%;与A-2+P+U和P+U组相比, AC+A-2+P+U组土壤中生物可利用态铀分别提高了12.5%和28.57%.在AC+A-2+P+U组, 植物根际土壤中存在大量的镰刀型菌(Fusarium)真菌属和酸杆菌属(Acidobacteria)等细菌菌属, 且镰刀型菌属(Fusarium)占比最高, 与AC+P+U、A-2+P+U、P+U和A-2+U组相比, Fusarium分别提高了16.67%、81.03%、299.23%和374.47%.AC和A-2耦合强化博落回修复铀污染土壤的可能机理包括AC提高了铀在土壤中的流动性, 增加了植物根部与铀的接触, 促进了铀的富集; AC刺激了博落回的生理活性, 增大了博落回的生物量, 提高了抗氧化酶活性, 使博落回对铀的耐受性增强; AC刺激了A-2真菌和酸杆菌属(Acidobacteria)的生长, 使其比例增大, 从而产生大量的有机酸, 与铀形成螯合物, 降低了铀对植物的胁迫作用, 提高了生物可利用态铀的占比, 促进了博落回对铀的富集.AC与A-2真菌耦合对P修复铀污染土壤有显著的强化作用, 是一种有潜在应用前景的强化方法.