水上公园水体的水供现状及营养功能状态评价

本文论述了天津市水上公园水体的水质现状,并依据有关标准对水体的营养状态,水体的游览景 产养殖,饮水备用水源等功能进行了评价。     

干旱区灰钙土和风沙土对Zn的吸附与解吸特性

以自然土壤灰钙土和风沙土作为试验供试土壤,研究了Zn在两种土壤样品中的吸附-解吸特性.结果表明:(1)当平衡液中Zn浓度较低时,土壤对Zn的吸附量随浓度的增加而增加,但增加速度较慢;平衡液中Zn浓度继续增加时,吸附量增加速率变大(曲线斜率逐渐增大),由于灰钙土有机质、碳酸钙、p H等高于风沙土,所以灰钙土对Zn的吸附量大于风沙土;(2)在实验设定的浓度范围内,Langmuir模型、Freundlich模型对实验数据的拟合线性相关均极显著,但总体来看Freundlich型吸附等温线方程适合描述土壤对Zn吸附过程;(3)两种土壤的高碳酸钙及有机质含量导致土壤吸附的Zn不容易被解吸,所以两种土壤的解吸量都很少,且灰钙土p H(8.65)大于风沙土(8.17),则风沙土解吸量大于灰钙土,土壤吸附Zn的解吸率与土壤Zn吸附能力呈反比,Zn在风沙土中的解吸率比灰钙土大,所以Zn在沙土的迁移和扩散的风险比灰钙土大,二次函数最为适合模拟土壤中Zn的吸附量与解吸量之间的关系,且随着Zn吸附量的增大,两种土壤对重金属Zn的解吸率均呈现出先增大后减小的趋势.     

国际生物安全现状与我国的生物安全对策

生物安全已经逐渐演变为一个包括科技、社会、经济、政治等诸多内容的世界性环境与发展的基本问题。生物安全问题,特别是转基因生物的安全性问题,如不妥善解决,会大大限制生物技术的发展,因而引起了世界各国的高度重视。根据世界现代生物技术发展现状以及国际间生物安全的发展特点,结合我国国情,提出了我国的生物安全对策,包括加强法规建设,重视生物安全基础研究,开展公众生物安全教育。     

Metallothioneins and lysosomes in metal toxicity and accumulation in marine mussels: the effect of cadmium in the presence and absence of phenanthrene

It has been confirmed that metallothioneins play an important role in the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in the digestive gland cells of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.). The content of Cd in the tissue of mussels exposed for 9 d to the metal (estimated dosage of 180 g Cd mussel^-1 d^-1) was 66.2 ppm. This value is about the same as the metal content found in the digestive gland of Cd-exposed mussels kept in clean water for a recovery period of 28 d. At the end of the recovery period, however, the Cd bound to thionein had increased by approximately 250%. Our data demonstrate that the stability of lysosomes, a biological parameter adopted as a cellular stress index, is extremely low in mussels exposed to Cd for 9 d, but returns to control values in the digestive gland cells of mussels allowed to recover for 28 d in uncontaminated sea water. At this point most of the Cd present in the cytosol is bound to thionein. These data demonstrate the importance of metallothionein induction in the reduction of the cytotoxic effects exerted by high levels of Cd accumulation. The results of tests designed to clarify the reasons for the long biological half-life of Cd demonstrated that, in the digestive gland of mussels, the lysosomes are not able to eliminate Cd either bound to insoluble thionein polymers or to lipid peroxidation products such as lysosomal lipofuscin, both of which are apparently involved in the elimination of copper. The absence of these two mechanisms of metal sequestration and elimination via excretion of residual bodies (tertiary lysosomes) is in agreement with the persistence of cadmium in the digestive gland of mussels. Finally, the results also demonstrate that simultaneous exposure of mussels to Cd and phenanthrene, an established lysosomal membrane destabilizer, did not significantly alter the accumulation of Cd or the kinetics of the metal in mussels.     

高等农业院校学风建设现状及对策研究

通过问卷调查，本文探讨了高等农业院校学风建设存在的问题、阻碍学风建设良性发展的因素及加强学风建设的对策等问题．调研表明：高等农业院校学风建设存在学术氛围不浓、学习动力不足、考试风气不正、学习时间不够等一系列的问题，影响高等农业院校学风建设的因素很多，既有历史的原因、也有社会的原因，既有教育管理的原因、也有学生的原因，是多种因素的综合；加强高等农业院校学风建设的对策是转变教育观念、深化教学改革、完善教学管理机制、加强教风建设、发挥学生主体性作用以及营造高品位的校园文化等．     

Chaetognaths and ctenophores in the holoplankton of the Bristol Channel

The geographical distributions, seasonal variations in numerical abundance and biomass (mg C m^-3) of the predators of the holoplankton of the Bristol Channel, between November 1973 and February 1975, are described. The predator numbers and biomass were dominated by the chaetognath Sagitta elegans Verrill. This species represented 96% of the holoplankton carnivore biomass in the outer, seaward region of the Channel and 60% in the inner region; the remainder being ctenophores. The maximum numerical abundance of S. elegans occurred in September at 129 individuals m^-3 (18 mg C m^-3). Juveniles (<5 mm) reached maximum numbers of 55 individuals m^-3 during June, August and September, demonstrating the reproductive activity of the population. The peak numbers were probably the result of the development of two major generations over the 90 d period from mid-June to mid-September. The tentaculate ctenophores were represented by Pleurobrachia pileus (O. F. Müller). The highest abundance was 81 individuals m^-3 (3.0 mg C m^-3) at a single site in July in the South Central Channel. However, June was the only month when the ctenophores dominated the carnivore biomass in all regions of the Channel; thereafter, S. elegans was more abundant. Reproduction of the ctenophore occurred from April to September, with juveniles reaching maximum abundance in June at 12 individuals m^-3. The estimated food demand of the population in May for the outer region of the Channel was approximately 31% of the daily production of copepods. When the population reached its peak abundance in June, the estimated food requirement outstripped the daily production of copepods and a decline in both the prey and predator standing stocks was observed. Similar estimations were derived for the inner region of the Channel. S. elegans increased from a standing stock of 0.038 mg C m^-3 in March to 6.35 mg C m^-3 in September. Estimates of the copepod production compared with the derived demand of the chaetognath population showed that the decline in the copepods in the late summer was the result of feeding by this predator. The holoplankton carnivore population was approximately 66% of the copepod standing stock for the 10 mo period November 1973 to September 1974 in the outer region of the Channel and 45% of that in the inner region. The carnivores formed the greater part of the total holoplankton biomass from September through the winter months to February, suggesting a predator-dominated community.     

铬对生活污水中氮磷的植物净化效果及体内氮磷含量的影响

采用水培法,设置4个Cr6＋质量浓度（0,1,10,20mg·L-1）处理风车草（Cyperus alternifolius）和薏米（Coix aquatica Roxb）,以此研究铬对生活污水中氮磷净化效果及植物体内氮磷质量分数的影响。结果表明：（1）试验期内,铬质量浓度为1mg·L-1时促进风车草和薏米对总氮的去除,铬质量浓度为20mg·L-1时则抑制;总氮去除率因处理时间不同而不同,表现在处理17d时0mg·L-1、1mg·L-1铬处理显著高于处理7d,但20mg·L-1处理则相反;除Cr20处理外,薏米对总氮的去除率显著高于风车草。（2）风车草和薏米对生活污水中总磷的去除率随铬处理时间延长而降低,表现在处理17d时10mg·L-1、20mg·L-1铬处理显著低于处理7d;在20mg·L-1铬处理下皆显著低于对照;风车草对总磷的去除率在10mg·L-1、20mg·L-1铬处理下显著高于薏米。（3）不同质量浓度Cr6＋处理下风车草和薏米体内氮、磷质量分数的变化不同,其中20mg·L-1铬处理下风车草茎和薏米根、茎及叶片皆显著低于对照。     

Dioxin levels in the breast milk and estradiol and androgen levels in the saliva of Vietnamese primiparae

Human exposure to polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF), especially 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), was investigated in Vietnam since initial severe adverse health effects were reported in the late 1970s. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dioxin exposure on steroid hormones of primiparae in an Agent Orange/dioxin hot-spot and a non-exposed area in Vietnam. Sixteen primiparae (8 at each site), all of whom were aged between 20 and 30 years with infants aged between 4 and 16 weeks, agreed to participate in this study. The mean dioxin levels in breast milk of primiparae from the hot-spot area, in terms of PCDD, PCDF, and PCDD?+?PCDF toxic equivalents (TEQ), were significantly higher than those for the non-exposed area. PCDD TEQ, PCDF TEQ, and PCDD?+?PCDF TEQ levels showed a significant correlation with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (A-dione), and estradiol (E2) in the saliva of primiparae in a combination of hot-spot and non-exposed areas in Vietnam. The dose–response curve between salivary E2 or A-dione levels and dioxin levels was U-shaped in humans. This study provides an overview of studies regarding dioxin hot-spots and effects on human health and steroid hormone levels in particular, with a focus on the toxicity attributed to dioxins and furans. Furthermore, causal evidence regarding the effects of dioxins on endocrine disruption in humans is provided.     

Distribution of glycosylglycerols and oligosaccharides in the marine environment and their ecological significance in the deep sea

Determination of low molecular weight carbohydrates in marine environments indicated that 1-O--D-galactosylglycerol, 6-O--D-galactosyl-1-O--D-galacto-sylglycerol, sucrose, laminaribiose and laminaritriose are widely distributed in seawaters, suspended and sinking particles, and sediments in coastal as well as in deep-sea waters [e.g. Mikawa Bay and Sagami Bay, Kumano Nada (offshore Japan), and northwest North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea and Antarctic Ocean: collections during 1978–1984]. Identification of these glycosylglycerols and oligosaccharides in algal cells such as a flagellate (Olisthodisus luteus), blue-green algae (e.g.Trichodesmium sp.) and a diatom (Reptocylindrus denicus) strongly suggests that these sugars are photosynthetically produced by algae in the euphotic zone and are then rapidly transported to the deep sea as sinking particles which can be collected by sediment-trap experiments. The rapid decay rate of low molecular weight carbohydrates by microorganisms suggests that the transported sugars provide energy substrates for microorganisms living in the deep sea.Please address all requests for reprints to Dr. Handa at Nagoya University     

环境中丙烯酰胺检测方法和健康危害的研究进展

丙烯酰胺广泛应用于工业生产,是一种潜在的环境污染物。本文从丙烯酰胺的检测方法和健康危害2个方面总结了目前的研究进展。检测方法上,以高效液相色谱-质谱串联法(HPLC-MS/MS)最为常用,一些新技术也逐渐应用到分析中。健康危害方面,丙烯酰胺可引起实验生物的神经、生殖、遗传和发育等毒性和潜在致癌性。其毒性机理为:直接损坏神经元;使活性氧(ROS)积累导致氧化损伤;诱发基因位点突变,或与DNA形成加合物而致其损伤等。鉴于目前研究存在的问题,对以后的工作进行了展望:加强监管与治理工作,保护生态环境和人类健康;深入开展丙烯酰胺对生物体的毒性效应研究;加强我国环境中丙烯酰胺的跟踪监测工作;建立一种快捷的生物测试系统来评估水体(尤其是海洋环境)中丙烯酰胺的毒性风险。     

Oxygen in the marine hygropsammal and the vertical microdistribution of oligochaetes

Previous investigations have shown that the inhomogenous microdistribution of oligochaetes in moist supralittoral sandy shores, the main biotope of marine oligochaetes, often corresponds to the oxygen conditions of the sediment. In vertical sample series from German and Scottish coasts, due to lack of water, oxygen was recorded as oxygen-diffusion rate (ODR) and redox potential (RP) by insertion of thin electrodes into the different sediment layers. Although these field methods yielded results of limited accuracy (mainly due to the interference of various environmental factors), the relevance of electrometrical measurements for analyses of the distributional ecology of oligochaetes has been proved: based on different principles, the combination of ODR- and RP-measurements yields reliable information on the oxygen conditions in hygropsammal sediments. In many cases, the oligochaete distribution, especially the marked vertical decrease in population density, follows the ODR- and RP-curves. However, in well oxygenated sediments, often the influence of other ecofactors (e.g. food supply) on the distributional pattern is also evident.This investigation was supported by the Sonderforschungsbereich 94 (Meeresforschung) at the University of Hamburg.     

Multiple mating and the evolution of social behavior in the hymenoptera

Summary The data on the frequency of mating by queens of eusocial Hymenoptera are reviewed.It is pointed out that the issue of sperm clumping is probably irrelevant to the evolution of eusociality.The hypothesis is presented that multiple mating is an adaptation for maintaining large colonies. In ants there is a significant relation between the size of the colony and the frequency of mating.The effect of multiple mating on the spread of a gene for worker behavior is explored. If a female mates twice, the effective number of matings is less than two except in the case of identical sperm contribution by the males.Sperm bias is defined as the contribution of unequal amounts of sperm by the males that mate with a queen. Sperm bias can be produced as a sampling phenomenon, by inter-male competition for females and by sperm competition.The relation between the ergonomic efficiency of the workers at the production of reproductives and the number of matings that is consistent with the evolution of eusociality is derived. If workers are only about 10% more efficient at producing reproductives within a eusocial colony than they are solitarily, then two matings by the queen will still produce a selective advantage to eusocial behavior.     

Microarchitecture and function of the lophophore in the bryozoan Cryptosula pallasiana

The architecture and function of the lophophore of the marine bryozoan Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll) are described, including some new features not previously discovered in bryozoans. The nature of fluid movements within the lophophoral coelom during feeding activities is postulated on the basis of the arrangements of epithelia and muscles. Epithelial cells at the tentacle bases are blastemic in nature, and there is a ciliated pit of unknown function in the angle between every pair of tentacles. There are 6 nerves in each tentacle, including a pair of single-axon subperitoneal nerves. Neurosecretory-like vesicles and glycogen occur in some neurons of the ganglion. The basal lamina collagen has a diameter smaller than that previously recorded for an invertebrate. Filament dimensions are given for several different muscles. Tentacle muscles and lophophore retractor muscles are smooth. Thick paramyosin-like filaments up to 75 nm diameter occur in two muscle types. A new set of muscles is described: the basal transverse muscles of the tentacles.     

我国畜禽养殖业存在的环境污染问题及治理对策

畜禽养殖业环境污染问题越来越引起了人们的关注．本文概述了我国畜禽养殖业中存在的环境污染问题并从保护生态环境角度出发，提出了利用现代微生物工程应用技术和常规的处理方法相结合的治理措施。     

Arsenic and fluoride in the groundwater of Mexico

Concentrations of arsenic and fluoride above Mexican drinking water standards have been detected in aquifers of various areas of Mexico. This contamination has been found to be mainly caused by natural sources. However, the specific processes releasing these toxic elements into groundwater have been determined in a few zones only. Many studies, focused on arsenic-related health effects, have been performed at Comarca Lagunera in northern México. High concentrations of fluoride in water were also found in this area. The origin of the arsenic there is still controversial. Groundwater in active mining areas has been polluted by both natural and anthropogenic sources. Arsenic-rich minerals contaminate the fractured limestone aquifer at Zimapán, Central México. Tailings and deposits smelter-rich fumes polluted the shallow granular aquifer. Arsenic contamination has also been reported in the San Antonio-El Triunfo mining zone, southern Baja California, and Santa María de la Paz, in San Luis Potosí state. Even in the absence of mining activities, hydrogeochemistry and statistical techniques showed that arsenopyrite oxidation may also contaminate water, as in the case of the Independencia aquifer in the Mexican Altiplano. High concentrations of arsenic have also been detected in geothermal areas like Los Azufres, Los Humeros, and Acoculco. Prevalence of dental fluorosis was revealed by epidemiological studies in Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosí states. Presence of fluoride in water results from dissolution of acid-volcanic rocks. In Mexico, groundwater supplies most drinking water. Current knowledge and the geology of Mexico indicate the need to include arsenic and fluoride determinations in groundwater on a routine basis, and to develop interdisciplinary studies to assess the contaminant's sources in all enriched areas.     

美国恶臭污染管理及测试方法

介绍了美国目前的恶臭法规和政策问题。在最近几年中,恶臭标准化问题已经取得了令人瞩目的进展。在美国,大气和废物管理协会(A＆WMA)的EE-6恶臭委员会向美国试验与材料协会(ASTM)转交了关于美国试验与材料协会(ASTM)E-679-91方法的建议性替代方案。另外,该方案推荐对嗅觉计使用最小的流量速率3L/min。然而美国大量的恶臭实验室采用了接近20L/min流量速率的欧洲标准。作者提出疑问:美国标准中调整后的嗅觉测量法中采用较低的流量速率和测定值是否与欧洲标准中采用的较高的流量速率和较高的恶臭测定值存在矛盾呢?     

Ecology and distribution of the benthic fauna in the shallow waters of the Red Sea

Approximately 500 animal species and plants are listed as being the most typical for the infratidal and shallow subtidal benthic fauna of the Red Sea. Most of them are divided into communities typical for various soft and hard substrata, and at different water depths. The oceanographic conditions and the development of several of the communities are discussed in general terms.Supported partly by grants 62558-4556 and F 671052 67C 0043 of the US Office of Naval Research and Grant SFC-7-0074 of the Smithsonian Institution.