Size Distribution of Aerosols (PM10) and Lead (Pb) near Traffic Intersections in Mumbai (India)

The size distribution of aerosols was measured near traffic intersections of Marol link road in air quality control region (AQCR1), which is a moderately industrial area and Dadar Khodad circle in AQCR2, which is a heavily commercial core of the Mumbai City. The reason behind selecting the two unidentical regions was to study the contribution from vehicles to the size separated PM10 and that of Pb. It is recognised that particulates in urban air are responsible for serious health effects. As very small particles are assumed to be important for the adverse health effects, the particle size distribution is thus an important factor that needs to be addressed whenever the particulates pollution is concerned. The size measurements were done with a cascade impactor of eight stages with a back-up filter. It effectively separates the particulate matter into nine-sizes ranging from 0.0-0.4 to 9.0-10.0 microm. Samples were analysed in nine-particle size fractions with special reference to a toxic metal - lead (Pb) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). It was found that PM10 and Pb at both the intersections could easily be classified by the size distribution. The fractions of the PM10 and that of Pb showing a tendency of trimodal distributions with the first peak at coarse mode approximately 9.0-10.0 microm, second at approximately 5.8 microm and the third at coarse mode approximately1.1 microm. The significant percentage of Pb was found in the range below 2.5 microm at both the intersections. However, Pb in AQCR1 is found in the coarser range as well, which could probably be the influence of various industrial activities in the area. PM10 concentration values in the coarser range in AQCR2 are associated with the resuspension of dust particles and mechanical erosions.     

Essential (Cu) and nonessential (Cd and Pb) metals in ichthyofauna from the coasts of Sinaloa state (SE Gulf of California)

With the aim of giving an overview on concentration and distribution of Cd, Cu, and Pb in fish from the coasts of Sinaloa state (SE Gulf of California), specimens with different feeding habits were collected in five locations. Sampling occurred between June 2003 and March 2004. Metal analyses on fish tissues were made by graphite furnace (Cd, Pb) and flame (Cu) atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Metal concentrations in tissues of carnivorous fish were grouped together and compared with corresponding concentrations in non-carnivorous fish; Cu and Pb levels were significantly (p?<?0.05) higher in liver of non-carnivorous species. Though no samples exceeded the maximum level set in international legislation for fish, from the perspective of the public health and considering the legal limits of fishery products for human consumption, Cu concentrations were exceeded (in tissues different from muscle) in four carnivorous and five non-carnivorous species according to the Australian legislation. In the case of Cd, two carnivorous species (Pomadasys leuciscus and Caulolatilus princeps) and one non-carnivorous species (Mugil cephalus), showed concentrations over the maximum level of 2 μg g^???1 dry weight considered in the Mexican legislation. Considering average amounts of fish consumption in Mexico, daily mineral intake (DMI) values for Cu and percentage weekly intake (PWI) of Cd and Pb were estimated; none of the analyzed metals in edible portion of analyzed fish could be detrimental to humans.     

Occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Lake Maggiore (Italy and Switzerland)

Samples of air (gas and particulate phases), bulk deposition, aquatic settling material and sediments were collected in Lake Maggiore (LM) in order to determine their content of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Air (gas and particulate phases) concentrations were 0.5 pg m(-3), 80 pg m(-3), 13 pg m(-3) and 106 pg m(-3) for SigmaPCDD/Fs, SigmaPCBs, Sigma dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) and SigmaPBDEs, respectively. Deposition fluxes ranged from 0.7 ng m(-2) d(-1) for SigmaPCDD/Fs to 32 ng m(-2) d(-1) for SigmaPCBs. Aquatic settling material presented concentrations of 0.4 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) for SigmaPCDD/Fs, 13 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaPCB, 3.4 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaDL-PCBs and 5.7 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaPBDEs. Mean sediment concentrations were 0.4 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaPCDD/Fs, 11 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaPCB, 3 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaDL-PCBs and 5.1 ng g(-1) dw for SigmaPBDEs. Similar PCDD/F and DL-PCB congener patterns in all the environmental compartments of LM point to an important, if not dominant, contribution of atmospheric deposition as source of these pollutants into LM. In contrast, PBDE congener distribution was not similar in the different environmental compartments. BDE 47 dominated air and settling material, while BDE 209 was the predominant congener in the bulk atmospheric deposition. Moreover, sediments showed two distinct PBDE congener profiles. Lower PBDE concentrated sediments were dominated by congeners 47 and 99, while BDE 209 dominated in higher PBDE concentrated samples. This suggests the influence of local sources as well as atmospheric input of PBDEs into LM.     

Biomonitoring of heavy metals (Cd,Hg, and Pb) and metalloid (As) with the Portuguese common buzzard (Buteo buteo)

The accumulation of heavy metals in the environment may have a wide range of health effects on animals and humans. Thus, in this study, the concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) in the blood and tissues (liver and kidney) of Portuguese common buzzards (Buteo buteo) were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) in order to monitor environmental pollution to these elements. In general, Hg and As were the elements which appeared in the highest and lowest concentrations, respectively. A highest percentage of non-detected concentration was found for blood Cd (94.6 %) but, in turn, it was the only metal that was detected in all kidney samples. The kidney was the analyzed sample which showed the highest concentrations of each element evaluated. Statistically, significant differences among blood, liver, and kidney samples were observed for As and Cd (P?相似文献   

Speciation of As(III) and As(V) in water and sediment using reverse-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography-neutron activation analysis (HPLC-NAA)

Total As content and the As species distribution in water and sediments from the Kwabrafo stream, a major water body draining the Obuasi gold mining community in southwestern Ghana, have been investigated. Total As content was determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Ion-pair reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography-neutron activation analysis (HPLC-NAA) was used for speciation of As species. Solid phase extraction with phosphate buffer was used to extract soluble As species from lyophilized sediment. The mass balance after phosphate extraction of soluble As species in sediment varied from 89 to 96 %. Compositionally appropriate reference material International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)-Lake Sediment (SL)-1 was used to check the validity of INAA method for total As determination. The measured values are in good agreement with the IAEA recommended value and also within the 95 % confidence interval. The accuracy of the measurement in terms of relative deviation from the IAEA recommended value was ±0.83 %. “In-house” prepared As(III) and As(V) standards were used to validate the HPLC-INAA method used for the As species determination. Total As concentration in the water samples ranged from 1.15 to 9.20 mg/L. As(III) species in water varied from 0.13 to 0.7 mg/L, while As(V) species varied from 0.79 to 3.85 mg/L. Total As content in sediment ranged from 2,134 to 3,596 mg/kg dry mass. The levels of As(III) and As(V) species in the sediment ranges from 138 to 506 mg/kg dry mass and 156 to 385 mg/kg dry mass, respectively.     

Occurrence of haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water of Taiwan

In this study, water samples were collected from 86 water treatment plants for analysis of haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) from February to March, 2007 and from July to August, 2007. Both seasonal and geographical variations of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water of Taiwan were presented. The results showed that the five HAA concentrations (HAA5) were 1.0–38.9 μg/L in the winter and 0.2–46.7 μg/L in the summer; and the total THMs were ND-99.4 μg/L in the winter and ND-133.2 μg/L in the summer. For samples taken from the main Taiwan island, dichloroacetic acid (29.4–31.7%) and trichloroacetic acid (25.3–27.6%) were the two major HAA species, and trichloromethane was the major THM species (49.9–62.2%) in finished water. For water treatment plants located on the offshore islands outside of Taiwan, high bromide concentration was found in raw water, and higher percentage of brominated THMs and HAAs were formed in the overall formation. A statistically significant (P?<?0.005) logarithmic linear regression model was found to be useful to describe the correlations between TTHM and HAA5 or nine HAAs (HAA5?=?1.219 ×TTHM ^0.754, R ²?=?0.658; HAA9?=?1.824 ×TTHM ^0.735, R ²?=?0.678). No apparent difference was observed for DBPs concentrations between finished water and distribution samples in this study.     

典型新兴环境污染物的研究进展

概述了内分泌干扰物(EDCs)、药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)等典型新兴环境污染物的主要类型、环境浓度、分析方法、来源与归趋以及国内外研究进展。内分泌干扰物、药物及个人护理品在世界各地的污水处理厂出水中检出,表明了污水处理技术的不完善性,亟需研究并应用更全面的污水处理技术,以从源头上阻断新兴环境污染物对环境的污染。     

Residual fate and persistence of endosulfan (50 WDG) in Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum)

A detailed study has been presented on heavy metal content of the Iture Estuary. Waters of the Sorowie and Kakum rivers that supply water into the Estuary were investigated to ascertain heavy metal pollution levels due to anthropogenic activities. Concentration s of Cd, Zn, Se and Pb were measured. The study shows pre-occupying pollution levels that constitute a threat to both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The abundance of metals in the Estuary is in the order Zn > Pb > Cd > Se. The level of Cd in the Iture Estuary ranged between 0.011 mg/l and 0.041 mg/l while Se was in the range 0.018 mg/l to 0.029 mg/l, Pb 0.020 mg/l to 0.075 mg/l and Zn 0.040 to 2.45 mg/l. The impact of contaminated water from the Sorowie River on the Iture Estuary was outstanding and the study points out the importance of the Sorowie River as a primary pollution source to the Iture Estuary. The pollution of the Iture Estuary was found to be connected to human activities in its catchments.     

Effect of temperature on single and competitive adsorptions of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto natural clays

This study conducted a combined adsorption-sequential extractionanalysis (CASA), by which five phases (i.e., exchangeable, carbonate, Mn-Oxide, organic, and Fe-Oxide phases) of adsorbed heavy metals were analyzed, to investigate temperature effects on single and competitive adsorptions of Zn(II) and Cu(II) ontonatural clays. In the case of single adsorption of Zn, the exchangeable phase adsorption decreased from 65 to 40%, but thecarbonate phase adsorption increased from 30 to 40%, with an increase in temperature from 15 to 55 °C. However, in itscompetitive adsorption with Cu, Zn was mostly present in the exchangeable phase (over 90%), and with an increase in temperature, the exchangeable phase adsorption decreased only 10%. In the case of Cu, over 50% among the total amount of adsorption was present in the carbonate phase in both cases ofsingle and competitive adsorptions. The carbonate phaseadsorption of Cu increased from 56 to 61% and from 60 to 66% in single and competitive adsorptions, respectively, with atemperature increase. These results show that in the case of Zn,the major mechanism of retention in natural clay soils might beexchangeable phase adsorption, especially in the case of competitive adsorption with Cu. However, in the case of Cu, the major mechanism might be carbonate phase adsorption, which is known to be a more immobile phase than exchangeable phase adsorption. It seems that the adsorption of Zn and Cu onto natural clays is an endothermic reaction, which represents thatthe adsorption equilibrium constants and capacities increase with a temperature increase, with the exception of exchangeablephase adsorption.     

Biosorption of Pb(II) and Cr(III) from aqueous solutions: breakthrough curves and modeling studies

The sorption capacity parameters obtained for batch studies provide useful information about biosorption system. However, such data fail to explain the process under continuous-flow conditions. The present study is an attempt to explore the biosorption of Pb(II) and Cr(III) by straw from local wheat (Triticum aestivum). The biosorbent has been characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and surface area and elemental analyses and found to be porous and polyfunctional. S-shaped breakthrough curves were obtained at different column heights for the both metal ions. Various breakthrough parameters and saturation times have been determined. The column data have been successfully used to study the Bohart–Adams' bed depth service time (BDST) model and Yoon and Nelson's model. It was found that BDST model quite efficiently explained the whole column data whereas Yoon and Nelson model could explain it below 90 % breakthrough concentration. The predicted and calculated BDST parameters were in agreement with each other. Yoon and Nelson's constant decreased with an increase in the column height for both metal ions. Effect of change in flow rate on the Pb(II) biosorption has also been discussed with respect to BDST approach.     

Radiostrontium-90 (90Sr) Ultra-Traces Measurements by Coupling Ionic Chromatography (HPIC) and on Line Liquid Scintillation Counting (OLLSC)

The important role of the beta emitter Strontium-90 in our environmental has been studied since the nuclear age. This long half-life isotope (28.1 years) is produced in a relatively high yield (5.8 % from Uranium-235) during the fission of heavy elements. It has been reported to be the major artificial source of internal irradiation of the human body. Its valence shell electron configuration is the same as Calcium and so this isotope is easily fixed in the bones. The classical analysis of this particular isotope requires several weeks since it produces Yttrium-90 which is also a beta emitter. We developed a new trace analysis method by coupling High Performance Ionic Chromatography (HPIC), to separate Strontium-90 from natural or power plant reactor water, and on-line liquid scintillation counting detector, measuring the beta emission of low concentration Strontium-90 before Yttrium-90 is formed in a significant amount. We report here some analysis parameters : HPIC setup, scintillation cocktail, window, counting efficiency, linearity, pre-concentration and detection limits. We were able to determine very low concentrations of Strontium-90. The minimum concentration detected without a pre-concentration system was 0.5 ppt from a 200 µL sample (6.3×10-12 mole/L). The analysis only requires a few hours.     

Metal Accumulation by Riverine and Lacustrine Populations of Angulyagra Oxytropis (Benson) (Gastropoda : Viviparidae)

Cadmium, chromium, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc concentrations were determined in sediment and body tissues, viz. digestive gland, mantle and shell, of the freshwater snail, Angulyagra oxytropis (Benson) (Gastropoda : Viviparidae), from River Barak and one of its floodplain lakes in Cachar district, Assam State, Northeastern India. The concentrations of all the metals except iron are significantly higher in the lake sediment. When compared to their riverine counterparts, the lacustrine snails contain higher concentrations of cadmium, chromium and iron in their mantle; nickel and zinc in digestive gland; manganese in both digestive gland and mantle; and lead in all the three tissues examined. The accumulation patterns of most of the metals varied considerably between the two sites. The implications of these findings in storage, sequestration and detoxification of metals by this animal are discussed. The study also indicates that A. oxytropis may be a potential biological indicator of metal contamination in freshwater ecosystems.     

Lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) bioaccessibility in various soils from south China

Serious problems are faced in several parts of the world due to the presence of high concentration of fluoride in drinking water which causes dental and skeletal fluorosis to humans. Nalgonda district in Andhra Pradesh, India is one such region where high concentration of fluoride is present in groundwater. Since there are no major studies in the recent past, the present study was carried out to understand the present status of groundwater quality in Nalgonda and also to assess the possible causes for high concentration of fluoride in groundwater. Samples from 45 wells were collected once every 2 months and analyzed for fluoride concentration using an ion chromatograph. The fluoride concentration in groundwater of this region ranged from 0.1 to 8.8 mg/l with a mean of 1.3 mg/l. About 52% of the samples collected were suitable for human consumption. However, 18% of the samples were having less than the required limit of 0.6 mg/l, and 30% of the samples possessed high concentration of fluoride, i.e., above 1.5 mg/l. Weathering of rocks and evaporation of groundwater are responsible for high fluoride concentration in groundwater of this area apart from anthropogenic activities including irrigation which accelerates weathering of rocks.     

Effects of Cadmium (CdCl2) on development and hatching of eggs in European squid (Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798) (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae)

This is the first study related to the effects of cadmium (Cd) on the development and hatching of eggs of Loligo vulgaris. The eggs were exposed to concentrations varying from 10 to 100,000 μg Cd/l for up to 1 month. During the study period natural sea water salinity (37 PSU), ambient temperature (ranging 16.5–21.5°C) and light conditions of 12-h light: 12-h dark for 744-h were used prior to the hatching. For 96-h, mortality rate of 100% of the eggs was found at cadmium concentration of 100,000 μg Cd/l, and the same mortality rate of the eggs were found at 1,000 and 10,000 μg Cd/l for 744-h and 696-h, respectively. Hatching took place between hours 456 and 576 in the control group and between hours 480 and 576 in 10 and 100 μg Cd/l groups. Total hatching rates were calculated to be 98.2 ± 1.6% for control group, 99.4 ± 0.6% for 10 μg Cd/l group and 98.6 ± 1.2% for 100 μg Cd/l group. Hatching successes were estimated as 69.5 ± 13.8% for control group, 84.5 ± 8.2% for 10 μg Cd/l group and 76.9 ± 5.9% for 100 μg Cd/l group. In the 100,000 μg Cd/l treatment, the egg degeneration began from animal pole of the eggs in 16 h, and 50% and 100% of them died in the initial stage at 72-h and 96-h, respectively. In the 10,000 μg Cd/l group, the eggs which reached at stage 19 (IX) were deformed and 50% and 100% of them died at 312-h and 696-h, respectively. In 1,000 μg Cd/l group, however, the eggs developed abnormally from stage 21 (X–XI) and reached at stage 29 (XIX), and 50% and 100% of them died in 624-h and in 744-h, respectively. There were significant differences in survival rates of the eggs among the concentrations (p < 0.05). The current study demonstrated that Cd adversely affects the development, survival and hatching of L. vulgaris eggs; however, no mortality was observed in 10 μg Cd/l and 100 μg Cd/l groups.     

Fingerprinting of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) and other biogenic organic compounds (BOC) in oil-contaminated and background soil samples

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) or petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) are one of the most widespread soil contaminants in Canada, the United States and many other countries worldwide. Clean-up of PHC-contaminated soils costs the Canadian economy hundreds of millions of dollars annually. In Canada, most PHC-contaminated site evaluations are based on the methods developed by the Canadian Council of the Ministers of the Environment (CCME). However, the CCME method does not differentiate PHC from BOC (the naturally occurring biogenic organic compounds), which are co-extracted with petroleum hydrocarbons in soil samples. Consequently, this could lead to overestimation of PHC levels in soil samples. In some cases, biogenic interferences can even exceed regulatory levels (300 μg g(-1) for coarse soils and 1300 μg g(-1) for fine soils for Fraction 3, C(16)-C(34) range, in the CCME Soil Quality Level). Resulting false exceedances can trigger unnecessary and costly cleanup or remediation measures. Therefore, it is critically important to develop new protocols to characterize and quantitatively differentiate PHC and BOC in contaminated soils. The ultimate objective of this PERD (Program of Energy Research and Development) project is to correct the misconception that all detectable hydrocarbons should be regulated as toxic petroleum hydrocarbons. During 2009-2010, soil and plant samples were collected from over forty oil-contaminated and paired background sites in various provinces. The silica gel column cleanup procedure was applied to effectively remove all target BOC from the oil-contaminated sample extracts. Furthermore, a reliable GC-MS method in combination with the derivatization technique, developed in this laboratory, was used for identification and characterization of various biogenic sterols and other major biogenic compounds in these oil-contaminated samples. Both PHC and BOC in these samples were quantitatively determined. This paper reports the characterization results of this set of 21 samples. In general, the presence of petroleum-characteristic alkylated PAH homologues and biomarkers can be used as unambiguous indicators of the contamination of oil and petroleum product hydrocarbons; while the absence of petroleum-characteristic alkylated PAH homologues and biomarkers and the presence of abundant BOC can be used as unambiguous indicators of the predominance of natural organic compounds in soil samples.     

Adsorption of antimony(V) by floodplain soils, amorphous iron(III) hydroxide and humic acid

Antimony (Sb) emissions to the environment are increasing, and there is a dearth of knowledge regarding Sb fate and behaviour in natural systems. In particular, there is a lack of understanding of sorption of the oxidised Sb(V) species onto soils and soil phases. In this study sorption of Sb(V) by two organic rich soils with high levels of oxalate extractable Fe was examined over the pH range of 2.5-7. Furthermore, the sorption behaviour of Sb(V) was examined in two phases mimicking those dominant in the experimental soils, namely a solid humic acid and an amorphous Fe(OH)3, across the same pH range. Sorption of Sb by the soils and the humic acid fitted a Freundlich type isotherm, with the equation parameters reflecting changes in bonding affinity corresponding to pH changes. The soils sorbed >75% of the added Sb in all trials, and 80-100% at pH values less than approximately 6.5. The Fe(OH)3 retained >95% of the added Sb in all experiments. The humic acid sorbed up to 60% of the added Sb at acidic pH values, but sorption decreased to zero at higher pH values. Further adsorption studies are recommended, such as examining the effects of ion competition and changes in ionic strength.     

Monitoring and modeling of disinfection by-products (DBPs)

In the United States, the newly promulgateddisinfectant/disinfection by-product (D/DBP) regulationsforce water treatment utilities to be more concerned withfinished and distributed water qualities. In this study,monitoring of DBP formation was conducted from three Frenchwater treatment plants trying to assess DBP variationsthrough time and space. Compared to the in-plant totaltrihalomethanes (TTHM) levels, TTHM levels in thedistribution system increased from less than 150% to morethan 300%. Significant variations for TTHM and bromate(BrO₃ ^-) levels throughout the seasons were alsoobserved; generally higher levels in the summer and lowerlevels in the winter. Combining chemical DBP models(empirical power functional models) and hydraulicsimulations, DBPs including TTHM and BrO₃ ^- weresuccessfully simulated from the full-scale monitoring data,indicating that empirical DBP model can be a potential toolto access DBP formation in actual plants. This study alsoprovides the protocols to assess DBP simulations in thewater treatment systems.     

Speciative determination of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) in dyeing waste water of Dil Creek discharge to Izmit Gulf (Izmit-Kocaeli, Turkey) by ICP-AES

Wastewater pollution in industrial areas is one of the most important environmental problems. Heavy metal pollution, especially chromium pollution in wastewater sources from dyeing and tannery has affected the life on earth. This pollution can affect all ecosystems and human health directly or by food chain. Therefore, the determination of chromium in this study is of great importance. Dil Creek is located in the eastern Marmara region and discharges into the Izmit Gulf. This water source is used for irrigation in agriculture and as drinking water for animals. In this study, a rapid, sensitive and selective method for the speciative direct determination of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) in dyeing waste water samples collected from the nearest station to Izmit Gulf of Dil Creek in May 2006 by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) has been developed. An analysis of a given sample is completed in about 15 min for ICP-AES the method. As the result of the chromium analysis, the limit of quantification (LOQ) for the Cr (III), Cr (VI) and total Cr were founded as 0.0111 ± 0.0002 mg/l (RSD, 1.80%), 0.0592 ± 0.0010 mg/l (RSD, 1.70%) and 0.0703 ± 0.0020 mg/l (RSD, 2.84%) respectively. In addition, the general mathematical formula has been developed to calculate the concentration of Cr(III), which can be applied to any other metal species. The result of Cr (VI) analysis indicated that water quality of Creek was IV. class quality according to the inland water classification. In order to validate the applied method, recovery studies were performed.     

Solid phase extraction of Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Mn(II) ions with 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol loaded Amberlite XAD-1180

A new method for separation and preconcentration of trace amounts of Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Mn(II) ions in various matrices was proposed. The method is based on the adsorption and chelation of the metal ions on a column containing Amberlite XAD-1180 resin impregnated with 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) reagent prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The effect of pH, type, concentration and volume of eluent, sample volume, flow rates of sample and elution solutions, and interfering ions have been investigated. The optimum pH for simultaneous retention of all the metal ions was 9. Eluent for quantitative elution was 20 ml of 2 mol l(-1) HNO(3). The optimum sample and eluent flow rates were found as 4 ml min(-1), and also sample volume was 500 ml, except for Mn (87% recovery). The sorption capacity of the resin was found to be 0.77, 0.41, 0.57, and 0.30 mg g(-1) for Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), and Mn(II), respectively. The preconcentration factor of the method was 200 for Cu(II), 150 for Pb(II), 100 for Cd(II) and Ni(II), and 50 for Mn(II). The recovery values for all of the metal ions were > or = 95% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) were < or = 5.1%. The detection limit values were in the range of 0.03 and 1.19 microg l(-1). The accuracy of the method was confirmed by analysing the certified reference materials (TMDA 54.4 fortified lake water and GBW 07605 tea samples) and the recovery studies. This procedure was applied to the determination of Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Mn(II) in waste water and lake water samples.     

Biosorption properties of Cd(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extracted from Aspergillus fumigatus and determined by polarographic method

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were extracted from Aspergillus fumigatus using cationic exchange resin technique. The EPS were mainly composed of polysaccharide and low quantities of protein and nucleic acid. Biosorption of Cd(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) of EPS was investigated as a function of pH using differential pulse polarography and the Ruzic model. Results showed that the EPS biosorption capacity determined using either the direct titration curves i?=?f(C _M) or the method proposed by Ruzic (Analytica Chimica Acta 140:99–113, 1982) were coincident. Cu(II) had the highest affinity with EPS followed by Pb(II) and Cd(II). The total number of binding sites for Cu(II) and Cd(II) increased with pH in the range of 4.0–7.0. Similar trend was observed for Pb(II) at pH?4.0–5.0, while precipitates were observed at pH?6.0 and 7.0. The conditional binding constants of these three metals displayed low levels of fluctuation with pH and ranged from 4.02?±?0.02 to 5.54?±?0.05.