Cu/ZnO-RGO的抗菌性能及应用

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备铜锌复合氧化物（Cu/ZnO）,并将Cu/ZnO纳米粒子负载到还原氧化石墨烯（RGO）表面制备Cu/ZnO-RGO复合材料.对Cu/ZnO-RGO复合材料进行表征分析及抗菌性能考察,结果表明,Cu/ZnO纳米粒子成功负载在RGO表面,负载前后Cu/ZnO纳米粒子形态不发生改变,复合材料纯度较高.Cu/ZnO-RGO复合材料对大肠杆菌与金黄色葡萄球菌均有着优异的抗菌性能,可以破坏细菌细胞膜,导致细菌内容物流出,延长细菌进入对数生长期所需的时间.当RGO质量分数为15%?Cu/ZnO-RGO复合材料使用量为120μg/mL时,在循环冷却水系统中作用2h即可拥有96.76%的抗菌率.     

生物炭负载纳米零价铁制备及修复六价铬污染土壤技术研究进展

近年来,纳米零价铁颗粒（nZVI）应用于Cr（Ⅵ）污染修复治理技术研究备受关注。生物炭负载型纳米零价铁（nZVI@BC）作为纳米零价铁改性技术之一,具有低成本、易制备和修复效果优越等优点,但此技术应用于Cr（Ⅵ）污染土壤修复方面研究尚不多。生物炭（BC）主要通过植物秸秆热解生成,生物炭负载纳米零价铁（nZVI@BC）则通过生物炭与纳米零价铁在热解-液相还原法或一步热解法合成。制备的nZVI@BC能够有效解决纳米零价铁团聚和钝化等缺点,显著提高纳米零价铁（nZVI）利用率。综述了生物炭负载纳米零价铁（nZVI@BC）应用于修复Cr（Ⅵ）污染土壤反应机理和研究进展,总结出提升该材料性能的途径有:通过调整BC热解条件和改性BC以提升BC性能;适当的质量比（BC/nZVI）;使用聚乙二醇（PEG）、羧甲基纤维素（CMC）、污泥衍生的BC和茶多酚（TP）提高nZVI稳定性。nZVI@BC材料能够提高土壤中有机质含量,在Cr（Ⅵ）修复治理方面极具应用前景。     

Bi2MoO6/纳米棒ZnO异质结对MB的可见光-压电协同降解性能研究

采用水热法合成了一系列不同负载率的Bi₂MoO₆/纳米棒ZnO复合光催化剂.通过XRD、FT-IR、SEM、TEM、XPS、UV-Vis、EPR和PL等分析技术对合成的样品进行表征.在光/超声波条件下,以亚甲基蓝（MB）为目标降解物评价其压电-光催化性能.结果表明：Bi₂MoO₆/ZnO纳米棒（BZ-0.6）的降解速率常数约为ZnO传统光催化的9.25倍,其性能提升的主要原因在于ZnO的压电效应与Bi₂MoO₆/ZnO界面形成的异质结的耦合,有效地促进了电子和空穴的分离和转移.此外,同实验条件下,循环利用5次后Bi₂MoO₆/ZnO复合光催化剂降解率仍保持良好的稳定性.     

过硫酸盐协同光催化纳米ZnO降解盐酸四环素的影响机制

以水葫芦为原料,制备了负载纳米ZnO的生物炭材料（ZnO-BC）,研究了单独光催化ZnO-BC和过硫酸钠（PS）协同ZnO-BC/UV体系氧化降解盐酸四环素（TC）.结果表明,PS协同ZnO-BC /UV体系的降解反应速率比单独光催化ZnO-BC时有显著提高,120min后降解率达到89.48%.PS可作为强氧化剂,利用纳米ZnO的光生电子产生SO₄^-·和·OH协同光催化反应.TC的反应过程可分为两个阶段：暗吸附阶段和光催化反应阶段.影响因素和响应面试验结果得出的影响顺序为PS浓度 > 紫外灯功率 > 初始pH值 > 纳米ZnO质量浓度.猝灭试验表明,在TC的降解中,SO₄^-·和·OH是参与反应的主要自由基.起氧化作用的自由基一部分在溶液中产生,另一部分由生物炭材料表面含氧官能团的作用和紫外光激发纳米ZnO产生.在此基础上,探讨了在TC降解过程中,PS与ZnO-BC的协同机理和协同作用的规律.     

纳米ZnO胁迫下SBBR污染物去除性能及微生物群落响应

为探究生物膜处理系统对纳米ZnO的耐受性能,构建序批式生物膜反应器（SBBR）开展纳米ZnO对生物膜的胁迫试验.计算纳米ZnO在生物膜中的累积量,研究其对有机物、氮、磷的去除性能影响,判定SBBR对纳米ZnO的耐受阈值.通过测定生物量、微生物活性及群落结构变化,分析微生物群落对纳米ZnO的响应.结果表明：低浓度（1~10mg/L）纳米ZnO对COD、NH₄⁺-N、溶解性磷（SOP）去除无显著影响,但5mg/L纳米ZnO对微生物代谢速率和生物活性产生促进作用.纳米ZnO浓度逐增至50mg/L,对生物量、微生物活性抑制作用增强,COD、NH₄⁺-N、SOP去除率分别下降26.45%、57.83%和43.50%.纳米ZnO的胁迫对SBBR中COD去除性能影响最小,对NH₄⁺-N影响较大.COD所指示SBBR的纳米ZnO耐受阈值为911.49mg,而NH₄⁺-N、SOP所指示的耐受阈值为579.83mg.纳米ZnO的胁迫降低了系统中微生物群落的多样性,改变了群落结构组成,Proteobacteria和Chlorofiexi相对丰度由21.09%和7.03%分别降至8.00%和2.60%,致使NH₄⁺-N去除受到显著抑制;Patescibacteria丰度由9.33%突增至56.64%,为有机物的去除起到至关重要的作用.污染物去除性能及微生物活性表明,SBBR生物膜系统对纳米ZnO的耐受性强于活性污泥法.     

Pt负载暴露(001)晶面Bi2WO6催化剂合成及光催化性能

通过水热法制备了暴露（001）晶面的Bi₂WO₆纳米片,利用光还原法将Pt纳米颗粒负载于其表面.选择苯甲醇氧化和罗丹明B（RhB）降解为探针反应,评价了催化剂的光催化性能.在苯甲醇氧化实验中,Pt负载暴露001晶面的Bi₂WO₆样品的苯甲醇转化率为20.7%,约为未负载样品的2倍.在RhB降解实验中,Pt负载样品在光照40min后对RhB的矿化率可达81.1%,而未负载样品RhB矿化率仅为55.8%,表明Pt负载样品具有更优的降解速率和矿化能力.催化剂性能的提升归因于高能晶面暴露和Pt负载的协同作用.Pt纳米颗粒的负载作为助催化剂增加了催化剂表面的活性位点,同时提高了晶面光生电子空穴对的分离和迁移效率.     

Pt负载暴露(001)晶面Bi2WO6催化剂合成及光催化性能

通过水热法制备了暴露（001）晶面的Bi₂WO₆纳米片,利用光还原法将Pt纳米颗粒负载于其表面.选择苯甲醇氧化和罗丹明B（RhB）降解为探针反应,评价了催化剂的光催化性能.在苯甲醇氧化实验中,Pt负载暴露001晶面的Bi₂WO₆样品的苯甲醇转化率为20.7%,约为未负载样品的2倍.在RhB降解实验中,Pt负载样品在光照40min后对RhB的矿化率可达81.1%,而未负载样品RhB矿化率仅为55.8%,表明Pt负载样品具有更优的降解速率和矿化能力.催化剂性能的提升归因于高能晶面暴露和Pt负载的协同作用.Pt纳米颗粒的负载作为助催化剂增加了催化剂表面的活性位点,同时提高了晶面光生电子空穴对的分离和迁移效率.     

有机凹凸棒石负载纳米零价铁去除水中六价铬

以黏土为载体负载纳米零价铁（nZVI,nanoscale zero-valent iron）可改善零价铁颗粒的团聚行为,增强其反应性.在负载过程中铁和黏土用量比例不同,对nZVI颗粒团聚和反应性的影响也不同.以有机凹凸棒石（CTMAB/A）为载体,采用液相还原法在1：3和1：5两种铁土质量比条件下制备负载型纳米零价铁复合材料CTMAB/A-nZVI-3和CTMAB/A-nZVI-5.利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征了两种负载样品和不添加黏土载体时nZVI的分散差异,并通过X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）分析样品与Cr（VI）反应后的产物分布.结果表明：降低负载反应时的铁土比能明显改善nZVI粒子的团聚现象、减小nZVI平均粒径、提高小粒径颗粒占比、增强其反应活性.小于10nm的nZVI颗粒在CTMAB/A-nZVI-3和CTMAB/A-nZVI-5负载nZVI总数中占比分别为3.60%和7.60%,在不负载的nZVI样品中占比为0.铁的投加量同为0.75g/L时,CTMAB/A-nZVI-5中铁对Cr（VI）去除率为86.20%,CTMAB/A-nZVI-3中为78.00%.     

纳米ZnO修饰铝电极深度去除污水中的甲基硅氧烷

采用溶胶凝胶涂覆法将纳米ZnO负载到铝极板表面,将所制极板用于光电催化降解环状挥发性甲基硅氧烷的研究,考察电解时间、极板两端电压和极板间距等参数对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明:纳米ZnO均匀地涂覆到Al极板表面,颗粒分布均匀,结合紧密。在最佳工艺参数条件下,电解时间为60 min,极板两端电压为2 V,极板间距为0.8 cm,荧光灯为40 W时,六甲基环三硅氧烷(D3)、八甲基环四硅氧烷(D4)、十甲基环五硅氧烷(D5)、十二甲基环六硅氧烷(D6)的去除率达到了58.3%、65.1%、46.6%和49.5%,处理效果显著。同等条件下,纳米ZnO极板在光电催化反应体系中对硅氧烷的降解率远高于电催化反应体系,且反应过程属于非线性反应,可由Logistic函数进行拟合分析。     

磁性载体MBBR系统对纳米ZnO颗粒的胁迫响应

为探究磁性载体移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)系统对不同浓度纳米ZnO胁迫的响应,构建2组MBBR开展纳米ZnO胁迫实验,通过对比普通与磁性载体MBBR中COD、NH₄⁺-N去除性能、生物膜形貌、微生物群落及功能基因,分析磁性载体对纳米ZnO胁迫下MBBR中污染物去除性能及微生物的影响.结果表明:低浓度(5,10mg/L)纳米ZnO对COD、NH₄⁺-N去除无显著影响;高浓度(30,50mg/L)纳米ZnO胁迫后,磁性载体MBBR的NH₄⁺-N去除率分别降低10.57%和12.91%,低于普通载体的14.48%和16.94%.相比于NH₄⁺-N,纳米ZnO胁迫对COD去除影响较小.此外,高浓度(30,50mg/L)纳米ZnO胁迫导致更多纳米ZnO颗粒团聚并吸附于磁性载体生物膜表面,继而改变了生物膜群落结构.在10mg/L的纳米ZnO胁迫下,磁性与普通载体生物膜中微单胞菌属(Micropruina)的相对丰度均有所提...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.