石油污染与食细菌线虫对土壤微生物活性及石油降解的影响

随着经济快速发展,石油及其产品用量增多,石油污染问题日益严重,土壤石油污染治理刻不容缓.研究表明石油污染土壤中存在大量的食细菌线虫,但食细菌线虫在石油污染土壤中的作用还不清楚.本试验采用人工模拟石油污染土壤,通过接种不同密度模式线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans),研究食细菌线虫在石油污染土壤中的功能及其对污染土壤中石油降解及土壤微生物活性的影响.本实验共设6个处理:高温灭菌石油污染土壤(FSP),作为对照处理1;杀灭线虫土壤(S),作为对照处理2;石油污染土壤(SP);石油污染土壤+5条线虫/g干土(SPN5);石油污染土壤+10条线虫/g干土(SPN10);石油污染土壤+20条线虫/g干土(SPN20).研究结果表明:整个试验培养结束时,处理SP、SPN5、SPN10和SPN20的石油残留量比第0天采样时分别降低约60.78%、80.01%、67.63%和66.31%,处理SP、SPN5、SPN10和SPN20的石油残留量比处理FSP分别降低约43.60%、70.68%、52.34%和50.45%,得出接种线虫可以促进污染土壤的石油降解,其中接种5条线虫/g干土的处理促进石油降解效果最好.第7 d采样时,处理SP、SPN5、SPN10、SPN20中脱氢酶酶活性比处理S分别增加约132.76%、115.09%、118.67%和55.81%,表明石油污染可以激活脱氢酶;第14 d时,接种线虫处理SPN5、SPN10和SPN20的脱氢酶活性比未接种线虫处理SP的脱氢酶活性分别增加约5.16%、18.13%和29.56%,表明添加食细菌线虫也促进了土壤相关酶活性.该研究证明食细菌线虫可以在石油污染土壤中刺激微生物的繁殖,增强土壤酶活性,进而促进污染土壤石油的降解.     

毒死蜱农药在中性紫色土腐殖酸上的吸附

通过平衡振荡法研究毒死蜱在中性紫色土腐殖酸(HA)上的吸附.结果表明,毒死蜱在腐殖酸上的吸附行为均可用Linear方程和Freundlich方程来描述,拟合效果均达到极显著水平.毒死蜱在腐殖酸上的吸附量随着环境温度的升高而降低,随着腐殖酸含量的增加而增大,溶液pH值对毒死蜱吸附的影响主要与氢键吸附有关;离子强度对毒死蜱的吸附影响很小.通过计算毒死蜱在HA上的吸附自由能变化量(△G的绝对值均<40kJ/mol),可以推测毒死蜱在HA上的吸附属于物理吸附,其吸附机理可能有氢键、疏水分配、偶极作用力和范德华力等作用,而不存在化学键作用.     

不同腐殖酸物质对土壤中汞的固定作用及植物吸收的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同腐殖酸物质对土壤有机结合态汞、全汞含量及土壤汞生物有效性的影响.结果表明,不同供试腐殖酸物质可以显著增加土壤中有机结合态汞和残留在土壤中汞的含量,降低土壤中汞的挥发量,从而有效降低土壤汞的生物有效性.与加入HgCl2但不施加腐殖酸物质的对照CK2相比,添加腐殖酸钠、提纯后的煤基腐殖酸、土壤腐殖酸、氨化风化煤、风化煤、褐煤、泥炭的处理中油菜对土壤中汞的吸收量分别降低了73.62%、71.11%、63.39%、40.05%、33.61%、22.26%、5.66%.     

Removal of heavy metals from a contaminated soil using tartaric acid

This study reports the feasibility of remediation of a heavy metal （HM） contaminated soil using tartaric acid, an environmentally-friendly extractant. Batch experiments were performed to test the factors influencing remediation of the HM contaminated soil. An empirical model was employed to describe the kinetics of riM dissolution/desorption and to predict equilibrium concentrations of HMs in soil leachate. The changes of HMs in different fractions before and after tartaric acid treatment were also investigated. Tartaric acid solution containing HMs was regenerated by chestnut shells. Results show that utilization of tartaric acid was effective for removal of riMs from the contaminated soil, attaining 50%-60% of Cd, 40%-50% of Pb, 40%-50% of Cu and 20%-30% of Zn in the pH range of 3.5-4.0 within 24 h. Mass transfer coefficients for cadmium （Cd） and lead （Pb） were much higher than those for copper （Cu） and zinc （Zn）. Sequential fractionations of treated and untreated soil samples showed that tartaric acid was effective in removing the exchangeable, carbonate fractions of Cd, Zn and Cu from the contaminated soil. The contents of Pb and Cu in Fe-Mn oxide fraciton were also significantly decreased by tartaric acid treatment. One hundred milliliters of tartaric acid solution containing HMs could be regenerated by 10 g chestnut shells in a batch reactor. Such a remediation procedure indicated that tartaric acid is a promising agent for remediation of HM contaminated soils. However, further research is needed before the method can be practically used for in situ remediation of contaminated sites.     

重金属污染土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌对蚕豆毒性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法,研究了重金属（包括Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd）复合污染和接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）Glomus mosseae对蚕豆（Vicia faba）生长及DNA损伤的影响。结果表明,虽然接种菌根真菌对蚕豆生物量的影响并不显著,但是却显著影响植物对重金属的吸收,接种菌根真菌对蚕豆吸收4种重金属元素的作用有差异。采用单细胞凝胶电泳（single cell gel electrophoresis,SCGE）法研究接种菌根真菌对蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤的影响,与重金属吸收的结果相吻合。结果表明,接种处理可显著增加蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤程度,这与接种处理可提高植物的重金属吸收相一致。     

Effects of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation in drinking water

This article focused on the influences of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation in drinking water. Factors including the concentration of residual chlorine and pH value had been concerned. Aluminum species investigated in the experiments included inorganic mononuclear, organic mononuclear, mononuclear, polymer, soluble, and suspended forms. It was found that the e ects of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation depended mainly on their molecular weight. Fulvic acid with molecular weight less than 5000 Dalton had little influence on aluminum speciation; while fulvic acid with molecular weight larger than 5000 Dalton and humic acid would increase the concentration of soluble aluminum significantly even at concentration below 0.5 mg/L (calculated as TOC). Aluminum species, in the present of fulvic acid with molecular weight larger than 5000 Dalton and humic acid, were more stable than that in the present of fluvic acid with molecular mass less than 5000 Dalton, and varied little with reaction time. Within pH range 6.5–7.5, soluble aluminum increased notably in water with organic matter. As the concentration of residual chlorine increased, the e ects of fulvic acid and humic acid became weak. The reactions between humic acid, fulvic acid with large molecular weight, and aluminum were considered to be a multi-dentate coordination process. With the consideration of aluminum bioavailability, reducing the concentration of fulvic acid and humic acid and keeping the pH value among 6.5–7.5 were recommended during drinking water treatment.     

酸性矿山5种植被恢复措施下土壤碱性磷酸酶基因细菌群落特征及其与重金属关系

为揭示酸性矿山不同植被恢复措施下碱性磷酸酶基因（pho D）细菌群落特征及其与重金属的关系,以赣州龙南稀土矿区为研究区域,收集了5种植被（百喜草、香根草、桉树、玉兰、芥兰）的土壤,测量不同植被土壤理化性质和重金属含量,利用高通量测序技术分析16S rRNA细菌和pho D基因细菌多样性及其群落特征,并计算pho D基因细菌与重金属含量的相关性.结果表明：不同植被土壤存在Cd、As、Pb、Mn超过江西省背景值现象,其中桉树、香根草土壤Pb含量分别为背景值的5.96倍、4.4倍,桉树土壤Cd含量为背景值的2.6倍. pho D基因细菌多样性Chao1指数排序为百喜草<香根草<桉树<玉兰<芥兰.慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、链霉菌属（streptomyces）为主要pho D基因菌属.相关性分析结果表明,Cd、As、Mn含量与铵态氮、硝态氮呈显著正相关,Cd、As、Pb同pho D基因细菌Chao1指数呈显著负相关,pH、TN、OM、TP、AP与pho D基因细菌多样性呈显著正相关.Heatmap热图显示,新根瘤菌...     

施用生物质炭对土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征影响

为研究玉米秸秆生物质炭施用后土壤腐殖质组成和土壤胡敏酸结构的变化,选择腐殖质组成修改法和国际腐殖质协会推荐的方法进行土壤腐殖质组分提取和HA样品纯化,采用重铬酸钾外加热法和TOC分析仪测定土壤、水溶性物质(WSS)、富里酸(FA)、胡敏酸(HA)和胡敏素(Hu)有机碳含量,采用元素组成和红外光谱分析HA的结构变化.研究结果表明:施入玉米秸秆生物质炭后,表层和亚表层土壤及其腐殖质组分有机碳含量均有不同程度的提高,表层土壤、WSS、FA、HA和Hu有机碳含量增加幅度较大,分别增加了83.61%、112.50%、89.63%、91.78%和89.82%,说明玉米秸秆生物质炭的施用更有助于表层土壤有机碳的积累;PQ值(HA在腐殖酸中的比例)略有增加;土壤HA的缩合程度和芳香性增强,氧化度降低.此外,施用玉米秸秆生物质炭后,土壤及其腐殖质组分有机碳含量随土层深度的增加而降低,与表层相比,亚表层土壤、WSS、FA、HA和Hu有机碳含量分别下降了62.84%、52.94%、62.38%、66.62%和61.61%;土壤PQ值略有降低;土壤HA的缩合程度和芳香性降低,氧化度增加.     

Adsorptive behaviors of humic acid onto freshly prepared hydrous manganese dioxides

This study focused on the adsorptive behaviors of humic acid onto freshly prepared hydrous MnO₂(s) (δMnO₂), and investigated the feasibility of employing δMnO₂ for humic acid removal from drinking water. Effects of such parameters as molecular mass of humic acid, kinds of divalent cations on adsorptive behaviors and possible mechanisms involved were investigated. This study indicated that humic acid with higher molecular mass exhibited more tendency of adsorbing onto δMnO₂ than that with lower molecular mass. Ca²⁺ facilitated more humic acid adsorption than Mg²⁺; UV-Vis spectra analysis indicated higher capabilities of Ca²⁺ coordinating with acidic functional groups of humic acid than that of Mg²⁺. Additionally, ζ potential characterization indicated that Ca²⁺ showed higher potential of increasing gz potential of δMnO₂ than Mg²⁺. Ca²⁺ of 1.0 mmol/L increased ζ potential of δMnO₂ from −37 mV (pH 7.9) to +7 mV (pH 7.2), while 1.0 mmol/L Mg²⁺ increased to lower value as −9 mV (pH 6.5), correspondingly. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra demonstrated the adsorption of humic acid onto δMnO₂, showing the important roles of-COO⁻ functional groups and surface Mn-OH in the adsorption of humic acid onto δMnO₂. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(3): 351–355 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

腐殖酸对红壤中铅镉赋存形态及活性的影响

深入探讨了腐殖酸不同组分对红壤中铅镉形态分级与活性的影响 .结果表明 ,腐殖酸的添加使红壤中Cd和Pb的残渣态向有机态转化 .用量越大、温度越低 ,转化效应越明显 .对植物最有效的可给态Cd和Pb的剧烈变化主要发生在加入腐殖酸 1h之内 ,随着时间的推移趋于稳定 .富里酸 (FA)促进了可给态Cd的增加 ,而胡敏酸 (HA)对可给态Cd和Pb的有一定的抑制和钝化作用 ,其作用以灰色胡敏酸 (GHA) >棕色胡敏酸 (BHA) .因此 ,在农业生产中 ,于红壤中添加HA特别是GHA成分高的有机物料 ,可部分减少Cd和Pb对作物的危害 .     

Effects of methyl-CD and humic acid on hydrolytic degradation of the herbicide

IntroductionDiclofopmethylhasbeenintroducedbyFarbwerkeHoechstAGforthecontrolofabroadspectrumofwildoatsandotherannualgrassweedsinavarietyofcrops.Theherbicidehaslowsolubility,strongadsorptionandlowvaporpressure,indicatingthatitwouldbeimmobileunderfieldconditions(Smith,1986).Laboratoryandfieldstudieshaveshownitunderwentarapidhydrolysistodiclofopinplantandsoil,thecorrespondingpropionicacidthatislessherbicidalthantheparentcompounddiclofopmethyl(Smith,1977;1986;Martens,1978).Cyclodextrinsarecycli…     

Effects of methyl-CD and humic acid on hydrolytic degradation of the herbicide diclofop-methyl

Hydrolytic degradation of the herbicide diclofop-methyl was investigated in the multi-pH deionized water, natural aquatic systems and soil suspensions. Resulting data indicated that the herbicide was stable in the acidic and neady neutral solutions for at least 15 d. The herbicide diclofop-methyl rapidly dissipated in the natural aquatic systems and soil suspensions with half-lives less than 4 d. Methyl-CD(partially methylated β-cyclodextdn) improved its hydrolytic degradation in the pH 8 deionized water and natural aquatic systems while humic acid inhibited its hydrolytic degradation at the same conditions. But dissolved organic matter in the natural aquatic systems and soil suspensions increased its hydrolysis. Two catalysis mechanisms were introduced to describe the effects of cyclodextrin and organic matter on its hydrolytic metabolism. Though inorganic ions maybe improved its hydrolysis reaction in the natural aquatic systems, Fe^2 and Cu^2 did not form complexes with the herbicide and had poor influences on its hydrolytic degradation whether cyclodextrin was added or not.     

活性污泥中的腐殖酸对实时荧光定量PCR的影响

活性污泥基因组中的腐殖酸会影响实时荧光定量PCR检测的准确性.本研究采用抽提基因组前腐殖酸去除试剂盒、抽提基因组后腐殖酸去除试剂盒、抽提基因组前后共同去除试剂盒3种不同的方法,去除活性污泥基因组中的腐殖酸,经过PCR和实时荧光定量PCR方法的验证找出腐殖酸去除的最适方法;通过DNA酶Ⅰ消化基因组DNA保留杂质腐殖酸,向其中掺入已知浓度的总细菌质粒,5个浓度10倍梯度稀释10 ng·μL~(-1)的定量模板,探究腐殖酸和梯度稀释模板对活性污泥总细菌实时荧光定量PCR的影响.结果显示,在不同处理组中,通过反复洗脱的方式在基因组抽提前去除活性污泥中的腐殖酸,DNA的得率(162.46 ng·μL~(-1))最多,A260/230值为1.34,A260/280值为1.80,腐殖酸的残留最少;去除腐殖酸后外加内标质粒组,梯度稀释10 ng·μL~(-1)模板100倍及以上,腐殖酸的抑制效应显著降低后保持不变(p0.05),100倍以内变化不显著(p0.05);抽提前去除腐殖酸组进行实时荧光定量PCR的抑制效率为6.16%,显著低于对照组的72.68%(p0.05).研究表明,抽提前去除活性污泥腐殖酸,抽提后将基因组模板稀释100倍可显著降低活性污泥实时荧光定量PCR的抑制效率,提高定量结果的准确性.     

Effects of humic acid on recoverability and fractal structure of alum-kaolin flocs

Particle surface characteristics, floc recoverability and fractal structure of alum-kaolin flocs were investigated using in situ particle image velocimetry (PIV) and microbalance with or without humic acid. Experimental results indicated that the zeta potential of kaolin particle surface after adsorption of humic acid was related with humic acid concentration and its acid-base bu ering capacity. Adsorption of humic acid resulted in more negative electrophoresis on the particle surface. Coagulant dosages for particles to form flocs would increase with increasing humic concentration. PIV was used to evaluate floc structural fragmentation, floc surface erosion as well as recoverability after high shear. It was found that the floc size during the steady phase of growth was small, while the regrowing capability decreased in the presence of humic acid. The recoverability was closely related with floc breakage modes including floc structural fragmentation and floc surface erosion. The fractal dimensions of alum-kaolin flocs by mass-size method based on microbalance would decrease with increasing humic concentration. This study proved that humic acid had adverse influences on the performance of coagulation process.     

渤海龙口湾沉积物中烃类物质的分布特征、来源解析及风险评价

随着《山东半岛蓝色经济区发展规划》（国函[2011]）的实施,龙口湾的海洋开发活动得到空前发展,人类活动不仅影响了其潮汐和沉积环境,也使石油类成为该海域主要污染物之一.采用网格布点法采集了龙口湾表层（0~5 cm）沉积物样品,使用GC-MS对烃类物质（正构烷烃和多环芳烃）进行研究,通过其特征参数和比值丰度识别沉积物中有机物来源及污染排放源,并对沉积物进行生态风险评价.结果表明:正构烷烃参数碳优势指数（CPI_25-35）最大值为1.5（< 4）,陆海比（TAR）和海洋与水生输入比（P_mar-aq）的范围分别为0.15~1.08和0.28~0.74,指示沉积物中有机物的海源性浮游动植物贡献较大;nC₁₆指数〔w（∑C_11-36）/w（nC₁₆）〕最大值为20.76（< 30）,且71%站位的天然正构烷烃比率（NAR）值小于0,说明海洋开发活动造成了石油类污染物注入.沉积物中2环、3环PAHs（多环芳烃）的占比均超过50%,16种PAHs的总浓度范围为460.03~2 448.29 ng/g,平均值为1 328.60 ng/g,且86%的站位达到PAHs的中度、重度污染;PAHs的特征比值分析指示,龙口湾沉积物中PAHs属于石油和燃烧源的混合来源.以沉积物中PAHs含量为基础,与加拿大土壤质量指南比较,结果显示低分子量PAHs（Acy、Ace、Flu、Phe和Ant）偶尔会产生生态危害;致癌性PAHs比重（∑Car-PAHs）和BaP毒性当量（TEQ_BaP）综合评价表明,在当前的经济开发活动下龙口湾沉积物中PAHs具有一定的潜在毒性,但处于安全水平内.研究显示,龙口湾沉积物中正构烷烃属于陆源、海源和石油烃混合来源;PAHs主要属于石油和燃烧源的混合来源,其生态风险处于安全水平.      

土壤重金属复合污染对脲酶、磷酸酶及脱氢酶的影响

采用模拟实验对铅锌矿区重金属(Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd)复合污染土壤酶活性变化的动力学参数进行了研究.结果表明,矿区土壤酶活性随着重金属污染程度的加剧而显著降低.尾矿区土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶的V_max 平均值分别是非矿区土壤的60%、77%、38%,而土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶的K_m 平均值分别是对照土壤的2.73 和2.25 倍. 逐步回归和通径分析结果表明,矿区土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd 元素含量与脲酶、磷酸酶及脱氢酶V_max 和Km 之间均存在着显著或极显著的相关关系;4 种重金属元素对不同性质酶酶动力学参数的相对贡献大小存在差异,且元素之间也存在着交互效应.     

腐殖酸及酸雨对贫铀在土壤中迁移的影响研究

 利用经过完善的贫铀迁移模型,研究腐殖酸(HA)及酸雨对贫铀在土壤中迁移的影响.结果表明,对照组(北京地区土壤)DU迁移到达9~11cm,分别添加2%、5%、10%HA的实验组DU迁移依次降低,分别为21~23cm、15~17cm、11~13cm,说明腐殖酸促进了DU迁移; pH值为4.0和3.0的模拟酸雨,分别使贫铀迁移至29~31cm及35cm以上,说明酸雨促进了贫铀迁移;在酸雨和腐殖酸综合作用下贫铀迁移仅到5~7cm,说明腐殖酸和酸雨综合作用抑制了贫铀迁移.     

Bioamendment of petroleum contaminated ultisol: effect on oil content, heavy metals and pH of tropical soil

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＭｏｓｔｓｏｉｌｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｓｅｖｅｒａｌｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓａｃｔｉｎｇｓｉｍｕｌｔａｎｅｏｕｓｌｙ .Ｔｈｅｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｏｖｅｒａｌｌｔｏｘｉｃｉｔｙｈａｓｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅｒｅｍａｉｎｅｄａｍａｊｏｒｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ .ＡｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｏｉｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓｉｎＮｉｇｅ…     

热脱附对多环芳烃和重金属复合污染土壤的影响

热脱附技术被广泛用于污染场地修复,但其对多环芳烃（PAHs）与重金属复合污染土壤的综合影响仍不清楚。选用PAHs和重金属复合污染模拟土壤,探究热脱附温度（220~400 ℃）和停留时间（5~60 min）对土壤中PAHs的影响,分析空气与氮气气氛下热脱附温度（310、340和370 ℃）对土壤中重金属Cu、Pb、As和Cd形态分布的影响。结果表明：随热脱附温度和停留时间的增加,土壤中PAHs去除率显著增加;低环PAHs占比逐渐减少,而高环PAHs占比逐渐增加。在2种气氛热脱附后,Cu、Pb和As弱酸提取态占比略有增加,而Cd弱酸提取态占比显著降低;可还原态和可氧化态的转化趋势具有差异性。随着热脱附温度的升高,Cu、Pb、As和Cd 4种重金属的残渣态占比均逐渐增加,说明热脱附有利于4种重金属的固定。相较于空气,氮气条件下4种重金属可氧化态和残渣态占比均增加;Cu和Pb可还原态占比显著降低,而As可还原态占比有所降低,Cd可还原态占比变化不大。氮气更有利于Cu、Pb和Cd的稳定;相反,空气更有利于As的稳定。

     

金属离子屏蔽腐殖酸对污泥厌氧消化抑制作用实验研究

以实验室培养、几乎不含腐殖质和金属离子的剩余污泥为研究对象,选择与市政污泥中腐殖酸特征相近的市售腐殖酸作为外加填充腐殖质,通过投加外源金属离子实验研究屏蔽腐殖质对污泥厌氧消化过程的抑制作用.结果表明,单独投加Ca2+与Al3+可分别获得65.4%和65.7%的屏蔽抑制率;Ca2++Al3+组合投加效果更佳,可获得高达80.1%的屏蔽抑制率,具有"1+12"的屏蔽抑制效果.然而,过高的金属离子含量(或组合含量)不仅无助于进一步提高屏蔽抑制效果,反而会因抑制微生物活性而导致屏蔽抑制率下降.Ca2+通过阳离子交换产生屏蔽抑制作用,而Al3+主要靠静电作用和网捕卷扫作用产生屏蔽效果.在屏蔽腐殖酸抑制方面,三价金属离子好于二价金属离子的原因是两者的静电作用力大小、作用方式、环境效果不尽相同.