好氧颗粒污泥法降解苯胺的特性

在控温摇床上采用好氧振荡的方法,在含有苯胺和硝基苯混合废水处理厂的好氧污泥中,驯化降解苯胺的混合微生物.在驯化过程中发现混合微生物逐渐形成了颗粒污泥,采用此颗粒污泥(混合微生物)进行苯胺降解的实验.结果表明,该混合微生物在以苯胺为唯一碳源和氮源的情况下,具有较强的降解苯胺的能力,且最适宜的温度为28℃,最佳的pH值为7.0,当苯胺的起始浓度为600mg/L时,此条件下在18h内被完全降解,混合微生物降解苯胺的速度达到33.6mg/(L·h).     

表面活性剂对热带假丝酵母降解苯酚的影响

通过液态发酵培养法探讨了添加2种化学表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、曲拉通X-100(Triton X-100)以及生物表面活性剂二鼠李糖脂(dirhamnolipid,diRL)对1株热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)降解苯酚的影响.结果表明,发酵液中苯酚的分解和菌体生长的不同步,反映了苯酚对该菌的毒性作用以及苯酚降解过程中中间产物的形成.CTAB对热带假丝酵母具有毒性作用,抑制菌体对苯酚的降解.低浓度(0.1、0.3CMC)的Triton X-100对C.tropicalis的生长及对苯酚的降解有一定的促进作用,分别将苯酚降解完全的时间由空白的48h提前至24h和36h;随着Triton X-100浓度增大(1.0、3.0CMC),降解初期菌体的衰亡减缓,但使菌体生长滞后,苯酚分解完全的时间延长.生物表面活性剂diRL促进菌体对苯酚降解的同时显著地促进了C.tropicalis的生长,且促进作用随着加入diRL浓度的增大而增强,1.0、3.0CMC的diRL将苯酚降解完全的时间都提前到24h;而diRL在发酵过程中浓度也逐渐降低,这表明diRL很大程度上减弱了苯酚对菌体的毒性,并且可以共同作为碳源促进菌体的生长.     

Removal of sulfamethazine antibiotics by aerobic sludge and an isolated Achromobacter sp. S-3

Removal characteristics of sulfamethazine (SMZ) by sludge and a bacterial strain using an aerobic sequence batch reactor (ASBR) were studied. Operating conditions were optimized by varying the reaction time and sludge retention time (SRT). An Achromobacter sp. (S-3) with the ability to remove SMZ was isolated from the ASBR. The effects of different operating parameters (pH and temperature) on the biodegradation of SMZ by S-3 were determined. The results indicate that, between 0.5 and 4 hr, reaction time of the ASBR had a significant effect on the SMZ removal efficiency in the system. The SMZ removal efficiency also increased from 45% to 80% when SRT was prolonged from 5 to 25 days, although longer SRT had no impact on SMZ removal. The SMZ adsorption rate decreased with increasing temperature, which fitted Freundlich isotherm well. The removal of SMZ in the ASBR was due to the combined effects of adsorption and degradation, and degradation played a leading role.     

处理啤酒洗糟废水同时生产单细胞蛋白

用热带假丝酵母在 1.5L气升式内循环生物反应器中处理啤酒生产中的洗糟废水 ,同时生产热带假丝酵母 .探讨了 pH,温度及氮源对降解废水动力学的影响 .实验结果表明 ,用热带假丝酵母既可以有效地降解洗糟废水中的 COD,又可以产生一定数量可作单细胞蛋白的酵母 .对于含糖 0.3%左右的洗糟废水可获得约 500 mg/L(干重 )的酵母 ,并可使废水 COD降解约 80% .     

选择性排泥改善颗粒污泥亚硝化性能的研究

通过好氧颗粒污泥反应器160d的运行,考察了选择性分离颗粒污泥对改善短程硝化工艺长期稳定运行的有效性.反应器整个运行过程分3个阶段,在第一阶段污泥停留时间(SRT)仅通过出水中携带的污泥自行调控,SRT极高,造成颗粒污泥的解体以及短程硝化性能的恶化.阶段2和阶段3中通过排出颗粒污泥床顶部污泥,控制SRT分别为(45±5),(30±5)d,氨氧化细菌(AOB)活性有明显提升.NO2--N比累积速率由阶段1运行时的7.44mg/(g·h)上升至阶段2时的8.08mg/(g·h)和阶段3时的9.14mg/(g·h);相反,NO3--N比产生速率从3.01mg/(g·h)下降至SRT为(30±5)d时的1.54mg/(g·h);阶段3出水中亚硝化率达80%以上.以上结果表明,通过选择性分离颗粒污泥控制SRT是实现短程硝化颗粒污泥工艺长期稳定运行的一种有效调控策略.另外,分析认为反应器高径比越大以及引入与NOB竞争亚硝酸盐基质的微生物均有利于该策略的实施.     

选择性排泥改善颗粒污泥亚硝化性能的研究

通过好氧颗粒污泥反应器160d的运行,考察了选择性分离颗粒污泥对改善短程硝化工艺长期稳定运行的有效性.反应器整个运行过程分3个阶段,在第一阶段污泥停留时间(SRT)仅通过出水中携带的污泥自行调控,SRT极高,造成颗粒污泥的解体以及短程硝化性能的恶化.阶段2和阶段3中通过排出颗粒污泥床顶部污泥,控制SRT分别为(45±5),(30±5)d,氨氧化细菌(AOB)活性有明显提升.NO2--N比累积速率由阶段1运行时的7.44mg/(g·h)上升至阶段2时的8.08mg/(g·h)和阶段3时的9.14mg/(g·h);相反,NO3--N比产生速率从3.01mg/(g·h)下降至SRT为(30±5)d时的1.54mg/(g·h);阶段3出水中亚硝化率达80%以上.以上结果表明,通过选择性分离颗粒污泥控制SRT是实现短程硝化颗粒污泥工艺长期稳定运行的一种有效调控策略.另外,分析认为反应器高径比越大以及引入与NOB竞争亚硝酸盐基质的微生物均有利于该策略的实施.     

Effect of seed sludge on characteristics and microbial community of aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated by using different kinds of seed sludge in sequencing batch airlift reactor.The influence of seed sludge on physical and chemical properties of granular sludge was studied;the microbial community structure was probed by using scanning electron microscope and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE).The results showed that seed sludge played an important role on the formation of aerobic granules.Seed sludge taken from beer wastewater treatment plant(inoculum A) was more suitable for cultivating aerobic granules than that of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant(inoculum B).Cultivated with inoculum A, large amount of mature granules formed after 35 days operation, its SVI reached 32.75 mL/g, and SOUR of granular sludge was beyond 1.10 mg/(g·min).By contrast, it needed 56 days obtaining mature granules using inoculum B.DGGE profiles indicated that the dominant microbial species in mature granules were 18 and 11 OTU when inoculum A and B were respectively employed as seed sludge.The sequencing results suggested that dominant species in mature granules cultivated by inoculum A were Paracoccus sp., Devosia hwasunensi, Pseudoxanthomonas sp., while the dominant species were Lactococcus raffinolactis and Pseudomonas sp.in granules developed from inoculum B.     

表层附着累枝虫的好氧颗粒污泥特性

在序批式反应器(SBR)中处理实际生活污水,并接种城市污水处理厂活性污泥,培养出表层附着大量累枝虫的好氧颗粒污泥.运行120 d时,颗粒污泥浓度可达4482 mg·L-1,污泥容积指数(SVI)为55 m L·g-1左右,颗粒的粒径主要在1.6~2.5 mm之间,平均沉速为55.4 m·h-1,累枝虫密度可达30450 ind·m L-1.CODCr和NH+4-N的平均去除率分别为87.9%和91.8%.采用直接免疫荧光法证实累枝虫可吞食游离细菌,能有效减少出水SS,且出水SS与累枝虫的密度变化整体呈相反趋势.表层附着生长的累枝虫略微降低了颗粒污泥的沉速.结构分析可看出累枝虫根植于颗粒表层,柄的部分成为颗粒污泥的"骨架",有利于颗粒污泥结构强度和稳定性.     

Re-activation characteristics of preserved aerobic granular sludge

IntroductionThecapacityofawastewatertreatmentplantultimatelydependsupontwofeatures :themetaboliccapabilitiesofthemicroorganismsinthesystemandtheeffectivenessofsolid liquidseparationatthelaststageofthetreatmentprocess(Shwarzenbeck ,2 0 0 4 ) .Granularsludg…     

苯酚溶液对好氧颗粒污泥储存稳定性的影响

针对好氧颗粒污泥在长期储存过程中易出现的颗粒解体和微生物失活等问题,设置了浓度分别为30,60,100,150,200,300mg/L的苯酚溶液储存好氧颗粒污泥,并以蒸馏水为对照组,在室温下储存150d.考察储存期间各储存溶液中的好氧颗粒污泥特性变化情况.结果表明,储存150d后,60mg/L苯酚溶液中的好氧颗粒污泥具...     

不同好氧颗粒污泥中微生物群落结构特点

为了探讨活性污泥好氧颗粒化过程对微生物种群的影响、不同底物及不同颗粒化方法培养的好氧颗粒污泥中微生物群落结构的差异,以接种污泥、模拟废水好氧颗粒污泥和分别投加粉末活性炭和硅藻土的实际生活污水好氧颗粒污泥为研究对象,利用PCR-DGGE对比分析了接种污泥和好氧颗粒污泥中的微生物群落结构.结果表明:活性污泥好氧颗粒化过程会减少微生物种群多样性,影响颗粒污泥稳定性的细菌被淘汰,而聚磷菌、反硝化菌、难降解有机物降解菌等污水处理功能微生物都在颗粒化过程中得到保留.活性污泥好氧颗粒化过程中能够实现亚硝化细菌(AOB)一定程度的富集.与接种活性污泥相比,好氧颗粒污泥中AOB的多样性指数与均匀性指数均有提高.好氧颗粒污泥中的优势菌群主要分布于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和未培养菌(uncultured bacterium).其中AOB均属于β-Proteobacteria的亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas).     

好氧颗粒污泥同时脱氮除磷实时控制的研究

为实现以厌氧/好氧方式处理生活污水常低温同时脱氮除磷好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)工艺的实时控制,研究了冬季低温条件下磷负荷变化对系统同时脱氮除磷的影响及DO、pH值和ORP的变化规律;并通过静态实验研究了同时脱氮除磷AGS中聚磷菌(PAO)的组成.结果表明,DO、pH值和ORP的特征点对应反硝化结束、厌氧放磷结束、吸磷结束以及硝化结束等阶段,可以作为AGS同时脱氮除磷的实时控制参数.同时脱氮除磷AGS中,以氧作为电子受体的PAO能够去除总磷酸盐的14.19%;以氧和NO3--N作为电子受体的PAO能够去除总磷酸盐的74.32%;以氧、NO3--N和NO2--N作为电子受体的PAO能够去除总磷酸盐的11.47%.在好氧条件下AGS可以实现同时硝化、反硝化、好氧吸磷和反硝化吸磷.     

低碳源废水培养的好氧颗粒污泥常温储存后活性恢复研究

通过考察好氧颗粒污泥特征、比耗氧速率（SOUR）、处理效果和菌群的变化,探索常温储存实际低碳源废水培养出的好氧颗粒污泥的可行性.试验结果表明,常温清水储存60d后颗粒结构未出现明显解体;污泥浓度由4960mg/L小幅降低至4740mg/L,但沉降性能保持良好（SVI为24.2mL/g）;SOUR整体下降较小（16%）,尤其是硝化菌的SOUR;污泥菌群在门和属水平上的相对丰度均发生了变化.在恢复运行后,颗粒形态恢复快且良好,粒径在长期运行后明显增大（200~250μm）;污泥沉降性能始终保持良好（SVI<20mL/g）,SOUR在运行20d后既能恢复;运行11d后COD处理效果完全恢复（平均出水COD为53mg/L）,运行5d后NH₄⁺-N处理效果完全恢复（平均出水NH₄⁺-N为0.7mg/L）.常温清水储存好氧颗粒污泥不仅操作方便,而且反应器能快速恢复稳定运行,具有显著的实际应用价值.     

高频交替OLR强化好氧颗粒污泥性能研究

本研究设置4个反应器R1、R2、R3和R4,分别采用恒定有机负荷率（OLR）和三个交替OLR方式运行,高低OLR分别为0.67/0.67、0.71/0.60、0.77/0.52、0.80/0.40gCOD/（L·d）,以合成配水为基质,探究高频交替OLR对好氧颗粒污泥性能的影响,为提高好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性提供可行策略.由实验结果可知,R1、R2、R3和R4的完整性系数分别可达到87.26%、94.78%、96.29%、79.63%,四者的EPS含量（以VSS计）可达到81.04、109.46、115.28、139.56mg/g,PN/PS分别为4.75、7.49、8.28、3.26,表明m值（高OLR/低OLR）为1.48时有利于提高好氧颗粒污泥的结构稳定性.此外R1、R2、R3和R4在稳定时期的COD平均去除率分别为92.58%、91.52%、92.45%、92.52%,TP平均去除率分别为92.81%、93.35%、95.10%、61.01%,TN平均去除率分别为93.04%、92.24%、92.06%、85.32%,表明m值为1.48时好氧颗粒污泥去除污染物的效果最好.     

好氧颗粒污泥处理市政污水性能与微生物特性研究

以成熟好氧颗粒污泥（AGS）为接种污泥,在序批式反应器（SBR）中考察其对低浓度市政污水的处理效能、污泥特性及微生物多样性的变化.结果表明,在低有机负荷（进水COD为179~212 mg·L^-1）、高溶解氧（DO>5 mg·L^-1）条件下,系统出水COD低于50 mg·L^-1,NH₄⁺-N浓度稳定在0.7~0.8 mg·L^-1,但脱氮除磷效能有待优化.体系中0.2~0.6 mm的污泥颗粒最为稳定,运行期间污泥SVI₃₀值始终保持在32~40 mL·g^-1,呈现出良好的沉降性能.系统中少量絮状污泥的存在对AGS的稳定性是有利的,本试验条件下,<0.2 mm污泥体积占比约为30%时AGS体系稳定运行.胞外聚合物（EPS）中蛋白质（PN）含量增加与AGS的稳定性呈正相关,可见PN对AGS稳定运行起着重要作用.微生物高通量测序结果表明,Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes为主要菌门;运行过程中有利于硝化作用的Gammaproteobacteria逐渐成为优势菌纲;系统中存在促进EPS分泌和有机污染物去除的黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）和陶厄氏菌属（Thauera）,这有利于AGS的稳定运行,同时也存在硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）、陶厄氏菌属（Thauera）、副球菌属（Paracoccus）、梭菌属（Fusibacter）、变形菌属（Proteocatella）等脱氮除磷功能菌属,但需优化运行参数强化同步脱氮除磷效能.本研究结果对AGS系统处理实际市政污水的稳定运行具有重要的指导意义.     

Biodegradation of 2-methylquinoline by Enterobacter aerogenes TJ-D isolated from activated sludge

Bacterial strain Enterobacter aerogenes TJ-D capable of utilizing 2-methylquinoline as the sole carbon and energy source was isolated from acclimated activated sludge under denitrifying conditions. The ability to degrade 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D was investigated under denitrifying conditions. Under optimal conditions of temperature (35℃) and initial pH 7, 2-methylquinoline of 100 mg/L was degraded within 176 hr. The degradation of 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D could be well described by the Haldane model (R² > 0.91). During the degradation period of 2-methylquinoline (initial concentration 100 mg/L), nitrate was almost completely consumed (the removal efficiency was 98.5%), while nitrite remained at low concentration (< 0.62 mg/L) during the whole denitrification period. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-methylquinoline, 4-ethyl-benzenamine, N-butyl-benzenamine, N-ethyl-benzenamine and 2,6-diethyl-benzenamine were metabolites produced during the degradation. The degradation pathway of 2-methylquinoline by E. aerogenes TJ-D was proposed. 2-Methylquinoline is initially hydroxylated at C-4 to form 2-methyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline, and then forms 2-methyl-4-quinolinol as a result of tautomerism. Hydrogenation of the heterocyclic ring at positions 2 and 3 produces 2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-4-quinolinol. The carbon-carbon bond at position 2 and 3 in the heterocyclic ring may cleave and form 2-ethyl-N-ethyl-benzenamine. Tautomerism may result in the formation of 2,6-diethyl-benzenamine and N-butyl-benzenamine. 4-Ethyl-benzenamine and N-ethyl-benzenamine were produced as a result of losing one ethyl group from the above molecules.     

同步脱氮好氧颗粒污泥的特性及其反应过程

厌氧颗粒污泥经过驯化后,成为具有同步硝化与反硝化(SND)功能的好氧颗粒污泥.实验在2L反应器中进行,温度,pH值,溶解氧分别控制在25℃,pH7～8,3～4mg/L.在实验条件下,SND好氧颗粒污泥COD去除率90%,氨氮去除率100%,出水检测不出NO₂^--N和NO₃^--N.反应器中SND颗粒污泥粒径在2.0～2.7mm的占全部颗粒污泥的50%,SVI为15～30mL/gTSS;污泥所能承受的最大压力为23.236N;SND好氧颗粒污泥中挥发性固体为9.92mg/mL,占总固体的2/3.采用SND好氧颗粒污泥进行脱氮研究,反应6h后氨氮去除率达100%,废水中检测不到NO₂^--N,仅残留2mg/L的NO₃^--N.     

温度对好氧颗粒污泥脱氮性能及颗粒稳定性的影响

以乙酸钠与葡萄糖混合基质为碳源,采用间歇式气升内循环反应器(SBAR),以颗粒解体后含有大量丝状菌的污泥为接种污泥,考察了颗粒污泥反应器的启动及温度对好氧颗粒污泥脱氮性能与颗粒稳定性的影响.结果表明,在温度为20℃时,成功实现了颗粒污泥反应器的启动,形成的颗粒结构致密,表面光滑;污泥容积指数(SVI)为70mL/g,平均粒径为3.2mm,平均湿密度为1.029g/mL.当温度直接升高到26℃时,出水NH4+-N由10.6mg/L降为0.2mg/L,同时出现了出水亚硝酸盐的积累,积累率达到93.9%.但是,在温度升高后的47d中,由于胞外多聚物(EPS)中蛋白质与多糖比值的降低,导致颗粒表面的电负性的增加,最终使得颗粒逐渐解体.     

Analysis of aerobic granular sludge formation based on grey system theory

Based on grey entropy analysis,the relational grade of operational parameters with aerobic granular sludge’s granulation indicators was studied.The former consisted of settling time(ST),aeration time(AT),superficial gas velocity(SGV),height/diameter(H/D) ratio and organic loading rates(OLR),the latter included sludge volume index(SVI) and set-up time.The calculated result showed that for SVI and set-up time,the influence orders and the corresponding grey entropy relational grades(GERG) were:SGV(0.9935) > AT(0.9921) > OLR(0.9894) > ST(0.9876) > H/D(0.9857) and SGV(0.9928) > H/D(0.9914) > AT(0.9909) > OLR(0.9897) > ST(0.9878).The chosen parameters were all key impact factors as each GERG was larger than 0.98.SGV played an important role in improving SVI transformation and facilitating the set-up process.The influence of ST on SVI and set-up time was relatively low due to its dual functions.SVI transformation and rapid set-up demanded different optimal H/D ratio scopes(10-20 and 16-20).Meanwhile,different functions could be obtained through adjusting certain factors’ scope.     

酰基高丝氨酸内酯延缓好氧颗粒污泥解体的研究

为探究外源信号分子对好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)稳定性的影响,在SBAR系统中分别投加不同类型的酰基高丝氨酸内酯(AHLs),并分析AGS胞外聚合物(EPS)相对含量变化,采用液相色谱-质谱技术(LC-MS)分析系统中信号分子的分布,基于BugBase物种表型预测微生物种群变化.结果表明,投加C12-HSL对微生物分泌EPS有明显促进作用,EPS含量达120.78 mg·g^-1,系统运行90 d未出现颗粒解体现象,可维持AGS稳定状态;信号分子投加后C10-HSL主要分布于水相,而C12-HSL和C14-HSL更容易进入泥相;信号分子投加后种群结构变化显著,革兰氏阴性菌属丰度都有不同提升,在投加C12-HSL之后优势菌属为可塑菌属(Plasticicumulans)丰度显著增加(可达18.14%)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、梭菌属(Clostridium＿sensu＿stricto＿1).C12-HSL通过提高革兰氏阴性厌氧菌属,并促进内源C14-HSL分泌,进而使EPS相对含量增加的方式延缓好氧颗粒污泥解体.