泥石流危险性评价研究进展

综述了国内外泥石流危险性评价方法的研究现状,分别介绍了国内单沟泥石流和区域泥石流的危险度研究方法,针对单沟泥石流和区域泥石流的不同特征,提出了其改进和完善的建议,并对泥石流危险性评价方法的发展方向和趋势进行了讨论。     

不同容重的泥石流淤积厚度计算方法研究

泥石流的淤积厚度是泥石流灾害评估和防治的最重要的参数之一,但迄今还没有较好的方法计算不同容重的泥石流淤积厚度。本文通过研究泥石流屈服应力的特点,提出了用地区参数和泥石流体积浓度来计算泥石流屈服应力,进而计算泥石流淤积厚度的方法。采用本文方法计算已发生泥石流地区不同容重泥石流的淤积厚度,可以很好地应用于泥石流灾害评估和防治。     

汶川县泥石流沟在汶川“5.12”地震后的活动趋势

2008年5月12日,四川省汶川县发生了8级强烈地震。震后,灾区内多处暴发了泥石流。以地震灾区汶川县泥石流为研究对象,综合考察了6条处在不同地震烈度和具有不同泥石流形成特点的泥石流沟,分析了泥石流的活动趋势,并探讨了泥石流活动受地震影响的时间规律,为地震灾区的泥石流减灾和防治工作提供参考。     

泥石流浆体冲击拦砂坝荷载计算的实验研究*

泥石流冲击力大小是泥石流灾害防治工程设计最重要的参数之一,但到目前为止,泥石流对拦砂坝的冲击力计算还存在很大争议。本文通过在拦砂坝上安装冲击力传感器测量冲击力值,详细分析不同容重泥石流,不同沟道坡度及不同拦砂坝迎水面倾角等因素下泥石流对拦砂坝坝体的冲击作用。研究表明,影响泥石流浆体冲击力大小的主要因素有泥石流容重、沟床坡度和泥石流流速;在沟道坡度和泥石流总量相同时,泥石流浆体冲击力大小随泥石流容重的增加而降低;在泥石流容重不变时,随沟道坡度的增加而增加;泥石流容重和沟道坡度的影响主要反映到泥石流流速的变化中,推导出新的泥石流浆体冲击力大小计算公式;该公式表明,泥石流浆体冲击力大小同泥石流表面流速呈正比例关系,而比例系数因泥石流容重的不同而不同。分析比较了新公式同原有公式的差异,并举例说明了新计算公式的实用价值,为泥石流防治工程设计提供技术支撑。     

泥石流灾害的分形研究

复杂性是各个学科面临的共同难题,分形理论作为解决复杂性问题的有力工具被提出以来,得到了广泛的应用.在泥石流灾害中的应用也得到不断深入研究.本文在结合前人研究的基础上,从泥石流发生机理、泥石流堆积、泥石流沟谷形态和水系的发育演化以及泥石流预测四个方面论述了分形理论在泥石流灾害研究中的应用,将分维作为表征泥石流灾害系统的有效参量,揭示了泥石流灾害中的某些规律,反映了泥石流的一些本质现象.     

陕西省泥石流灾害的时空分布规律及成因的初步分析

陕西省是我国泥石流灾害发生较严重的地区之一。本文较全面地阐明了全省泥石流灾害的时空分布规律;分析了泥石流的形成因素,并对形成泥石流的各种临界条件进行了探讨;最后,还就全省泥石流的发展趋势进行了讨论。     

云南省东川区泥石流灾害SPOT5遥感影像特征

在东川区县(市)地质灾害详细调查过程中,SPOT5高分辨率卫星遥感数据对泥石流灾害具有较好的解译效果。通过对泥石流SPOT5遥感影像特征进行研究,建立了东川区泥石流遥感解译标志,并对沟谷型泥石流和坡面型泥石流进行识别,共识别了沟谷型泥石流168条,坡面泥石流95处。     

四川德昌县凉峰沟泥石流灾害特征及防治对策

论述了四川德昌县凉峰沟泥石流形成条件、触发因素和泥石流灾害特征.对泥石流危险度进行了定量评价,并提出了相应的泥石流防治对策.     

沟谷泥石流运动过程模型试验

泥石流运动过程是泥石流运动力学核心内容之一.以新疆天山公路K630泥石流为原型,选取几何相似比1:650,推导了泥石流质量、固液两相流速和泥石流冲击力相似比,以流通区为核心,建造了沟谷泥石流试验模型.试验结果表明,泥石流运动具有显著的阵流特性,阵流间隔时间为10s左右,其间嵌套2~3次弱阵现象;阵流期间,泥石流流速和冲击力均较大;从流通区的源头至沟口,流速呈现非线性增大趋势,且泥石流体中固液两相流速变化趋势相似,弯道处泥石流超高现象显著;泥石流运动初期由于泥石流体中固相和液相混和搅拌不均匀而呈现稀性泥石流特征,随后粘性特性增强.这些现象与现场观测结果基本一致.     

四川德昌县虎皮弯沟泥石流及灾害损失评估

论述了四川德昌县虎皮弯沟泥石流形成环境、触发条件和泥石流特征.分析了泥石流危险度,着重评估了"8.24"泥石流灾害损失并提出了相应的防治建议.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.