东营市大气颗粒物中有机污染物的色谱－质谱分析

报道了应用气相色谱和气相色谱。质谱联用法对东营市大气颗粒物中正构烷烃和多环芳烃的分析结果，实际分析中共鉴定出正构烷烃２１种，多环芳烃６３种。定量测定结果表明，东营市冬季大气颗粒物中的总正构烷烃浓度和苯并（ａ）芘浓度均低于国内其他大城市。     

浅谈区域性非甲烷烃的环境影响

针对炼油区域可能产生非甲烷烃排放的问题,大庆炼化公司在新项目建设初期采用先进的工艺和设备,降低了非甲烷烃的损失。对非甲烷烃排放进行的环境影响分析表明,在非甲烷烃排放的损失中,汽油装车损失占42%,设备散发损失占23%,原油储罐小呼吸损失21%,原油储罐大呼吸损失10%,汽油储罐小呼吸损失4%。该公司使用内浮顶汽油储罐及对汽油装车采取密闭回收油气的办法,有效地降低了非甲烷烃的散失,对区域环境质量的改善起到了重要作用,同时减少了炼油企业油气的损失。     

气相色谱法在海洋溢油鉴别中的应用研究

胜利油田用hp5890A气相色谱仪鉴别海洋溢油,由实验得出最佳色谱条件。通过分析原油色谱图中C17/Pr、C18/Ph、C17/C18、Pr/Ph及C18/C19、C19/C20的特征峰面积比值,得出了海洋溢油的气相色谱鉴别方法,并对影响鉴别结果的各种因素进行了讨论。     

茂县玫瑰精油加工方法对化学成分含量的影响

本文用毛细管气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用技术,毛细管气相色谱保留指数和标准品叠加法鉴定了茂县玫瑰精油的化学成分,并对水蒸气蒸馏精油、净油、蒸馏-萃取精油、水中精油的化学成分进行了比较,说明不同加工方法对精油成分的影响是很大的。     

GC-MS分析鸡树条荚蒾叶化学成分

为了开发利用鸡树条荚蒾这一潜在的民间药用植物资源,采用GC-MS方法对鸡树条荚蒾叶石油醚部分的化学成分进行了分析。经毛细管色谱柱分析分离出56个峰,共确认出其中48种成分;应用色谱峰面积归一法分析各成分的相对含量,含量较高的物质有3-甲基丁酸(40.50%)、2-甲基丁酸(14.49%)、邻苯二甲酸丁基异丁基酯(10.28%)、棕榈酸(6.02%)、α-亚麻酸(4.58%)、β-谷甾醇(3.02%)等,化合物类型主要为脂肪酸、烷烃、脂肪醇、酯类、甾醇类化合物。该方法简便可靠、快速、重现性好,并为鸡树条荚艹迷叶的化学成分研究提供了参考依据。     

蔬菜中农药残留检测方法研究进展

对蔬菜中农药残留的前处理方法及检测方法进行了综述。固相萃取法（SPE）、超临界流体萃取（SFE）、毛细管气相色谱（CGC）、高效液相色谱（HPLC）及其联用技术是现阶段农药残留分析中的主要方法。     

双柱单检测器气相色谱法同时测定总烃和非甲烷烃

介绍了用双柱单检测器气相色谱法分析气体样品中总烃和非甲烷烃,通过对气相色谱仪的改进,解决了非甲烷烃在分析中由于使用到两张色谱图而导致的在分析时间上和数据处理中引入的分析误差等问题,经过与现有方法进行比较,该方法具有准确、快速、简单等优点。     

金属有机骨架在色谱吸附和分离中的应用进展

金属有机骨架材料(Metal-organic frameworks, MOFs)是一种大约20年前新兴起的、目前最年轻的多孔复合材料。由于其出色的物理和化学特性, MOFs已被广泛应用于多种领域。色谱技术作为一种重要的分析和分离方法,在环境监测分析和污染治理中起着重要的作用。着重介绍了MOFs在色谱技术中的应用,包括气相色谱(GC)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)及毛细管电色谱(CEC)等。除了MOFs在色谱领域取得的重要影响,也探讨了MOFs作为色谱材料,与传统色谱材料相比所具有的诸多应用前景及局限,以期为将来MOFs的理论和色谱应用研究提供指导。     

勿色杆菌和假单胞菌对原油降解特征对比

为对比勿色杆属菌种(Achromobater sp)SLTHX114株和黄色假单胞菌(Pseudomonas flavescens)SLTHX214株对原油降解特征的差异性,在40℃恒温有氧实验室条件下,使用两株原油降解菌对塔里木油田原油进行了生物降解模拟实验,分析了生物降解气组分、生物降解原油的族组分及生物标志化合物变化特征。实验结果表明,革兰氏阴性SLTHX214株对原油降解能力强于革兰氏阳性SLTHX114株,SLTHX114株对原油中的饱和烃具有明显的降解作用,而SLTHX214株更倾向于降解原油中的芳烃。对土壤石油污染修复和菌种选择具有一定的指示意义。     

新乡市环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染特征及来源解析

2018年4月—9月,对新乡市环境空气中70种VOCs进行监测,分析了VOCs浓度水平、组成特征、臭氧生成潜势及来源。结果表明,新乡市环境空气中VOCs浓度范围为27.25～289.18μg/m3,平均浓度为117.23μg/m3,以醛酮类和烷烃为主,表现为醛酮类烷烃类芳香烃烯炔烃,主要来源于机动车尾气及燃烧源(贡献比为37.609%)以及溶剂使用(贡献比为16.791%)。环境空气中VOCs的臭氧生成潜势贡献表现为醛酮类芳香烃烯炔烃烷烃类。     

Application of a slow-release fertilizer for oil bioremediation in beach sediment

A 105-d field experiment was conducted to determine the potential of the slow-release fertilizer, Osmocote (Scotts, Marysville, OH), to stimulate the indigenous microbial biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in an oil-spiked beach sediment on an intertidal foreshore in Singapore. Triplicate microcosms containing 80 kg of weathered sediment, spiked with 5% (w/w) Arabian light crude oil and 1.2% (w/w) Osmocote pellets, were established, together with control microcosms minus Osmocote. Relative to the control, the presence of the Osmocote sustained a significantly higher level of nutrients (NH(4)(+)-N, NO(3)(-)-N, and PO(4)(3-)-P) in the sediment pore water over the duration of the experiment. The metabolic activity of the indigenous microbial biomass, as measured using an intracellular dehydrogenase enzyme assay, was also significantly enhanced over the duration of the experiment in amended sediments. The loss of total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons (TRPH) and biodegradation of total n-alkanes (C(10)-C(33)), branched alkanes (pristane and phytane), as well as total target polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (two- to six-ring), in both the control and Osmocote-amended sediments, followed a first-order biodegradation model. The first-order loss rate of total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons was 2.57 times greater than that of the control. The hopane-normalized rate constants for total n-alkane, branched alkane, and total target PAH biodegradation in the Osmocote-treated sediments were 3.95-, 5.50-, and 2.45-fold higher than the control, respectively. Overall, the presence of Osmocote was able to significantly enhance and accelerate the biodegradation of aliphatics and PAHs in oil-contaminated sediments under natural field conditions in an intertidal foreshore environment.     

油污染土壤中微生物量──碳的测定方法研究

用熏蒸-培养法测定油污染土壤中的微生物量─—碳。对某油田距采油井1、15、30m的土壤测定结果表明，受原油污染的土壤微生物量的大小随土壤含油量变化而变化。熏蒸-培养法受土壤水分状况影响较大，不适用于强酸性土壤及刚施用过大量有机肥的土壤，在测定性质差异很大的土壤时，必须分别测定转换系数Kc，才能得到可靠的结果。     

Efficiency of cassava steep liquor for bioremediation of diesel oil-contaminated tropical agricultural soil

Soil artificially contaminated with diesel oil, treated with cassava steep liquor (CSL) and designated EXPS. Similar polluted soil without CSL amendment (CSS1) and uncontaminated soil (CSS2) served as controls. There were dramatic changes in the physico-chemistry of systems EXPS and CSS1 with utilization of the inorganic nutrients to near-depletion in the former than the latter. In contrast, the properties of CSS2 remained relatively stable throughout the investigated period. Similarly, the population densities of microflora in the polluted soils showed an initial decrease between days 0 and 5 before assuming an increasing trend with percent hydrocarbon-utilizers ranging significantly (P < 0.05) from 0.56 to 6.6, 0.1 to 2.46 and 0.56 to 0.26, respectively for EXPS, CSS1, and CSS2. In EXPS, the residual oil decreased from 98,045 to 1,102.3 mg/kg soil at day 35 representing about 98.88% degradation. The corresponding value for CSS1 was 98,106.1 to 52,110 mg/kg soil, amounting to 46.88% oil disappearance. The GC fingerprints of alkane fractions of the recovered oil reduced significantly by day 15 for EXPS with near-similar results of CSS1. However, by day 35, there was complete disappearance of all peaks including the pristane and phytane molecules in the former whereas in CSS1, there were no observable changes. The germination and growth profiles of maize seed plants as evidence of recovery of oil-impacted soils were poor in CSS1 (10%) with pronounced abnormal morphology when compared with the data obtained for EXPS (74%) and CSS2 (80%). These results suggest that CSL could be an indispensable tool in bioremediation of environments contaminated with hydrocarbons. The technology of application is simple, rapid and cost-effective and may be appropriate for use in developing countries to ameliorate the problems of petroleum pollution.     

Morphological and anatomical effects of crude oil on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>

Fresh whole plants of Pistia stratiotes were exposed to varying doses of crude oil (0–100 ppm) for 28 days at normal temperature of 30 ± 2°C. Samples were taken weekly during this period for determination of changes in leaf area, root length, number of leaves, and number of sprouts. The cross-section of one terminal end of the major roots and cellular distribution of the meristematic region were also examined. The results show that crude oil was toxic to the plant at all concentrations in all investigated parameters for as low as 10 ppm. Association was also observed between crude oil toxicity and certain metals inherent in the crude oil such as manganese and lead. Cell shape disruptions, changes in mitotic indices, and the distortion of cellular anatomy and structure at the apical region also characterized the presence of crude oil in the environment of P. stratiotes. P. stratiotes may not be a good bio-accumulator of crude oil but may be used for the detection of pollution.     

The potential of epiphytic hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria on legume leaves for attenuation of atmospheric hydrocarbon pollutants

The leaves of two legumes, peas and beans, harbored on their surfaces up to 9×10? cells g?1 of oil-utilizing bacteria. Less numbers, up to 5×10? cells g?1 inhabited leaves of two nonlegume crops, namely tomato and sunflower. Older leaves accommodated more of such bacteria than younger ones. Plants raised in oily environments were colonized by much more oil-utilizing bacteria than those raised in pristine (oil-free) environments. Similar numbers were counted on the same media in which nitrogen salt was deleted, indicating that most phyllospheric bacteria were probably diazotrophic. Most dominant were Microbacterium spp. followed by Rhodococcus spp., Citrobacter freundii, in addition to several other minor species. The pure bacterial isolates could utilize leaf tissue hydrocarbons, and consume considerable proportions of crude oil, phenanthrene (an aromatic hydrocarbon) and n-octadecane (an alkane) in batch cultures. Bacterial consortia on fresh (but not on previously autoclaved) leaves of peas and beans could also consume substantial proportions of the surrounding volatile oil hydrocarbons in closed microcosms. It was concluded that phytoremediation through phyllosphere technology could be useful in remediating atmospheric hydrocarbon pollutants.     

试论原油罐区环境影响评价中的工程分析 ──以长庆石化分公司原油罐区建设项目为例

原油罐区环境影响评价中的工程分析必须深入、准确。文章总结了该类项目环境影响评价工作中工程分析的要点,并通过长庆石化分公司原油罐区工程实例加以实证说明,对该类项目环境影响评价工作有一定的指导作用。     

Effect of bioremediation on the growth of Okro (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Abelmoshus esculetus</Emphasis>) in the Niger Delta soils

This paper communicates the effect of bioremediation on the performance of Okro plant (Abelmoshus esculentus) in a typical Niger Delta soil that has received 5% crude oil pollution level. Biodegrading bacteria such as Pseudomonas fluorescen, Acinetobacteria iwofii, Bacillus subtilus, Arthrobacter globiformis that was isolated from previously polluted soils was introduced into the samples. The treatment combinations are as follows (A) = control without crude oil; B = soil + crude oil, (C) = soil + crude oil + microbes, (D) = soil + crude oil + microbes, (E) = soil + crude oil + microbes + fertilizer (F) soil + microbes and (G) = soil + fertilizer. The treatment (E) gave the highest number of leaves, % crop emergence, plant biomass, microbial population and degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon compared to any of the treatments that had received crude oil. This suggested that fertilizer application does not only stimulate microbial growth but it provides the plant with more available nutrients required for plant growth.     

吉林省采油厂原油含水率分析仪工作场所辐射防护水平调查及分析

通过系统的监测了解吉林地区采油厂原油含水率分析仪的工作场所放射防护现状,为放射源监督管理部门提供参考依据,为保护环境、保护放射工作人员职业健康提供重要保障,为采油厂对辐射装置管理及措施提供依据。采用国家规定的标准方法对吉林省不同工作环境下的5家采油厂的45台原油含水率分析仪的周围剂量当量进行现场监测,对涉及接触原油含水率分析仪的4种不同岗位工作人员进行年有效剂量估算,对接触原油含水率分析仪的202名工作人员进行个人剂量监测。结果表明,原油含水率分析仪的工作场所周围剂量当量及人员受照剂量均满足国家标准要求,剂量分布较均匀,外输岗年有效剂量较小,集输岗年有效剂量较高。吉林省采油厂原油含水率分析仪在正常运行情况下,工作场所基本不会对工作人员造成职业照射,辐射防护状况良好,放射工作人员年有效剂量值均在国家规定限值范围内。     

Sulfonated tea waste: A low-cost adsorbent for purification of biodiesel

In the present work, the crude biodiesel produced from spent fish frying oil through alkaline catalyzed transesterification was purified using a low-cost adsorbent viz. sulfonated tea waste. After separating the glycerol, the crude biodiesel was purified using the suggested adsorbent. Various methods of purification using the said adsorbent were applied such as purification using adsorption column chromatography and shaking methods. The results showed that purification using adsorption column chromatography exhibited the bst result. Properties of the purified fuels were determined and found conformed to those specified by the ASTM standards. For the sake of comparison, purification using zeolite and water washing method was also investigated. The result indicated that the suggested adsorbent was more successful on purification of the crude biodiesel compared to other methods.