大气污染控制方案的模糊决策分析

运用模糊距离模型，通过９种大气污染控制方案，１５个评价方案指标进行模糊决策分析，得到了与层次分析相吻合的决策结果。应用表明，这种方法原理直观，简便规范，精确度高，易于掌握，不失为环保部门决策环境污染控制方案的新途径。     

浙江省生态环境可持续发展评价指标体系的建立

生态环境的可持续发展评价是生态安全与生态建设中的重要内容。本研究应用主成分分析法，收集浙江省1990～2000年的数据，对评价指标进行初步筛选．同时采用德尔斐法进行专家咨询，得到评价指标的分层排序。最后从初选的54个评价指标中，根据主成分分析法、专家咨询法的指标筛选结果，结合有关国家及地方生态环境建设规划，建立了由40个指标组成的浙江省生态环境可持续发展评价指标体系。     

工业企业集聚区周边土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系与分区管理对策研究

土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系是识别土壤环境污染、指导土壤环境管理及开发利用的有效工具。在土壤环境质量评价方法和国内外标准分析的基础上,提出了建立土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系的基本框架;结合"压力-状态-响应"模型(PSR模型),考虑不同工业区特征污染物,建立了包含通用指标和备选指标的土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系。以此评价指标体系为导向,为指导不同类型工业集聚区科学发展提出了工业区周边土壤环境质量分区管理的对策建议。     

染化厂的污染影响人体周自中性粒细胞核突的检测

湖北省某染化厂排出的废水灌溉农田，致使农民出现中毒症状。本文报道该村下水田和未下水田农民周血中性粒细胞核突均值分别为６３．６％、６１．％。与无明显污染区的华中师大师生核突均值２２．３％相比较有高度显著差异。表明中性粒细胞核突与环境污染有密切关系。说明该地区环境污染的严重性，进一步证明利用人体周血中性粒细胞核突检测机体对环境污染的反应，作为环境污染监测的一项生物学指标。     

突发性环境污染事故风险管理进展

在介绍突发性环境污染事故的概念、类型与特性的基础上,综述了近年来国内外风险管理的进展。要对突发性环境污染事故进行风险管理,需要有组织的风险管理体系和风险管理计划。风险管理计划应当包括危害的风险评价、预防和应急反应三部分内容。文中详细阐述了突发性环境污染事故的预防、应急处理与对策、善后处理与影响评价的主要内容和方法。     

微波在环境污染治理工程中的应用

微波加热技术在环境污染治理中正逐步得到应用。本文主要介绍了微波加热技术的基本原理和优缺点及近年来微波加热技术在污染土壤的修复、废物处理、活性炭再一和废气处理等领域的应用进行综述，并与传统的处理技术进行比较，分析该技术进一步推广应用的限制因素，同时对该技术今后在环境污染治理工程中应用的发展方向进行了预测。     

南京市区植物叶片氮、硫、铅含量与大气污染评价

通过对南京市区的各功能区植物叶片中的氮、硫、铅元素含量的分析，研究了植物大气环境污染指数，探讨了植物叶片的氮、硫、铅元素含量的季节变化，以及与城市大气环境污染之间的关系。结果表明，植物叶片中，硫、铅元素的含量随季节变化不断增加，而氮元素含量相应减少；各功能区的硫、铅元素含量明显高于清洁对照区；用植物污染指数可以综合评价大气环境的质量状况。     

因子分析及其在河网水质综合评价中的应用研究

对因子分析方法在天然水体水质评价中的应用进行研究，证明在数据较为缺乏的情况下，使用因子分析方法可以损失较少信息，减少评价指标，针对主因子进行分析，使水质评价结果更为合理和有效。同时，利用因子的得分值还可以将不同地区进行比较分析。应用因子分析对河网地区典型河流的水质状况进行分析，发现了增长潜力较大的主要因子，并对该地区的水质状况做出了符合实际的总体评价，表明因子分析在水质评价中具有重要应用价值。     

浮法玻璃生产企业清洁生产评价

清洁生产评价是指对企业的生产情况进行综合分析和评估，寻求实行清洁生产审核的机会和途径。作者以浮法玻璃生产企业为例，对清洁生产评价指标的选取、指标等级划分和评分标准以及评价指标权重的确定等作了介绍。     

铁、锰氧化细菌在环境污染治理中的应用

对各种铁、锰氧化细菌的生理生化特性进行了讨论，介绍了铁锰氧化细菌在环境污染治理方面的应用，并提出了今后研究工作的重点及亟待解决的问题。     

房地产用地土壤污染环境风险评价——以江苏某搬迁企业原址用地为例

许多房地产项目都是在工业企业原址上进行开发建设,可能存在不同程度的土壤污染。土壤污染的评估和修复方案已成为房地产开发项目环评的重点,文中采用单因子指数法、内梅罗指数法和土壤背景值对照法对江苏某房地产用地土壤进行了环境风险评价,结果表明该地块不需要进行土壤修复和处置。     

次级河流水污染事件应急处置程序及环境损害评估技术路线

近年来,随着我国经济的发展,次级河流突发性水污染事件频繁发生,对生态环境及居民生活造成了严重的影响。次级河流突发性水污染事件发生后,为减少污染造成的损失和影响,保证受损的环境资源得到恢复和补偿,不仅要立即采取行之有效的应急处置措施,而且应当积极开展环境损害鉴定评估工作,全面追究污染者的环境责任。根据次级河流本身的特点,结合各省市在环境应急处置过程中的具体做法,建立了一套应对突发性次级河流水污染事件的应急处置工作程序;阐述了环境损害鉴定评估的必要性、工作方法和技术路线,同时从受损环境资源的确认、污染源和污染物的识别以及暴露途径的建立3个方面构建了开展次级河流突发性水污染事件环境损害鉴定评估工作的因果关系链条,对实际开展相关工作具有重要意义。     

生物标志物在水源地风险评价中的作用与展望

针对肿瘤高发区饮用水污染和南水北调水质的风险评价问题,提出了可用生物标志物检测水中的“环境诱变剂量”来作为评价水体中有毒有害污染物潜在遗传危害的综合指标。简要介绍了生物标志物在国内外的研究动态及其在环境监测、环境风险评价中的应用前景。     

Assessment of biological effects of environmental pollution along the NW Mediterranean Sea using mussels as sentinel organisms

With the aim of assessing the biological effects of pollution along three gradients of pollution in the NW Mediterranean Sea, a biomonitoring survey was implemented using a battery of biomarkers (lysosomal membrane stability, lysosomal structural changes, metallothionein (MT) induction and peroxisome proliferation) in mussels over a period of two years as part of the EU-funded BEEP project. Mussels from the most impacted zones (Fos, Genova and Barcelona harbours) showed enlarged lysosomes accompanied by reduced labilisation period of lysosomal membranes, indicating disturbed health. MT levels did not reveal significant differences between stations and were significantly correlated with gonad index, suggesting that they were influenced by gamete development. Peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase (AOX) activity was significantly inhibited in polluted stations possibly due to interactions among mixtures of pollutants. In conclusion, the application of a battery of effect and exposure biomarkers provided relevant data for the assessment of biological effects of environmental pollution along the NW Mediterranean Sea.     

Assessing Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Cd pollution in bottom sediments of Wadi Al-Arab Dam, Jordan

Thirty five bottom sediment samples were collected in a grid pattern from Wadi Al-Arab Dam. The present study focuses on the levels of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, total organic matter (TOM) and carbonate content (CO(3)(-2)) in order to assess the extent of environmental pollution and to discuss the origin of these contaminants in sediments of the dam. Concentration data were processed using correlation analysis and factor analysis. The results of correlation analysis and factor analysis show low positive and negative correlations among Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, TOM, and CO(3)(-2) and indicate that heavy metals in sediments of Wadi Al-Arab have different anthropogenic and natural sources. The results also confirm the complicated behavior of these pollutants, that can be influenced by many factors. Sediments pollution assessment was carried out using enrichment factor and the geoaccumulation index. The calculation of enrichment factors showed that Mn and Cu are depleted by 0.76, and 1.33, respectively, whereas Cu, Zn, and Cd are enriched by 3.6, and 30, respectively. The results of geoaccumulation index reveal that sediments of Wadi Al-Arab are uncontaminated with Mn, Fe, and Cu, moderately contaminated with Zn, and strongly to extremely contaminated with Cd. Some of the elevated concentration of Zn and Cd are probably due to anthropogenic sources nearby the dam site. These sources mainly include fertilizers and pesticides used in agricultural activities, and the effluent of Irbid City treatment plant. Environmental risks of Cd and Zn were evaluated using the risk assessment code (RAC) and sequential extraction method. Zn poses a low environmental risk, whereas Cd poses a medium environmental risk.     

Involving the public in local air pollution assessment: a citizen participation case study

The central theme of this paper is that the assessment of environmental issues requires citizen participation for several reasons, including access to local knowledge, quality assurance and to reveal values and agendas. One methodology for involving the public is presented, based around the case of air pollution assessment in Sheffield. The study procedure of using citizen groups is described, and an analysis of the material from the groups is given. The final section argues that group discussions can be an appropriate methodology for involving the public in environmental assessment, and that the participants were able to comment on the validity and quality of such technical activities as continuous monitoring and computer modelling of air pollution in an urban environment.     

Temporal and spatial variations in the relationship between urbanization and water quality

With the development of economy, most of Chinese cities are at the stage of rapid urbanization in recent years, which has caused many environmental problems, especially the serious deterioration of water quality. Therefore, the research of the relationship between urbanization and water quality has important theoretical and practical significance, and it is also the main restriction factor in the urbanization advancement. In this work, we investigated the impact of urbanization on the water quality of the nearby river. We established a comprehensive environmental assessment framework by combining urbanization and water quality, and one model was designed to examine the impact of urbanization on the water quality in Jinan from 2001 to 2010 with factor component analysis. The assessment of urbanization level was accomplished using a comprehensive index system, which was based on four aspects: demographic urbanization, economic urbanization, land urbanization, and social urbanization. In addition, synthetic pollution index method was utilized to assess the water pollution of Xiaoqing River in the study area. Through the analysis of regression curves, we conclude that (1) when the urbanization level is below 25 %, the relationship is low and irregular; (2) if the urbanization level varies between 25 and 40 %, there will be an irreversible degradation of stream water quality; (3) there is a positive correlation between urbanization and pollution levels of urban river after the adjustment period; and (4) land and demographic aspects have the highest independent contribution. This study is a useful reference for policymakers in terms of economic and environmental management.     

Informal e-waste recycling: environmental risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in Mandoli industrial area,Delhi, India

Nowadays, e-waste is a major source of environmental problems and opportunities due to presence of hazardous elements and precious metals. This study was aimed to evaluate the pollution risk of heavy metal contamination by informal recycling of e-waste. Environmental risk assessment was determined using multivariate statistical analysis, index of geoaccumulation, enrichment factor, contamination factor, degree of contamination and pollution load index by analysing heavy metals in surface soils, plants and groundwater samples collected from and around informal recycling workshops in Mandoli industrial area, Delhi, India. Concentrations of heavy metals like As (17.08 mg/kg), Cd (1.29 mg/kg), Cu (115.50 mg/kg), Pb (2,645.31 mg/kg), Se (12.67 mg/kg) and Zn (776.84 mg/kg) were higher in surface soils of e-waste recycling areas compared to those in reference site. Level exceeded the values suggested by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). High accumulations of heavy metals were also observed in the native plant samples (Cynodon dactylon) of e-waste recycling areas. The groundwater samples collected form recycling area had high heavy metal concentrations as compared to permissible limit of Indian Standards and maximum allowable limit of WHO guidelines for drinking water. Multivariate analysis and risk assessment studies based on total metal content explains the clear-cut differences among sampling sites and a strong evidence of heavy metal pollution because of informal recycling of e-waste. This study put forward that prolonged informal recycling of e-waste may accumulate high concentration of heavy metals in surface soils, plants and groundwater, which will be a matter of concern for both environmental and occupational hazards. This warrants an immediate need of remedial measures to reduce the heavy metal contamination of e-waste recycling sites.     

免疫粒子群算法优化的环境空气质量评价方法

为了提高免疫算法的收敛速度,将粒子群优化思想引入到免疫算法中,设计了一种免疫粒子群优化算法。采用该算法对大气污染损害公式的参数进行寻优,得到了适用于臭氧、PM2．5等6种大气污染物的环境空气质量评价的污染损害指数公式及环境空气质量评价模型。为了使评价结果更准确,采用了国家环保部最新发布的空气质量标准中给出的大气污染物种类、数目及各级浓度限值。将该评价方法应用于大气质量评价领域,实验结果表明,该方法评价结果准确,具有较好的灵活性、实用性和应用前景。     

Integrated approach of environmental impact and risk assessment of Rosia Montana Mining Area, Romania

The environmental impact assessment of mining sites represents nowadays a large interest topic in Romania. Historical pollution in the Rosia Montana mining area of Romania caused extensive damage to environmental media. This paper has two goals: to investigate the environmental pollution induced by mining activities in the Rosia Montana area and to quantify the environmental impacts and associated risks by means of an integrated approach. Thus, a new method was developed and applied for quantifying the impact of mining activities, taking account of the quality of environmental media in the mining area, and used as case study in the present paper. The associated risks are a function of the environmental impacts and the probability of their occurrence. The results show that the environmental impacts and quantified risks, based on quality indicators to characterize the environmental quality, are of a higher order, and thus measures for pollution remediation and control need to be considered in the investigated area. The conclusion drawn is that an integrated approach for the assessment of environmental impact and associated risks is a valuable and more objective method, and is an important tool that can be applied in the decision-making process for national authorities in the prioritization of emergency action.