10%精(口恶)唑禾草灵·氰氟草酯乳油在水稻上的残留动态

在湖南长沙进行田间试验,研究10%精(口恶)唑禾草灵·氰氟草酯乳油(商品名:百除)在稻田水、土壤及水稻植株中的消解与残留动态.结果表明:百除中2种有效成分精(口恶)唑禾草灵和氰氟草酯在稻田环境中的消解均符合一级动力学方程.精(口恶)唑禾草灵在稻田水、土壤及水稻植株中的半衰期分别为3.51、1.63和2.14 d,氰氟草酯的半衰期分别为3.18、1.61和2.05 d.在推荐使用剂量下,收获稻谷中精(口恶)唑禾草灵和氰氟草酯的残留量低于美国、韩国或日本残留限量标准,因此本试验条件下收获的稻谷食用是安全的.     

磺胺甲噁唑在磷钨酸/二氧化钛复合膜上的光催化降解

以典型抗生素类药物磺胺甲噁唑(SMZ)为目标物,模拟太阳光下研究其在磷钨酸/二氧化钛(H3PW12O40/TiO2)复合膜上的光催化降解行为,并对其可能的降解机理进行探讨.通过一系列的条件实验确定H3PW12O40/TiO2复合膜光催化降解SMZ的最佳实验条件为:H3PW12O40掺杂量为7.7%、污染物初始浓度为50 mg·L-1、溶液pH值为5.5.此时,H3PW12O40/TiO2复合膜表现出最强的光催化活性,其动力学常数为0.453 h-1,为纯TiO2膜的3.0倍;模拟太阳光照射12 h后,复合膜对SMZ的矿化度可达66.6%,是纯TiO2膜的1.25倍.     

低温条件下恩诺沙星的微生物降解研究

在我国高纬度和高海拔地区,低温微生物污染介质的长期高效稳定修复的应用前景广阔,但特定场景下的菌种资源挖掘还处于初期阶段。以污染土壤中常见的喹诺酮类抗生素—恩诺沙星为目标污染物,从低温地区畜禽粪便堆放地土壤中筛选得到4株恩诺沙星低温高效降解菌Z(Providencia sp.,普罗威登斯菌属)、H5(Enterobacter sp.,肠杆菌属)、H35(Providencia sp.,普罗威登斯菌属)、Y(Alcaligenes sp.,产碱杆菌属,嗜盐菌),并评估了这4种菌株的降解效率。结果表明,4种菌株在中性或低碱环境(畜禽粪便堆放地)、4～15℃的温度范围内均能生长;低温较常温条件下显著抑制了4株菌的生长和对恩诺沙星的降解。4、8、15℃条件下无菌对照组恩诺沙星的自然降解率分别为10.9%、22.8%和40.6%。4℃条件下,投加量w为5%的Z、H5、H35和Y对恩诺沙星的降解率在第14天达到峰值,分别为33.4%、42.1%、38.1%和34.3%。在8℃条件下,Z、H5和Y对恩诺沙星的降解率在第12天达到峰值,分别为49.6%、47.9%和48.1%;H35则在第14天达到峰值...     

3种杀菌剂及其复配剂对斑马鱼的急性毒性

采用"半静态法"测定了3种农药及其复配剂对斑马鱼的24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h急性毒性,根据我国《化学农药环境安全评价实验准则》中毒性等级划分标准来划分它们对斑马鱼的毒性等级,发现35%精甲霜灵悬浮种衣剂的24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h-LC_(50)均超过10 a.i.mg·L~(-1),属"低毒"级,而25 g·L~(-1)咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂的24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h-LC_(50)分别为0.704 mg·L~(-1)、0.514 mg·L~(-1)、0.424 mg·L~(-1)、0.262 mg·L~(-1),根据0.100 a.i.mg·L~(-1)LC_(50)(96 h)≤1.00 a.i.mg·L~(-1)划分,属"高毒"级,80%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂的24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h-LC_(50)分别为9.803 mg·L~(-1)、5.175 mg·L~(-1)、4.328 mg·L~(-1)、2.326 mg·L~(-1),根据1.00 a.i.mg·L~(-1)LC_(50)(96 h)≤10.00 a.i.mg·L~(-1)划分,属于"中毒"级。11%精甲霜灵-咯菌腈-嘧菌酯悬浮种衣剂的24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h-LC_(50)分别为2.267 mg·L~(-1)、2.073 mg·L~(-1)、1.620 mg·L~(-1)、1.280 mg·L~(-1),根据1.00 a.i.mg·L~(-1)LC_(50)(96 h)≤10.00 a.i.mg·L~(-1)划分,属于"中毒",虽然11%精甲霜灵-咯菌腈-嘧菌酯悬浮种衣剂和80%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂同属"中毒",但比较具体数值,发现11%精甲霜灵-咯菌腈-嘧菌酯悬浮种衣剂毒性相对更大,原因是其中含有"高毒"的咯菌腈。     

禾草灵在大田系统中迁移,降解动态规律研究

采用大田残留动态试验实测数据,借助药物动力学分室模型,研究了禾草灵在我国部分地区小麦、甜菜大田系统的的迁移、降解规律。该方法不仅得到了禾草灵的降解参数,而且得到了作物对土壤中残留禾草灵的吸收速率常数。本文还用GC/MS技术,分析鉴定了禾草灵的九种降解产物,推测了禾草灵的部分降解途径。     

烯肟菌酯在苹果及土壤中的残留动态研究

对烯肟菌酯在苹果和土壤中的残留消解规律和最终残留进行分析,结果表明,烯肟菌酯的最小检出量为4.10×10-13 g,对苹果和土壤中烯肟菌酯的最小检出浓度分别为0.002 mg·kg-1和0.003mg·kg-1,苹果中烯肟菌酯的平均回收率为92.19%-97.69%,变异系数为4.78%-10.71%;土壤中烯肟菌酯平均回收率为100.43%-107.84%,变异系数为2.21%-4.61%.烯肟菌酯在苹果中的消解动态以及最终残留试验显示,烯肟菌酯消解较快,在天津市和合肥市两地苹果中降解的半衰期分别为7.74d和2.91d,土壤中降解的半衰期分别为8.85d和11.09d.在苹果树上按推荐剂量的2倍使用18%氟环唑·烯肟菌酯悬浮剂施药3次,距最后一次施药21d,烯肟菌酯在苹果和土壤中的残留量分别为0.0247mg·kg-1-0.0843mg·kg-1和0.1013mg·kg-1-0.1480mg·kg-1,苹果收获时烯肟菌酯的消解率在90%以上.     

UV/Fe3+/H2O2体系降解活性艳橙X-GN废水的研究

采用UV/Fe3 /H2O2体系光解活性艳橙X-GN模拟废水,考察了X-GN,Fe3 和H2O2的初始浓度、初始pH值及温度对光解的影响,探讨了X-GN的降解途径和机理.结果表明,在8W低压汞灯(λ＝254nm)照射下,UV/Fe3 /H2O2能够有效地降解X-GN,在pH=3.0,T=50 ℃,时间为120 min,Fe3 和H2O2的初始浓度分别为2.5×10-5 mol·l-1和1.5×10-4 mol·l-1时,对含200 mg·l-1 X-GN模拟废水的色度去除率和矿化率分别达到100%和90.15%.用IC和GC/MS对X-GN降解的中间产物和最终产物进行分析,推导出UV/Fe3 /H2O2体系中X-GN降解的途径和机理.     

禾草灵对水稻生长和典型土壤酶活性的影响

禾草灵是一种广泛使用的除草剂,在土壤中大量残留,对非靶标生物产生危害。为探究除草剂对环境生物的毒性作用,本研究模拟水稻自然生长的环境,评估禾草灵对水稻及土壤微生物的影响。研究结果表明,低浓度禾草灵(200μg·L-1)处理4d对土壤微生物量没有显著影响(P0.05);8 d时,水稻生长没有明显变化,但土壤微生物量较对照组显著升高(P0.05)。高浓度禾草灵(1 000μg·L-1)处理4 d后,土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性显著下降(P0.05),下降幅度分别为8.9%,16.6%和10.2%;处理8 d后,水稻幼苗鲜重显著降低(P0.05),叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量分别下降了13.5%和13.3%。本研究证实高浓度的禾草灵残留会对植物和土壤微生物产生不良的影响。     

12种杀菌剂制剂对半闭弯尾姬蜂的急性毒性及安全性评价

采用试管药膜法测定了12种杀菌剂制剂对半闭弯尾姬蜂成蜂的急性接触毒性,结合安全性系数评价了供试药剂对半闭弯尾姬蜂的安全性。急性毒性测定结果表明,氟硅唑和啶菌噁唑对半闭弯尾姬蜂成蜂的接触毒性最高,LC50值分别为220.022和223.115 mg·L-1;其次为多抗霉素、丙森锌和戊唑醇,LC50值分别为436.496、472.358和638.638 mg·L-1;其余7种杀菌剂制剂嘧霉胺、啶酰菌胺、苯醚甲环唑、多菌灵、嘧菌酯、嘧菌环胺和异菌脲对半闭弯尾姬蜂成蜂的触杀毒性都较低,LC50值均大于1 000 mg·L-1。安全性评价结果表明,丙森锌和啶菌噁唑对半闭弯尾姬蜂成蜂具有高风险性,安全系数分别为0.16和0.42;嘧霉胺、多抗霉素、氟硅唑和戊唑醇为中等风险性,安全系数分别为1.43、1.56、2.20和3.23;其余6种杀菌剂制剂啶酰菌胺、苯醚甲环唑、多菌灵、嘧菌酯、嘧菌环胺和异菌脲对半闭弯尾姬蜂表现为低风险性,安全系数均大于5。结果显示:甾醇脱甲基抑制剂氟硅唑、戊唑醇和啶菌噁唑以及苯胺基嘧啶类杀菌剂嘧霉胺、有机硫杀菌剂丙森锌和抗菌素多抗霉素对半闭弯尾姬蜂成蜂具有急性毒性风险,在有害生物综合治理中应谨慎使用,特别是啶菌噁唑和丙森锌,以免对半闭弯尾姬蜂造成不良影响和危害。     

乙酸钙不动杆菌TS2H对DBP降解特性的研究

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)是一类具有一般毒性和致畸、致突变性的有机化合物,它作为重要的化工原料被大量地用于塑料生产,同时也带来了严重的环境污染问题。文章以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)为PAEs生物降解研究的模型物,通过驯化富集培养,分离出1株能降解DBP的乙酸钙不动杆菌(Acinetobacter calcoaceticus)TS2H,研究了TS2H对DBP的生物降解特性。结果表明,该菌可在好氧条件下高效降解DBP,在最佳pH值7时,150r·min-1振荡培养48h对DBP初始质量浓度为40mg·L-1的降解率可达到98.64%;TS2H对100mg·L-1内较高质量浓度的DBP均具有较高的降解效能,但当DBP质量浓度达到300mg·L-1时,降解效能受到一定的抑制;加入营养物蛋白胨能促进菌株TS2H对DBP的降解,而葡萄糖和苯甲酸钠的加入对DBP的降解有延缓作用;菌株TS2H在一定浓度的Zn2 、Cd2 和Cu2 条件下仍可较高效地降解DBP。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture