垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属污染物处理方法

随着垃圾焚烧技术在各个城市生活垃圾处理中的广泛应用,对生活垃圾焚烧的残余物,主要是飞灰的处理、处置,已成为困扰人们生产生活的重要难题之一。飞灰的处理是控制重金属污染的关键,目前处理垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属污染物的常用方法有：水泥固化法、化学药剂稳定法、飞灰热处理、化学浸提法等,生物淋滤法是近年新兴起来的金属浸提技术。经处理后的飞灰可进行填埋或资源化利用。因此,着重叙述了当前有关垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属污染的控制方法与处置技术的研究现状。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰与矿山废水共处置技术研究与工程应用

以城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰和矿山酸性废水无害化处理为研究对象,设计了一条城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰与矿山酸性废水共处置技术路线,利用焚烧飞灰和矿山酸性废水的酸碱性,加入重金属稳定化药剂,经处理可实现矿山酸性废水和垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的有效去除和稳定。矿山酸性废水的p H由2.33升至中性,废水中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Mn、Fe和As等浓度均有下降,可满足国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)相关标准;垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属Pb、Zn和Cd浸出浓度分别降低了92.1%、73.4%和95.2%,满足危险废物鉴别标准(GB 5085.3-2007)。     

本期推荐

正本期"专论"栏目刊发了罗小勇、王艳明、龚习炜、徐辉撰写的《垃圾焚烧固化稳定化飞灰填埋处置面临的问题与对策》一文。该文提出的对策与建议对开展固化飞灰安全填埋处置相关研究具有参考价值。随着我国生活垃圾终端处置由填埋逐渐转变为焚烧,飞灰产量迅速增加,其安全处置已经成为生活垃圾焚烧全过程污染控制和风     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属固化稳定机理及系统评价方法的研究进展

垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属是必须处理的环境污染物.目前,对于垃圾焚烧飞灰的固化稳定化处理已经有了大量的实验研究.但是,不同地区垃圾焚烧厂产生的飞灰中,重金属含量和形态大不相同,故相应的飞灰仍然难以实现大规模、普适性的处理.在查阅文献及实际调研的基础上,系统总结了垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的存在形态与浸出特性;通过对重金属固化稳定...     

垃圾焚烧固化稳定化飞灰填埋处置面临的问题与对策

我国飞灰安全处置是生活垃圾焚烧污染控制及风险管理的薄弱环节,由于飞灰固化稳定化工艺的多样性,固化飞灰化学、物理、力学特性差异大,固化飞灰填埋设计标准、规范缺失,导致固化飞灰填埋处置存在扬尘大、刺激性气味强、渗滤液产量大、渗滤液组分复杂、渗滤液处理难、填埋场持续运行困难等一系列问题。基于实验测试研究成果,提出了固化飞灰的土工特性参数以及渗沥液水质典型指标的取值。通过分析提出了固化飞灰填埋场设计、运营管理、填埋作业工艺、雨污分流及渗滤液处理等相关优化建议,为固化飞灰安全填埋处置提供系统性解决方案。     

新型重金属螯合剂对焚烧飞灰中Pb的稳定性能研究

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰因富集重金属，需稳定化处理后填埋处置。采用新型重金属螯合剂(0代端二硫代羧酸基聚酰胺-胺超支化聚合物(PAMAM/4DTC-0G))、二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(SDD/DTC)和乙二胺-双二硫代氨基甲酸钠(EDA/2DTC)对Pb浸出浓度较高的飞灰进行稳定化处理，考察螯合剂投加量、浸出液pH对其稳定化效果的影响，并通过Pb形态分布、红外吸收光谱和微观形貌表征探究稳定化机理。结果表明，2%(质量分数，下同)的PAMAM/4DTC-0G能使飞灰中Pb的浸出浓度低于《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)限值；5%的PAMAM/4DTC-0G稳定化后的飞灰中Pb的浸出浓度在较宽的pH范围(2～14)内均低于标准限值；PAMAM/4DTC-0G可与Pb²⁺结合形成超大三维网络状螯合物，能实现长期稳定。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰的资源化处置前景

对大量数据进行统计分析,得出垃圾焚烧飞灰中主要重金属元素和二噁英类物质的含量分布特征,并根据垃圾焚烧飞灰的综合特点,结合其他领域现有技术,初步提出了3个垃圾焚烧飞灰的资源化处置方案:①烧制陶粒;②作为凝石成岩剂的原料;③作为上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)或膨胀式颗粒污泥床(EGSB)废水处理装置的生化反应促进剂.同时回收重金属,并对其前景进行了初步分析.若将上述3个方案逐步完善,不但能节约1000～2000元/t的垃圾焚烧飞灰处置费用,还能够产生很大的附加经济效益.     

飞灰吸附亚甲基蓝的影响因素研究及其吸附模型探讨

垃圾焚烧产生的飞灰处理处置和资源化利用已成为城市可持续发展的新挑战。将飞灰作为亚甲基蓝废水的吸附剂,研究吸附时间、飞灰投加量、亚甲基蓝初始浓度对吸附性能的影响,同时探讨是否有必要对飞灰进行改性。结果表明,无需对飞灰进行水热改性就能达到很好地吸附亚甲基蓝的效果,其吸附机制符合Langmuir模型,为单分子层的均一吸附。单因素实验结果表明,飞灰吸附亚甲基蓝的最佳条件为亚甲基蓝初始质量浓度300mg/L、飞灰投加量2.0g、吸附时间60min,此时亚甲基蓝的去除率可达99.9%。     

垃圾焚烧发电的应用前景分析及应对措施

介绍了城市生活垃圾的危害和处置方式，通过对各种处置方式存在问题的比较，得出垃圾焚烧发电前景广阔，符合垃圾利用减量化、资源化、无害化的利用原则。同时对垃圾焚烧发电的应用提出了一些应对措施。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰去除硫化氢气体

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰由于含有铅镉等重金属,是一种危险废物,若处理不当,会造成重金属迁移和污染地下水等环境生态问题.近年来,垃圾焚烧飞灰的污染控制及资源化利用得到国内人广泛的关注.以垃圾焚烧飞灰为吸附材料,对比研究了2种不同性质的垃圾焚烧飞灰、热电厂粉煤灰以及砂土在相同条件下对硫化氢(H2S)的吸附性能.结果表明,垃圾焚烧飞灰的H2S吸附能力优于其他吸附材料.通过分析吸附前后垃圾焚烧飞灰的浸出液毒性,发现吸附前Cd、Pb 2种金属离子浓度超标,H2S吸附后的飞灰浸出液中金属离子浓度均有一定程度的降低.     

粉煤灰资源化的现状

本文检索了国内外综合利用粉煤灰的有关文献 ,由粉煤灰特性入手 ,介绍了它在农业、建筑、环保等行业的资源化现状。指出粉煤灰作为二次资源的重要意义 ,并对粉煤灰资源化提出了一些设想     

垃圾焚烧飞灰综合利用研究进展

焚烧处理是解决日益增长生活垃圾的有效方法。垃圾焚烧产生的飞灰因含有大量的重金属等污染物而属危险废物 ,目前常采用的处理方法是填埋。本文就垃圾飞灰的综合利用研究现状进行了论述。从环境和技术的角度看 ,垃圾飞灰的预处理、水泥固化和玻璃化是目前飞灰综合利用的主要研究方向     

Speciation and mobility of cadmium in straw and wood combustion fly ash

Two fly ashes from biomass combustion have been analysed regarding cadmium speciation and mobility. A fly ash from straw combustion contained 10 mg Cd/kg dry matter, and around 50% of the cadmium was leachable in water. The possible main speciation of cadmium in this fly ash was CdCl2. When adding this fly ash to agricultural soil a threat for groundwater contamination and plant uptake is existing. A fly ash from wood chip combustion had 28.6 mg Cd/kg dry matter. In this fly ash, the cadmium was bound more heavily, with only small amounts of cadmium leached in mild extractants. A possible speciation of cadmium in this fly ash was as oxide or as CdSiO3. Long-term effects and accumulation of cadmium could be a problem when adding this fly ash to agricultural or forest soils.     

碱熔预处理对粉煤灰溶解规律的影响及其动力学

在用粉煤灰合成沸石分子筛的过程中,粉煤灰在碱液中的溶解影响到合成反应的速率以及合成分子筛的性能。采用碱熔的方法处理粉煤灰,研究了粉煤灰在碱液中的溶解机理以及碱熔预处理对粉煤灰溶解规律的影响,并采用Noyes-Whitney方程分析其溶解动力学。结果表明,经过碱熔预处理的粉煤灰有36．11％的SiO2和16．33％的Al2O3转化为水溶性成分,剩余的非水溶性部分在碱液中的溶解速率也有大幅提高,硅铝离子达到平衡浓度的时间缩短,铝离子的平衡浓度有较大提升。Noyes-Whitney方程对粉煤灰在碱液中的溶解规律适用,相关系数都达到0．979以上。     

Improving phosphate removal of sand infiltration system using alkaline fly ash

Septic tank effluent is customarily disposed of by soil infiltration. Coarse, sandy soil such as those found in Perth, Western Australia, exhibit low attenuation capabilities for phosphate (PO4(3-)) during effluent infiltration. Amendment of such soil with different amounts of alkaline precipitator and lagoon fly ashes was investigated as a means of reducing phosphorus (P) leakage to ground water. Alkaline precipitator fly ash possessed the highest P sorption capacity in terms of its Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters during initial batch tests. The test materials were repeatedly contacted with fresh PO4(3-) solutions over 90 contacting cycles to gain a better indication of long-term P sorption capability. Again, precipitator fly ash exhibited higher P sorption capacity than lagoon fly ash and Spearwood sand. Column studies assessed the influence of various application rates of alkaline precipitator and lagoon fly ashes on the P removal of septic tank effluent. Septic tank effluent was applied at the rate of 4 cm/day to the column for 12 weeks. Concentrations of P were monitored in the column effluent. All the fly ash columns were more efficient in reducing P migration compared to the sand column. Increased levels of fly ash in the soil columns resulted in increased P attenuation. Lagoon fly ash was inferior to precipitator fly ash for P removal; high application rates of fly ash caused clogging of the infiltration bed apparently due to their lower permeability. It is reasoned that 5-15% precipitator fly ash, and less than 30% lagoon fly ash could be added to coarse sands to produce an infiltration bed, which would result in a better quality effluent than can be obtained with untreated sand alone.     

The role of ammonia on mercury leaching from coal fly ash

The Federal Clean Air Interstate Rule issued in March 2005 will result in many power plants employing ammonia-based technologies to control NO(x) emission. The Clean Air Mercury Rule, issued at the same time, will encourage many power plants to use various technologies to remove mercury from flue gas, generating fly ashes that contain elevated concentrations of mercury. Ammonia forms relatively strong complexes with mercury compared to most other cationic elements and, therefore, may change the leaching characteristics of mercury. Understanding the impact of ammonia on the leaching of mercury from fly ash is critical in predicting the potential environmental impact of future fly ash. Batch methods were used to investigate the ammonia impact on mercury leaching from fly ash under different pH conditions. The results indicated that mercury leaching without external ammonia addition is not significant. However, ammonia addition increased mercury leaching in the alkaline pH range, due to the formation of less adsorbable mercury-ammonia complexes. Washed ash released more mercury than the raw ash if the ammonia concentration is the same, mainly due to the dissolution of some ash components during washing which exposed more mercury on ash surface. Mercury adsorption data indicated that more than 90% of available mercury was adsorbed by fly ash even in the presence of 1000 mg l(-1) ammonia addition.     

Effect of fly ash on sorption behavior of metribuzin in agricultural soils

This investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of two different fly ashes [Kota and Inderprastha (IP)] amendment on the sorption behavior of metribuzin in three Indian soil types. The IP fly ash was very effective in increasing the metribuzin sorption in the soils. The sorption with IP amendment was increased by 15-92%, whereas with the Kota fly ash an increase in sorption by 13-38% was noted. The adsorption isotherms fitted very well to the Freundlich adsorption equation and, in general, slope (1/n) values less then unity were observed. Although both the fly ashes significantly decreased metribuzin desorption, the IP fly ash was comparatively more effective in retaining metribuzin in the soils. Metribuzin sorption in the IP fly ash-amended soils showed strong correlation with the fly ash content and compared to K(f)/K(d) values, K(FA) values (sorption normalized to fly ash content) showed less variation. Metribuzin sorption-desorption did not correlate to the organic carbon content of the soil-fly ash mixture. The study demonstrates that all coal fly ashes may not be effective in enhancing the sorption of metribuzin in soils to the same extent. However, among the fly ashes used in this study, the IP fly ash was observed to be significantly effective in enhancing the sorption of metribuzin in soils. This may play an important role in reducing the run off and leaching losses of the herbicide by retaining it in the soil.     

Time-resolved leaching of cadmium and manganese from lignite and incinerator fly ash

Fly ashes from a lignite fired power plant and a municipal incinerator were leached for 3 hours using 0.1N HC1. Leachate was analyzed for Cd and Mn and plots of concentration versus time for these elements show Cd, a surface adsorbed element in the combustion process, to be rapidly removed from the ash particles in the initial four or five minutes of leaching. Manganese, a fly ash matrix element, is leached at a more constant rate as the ash praticles are dissolved. Total Cd and Mn concentrations in the incinerator fly ash are greater than total concentrations of these elements in the lignite fly ash.     

Effect of fly ash on sorption behavior of metribuzin in agricultural soils

This investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of two different fly ashes [Kota and Inderprastha (IP)] amendment on the sorption behavior of metribuzin in three Indian soil types. The IP fly ash was very effective in increasing the metribuzin sorption in the soils. The sorption with IP amendment was increased by 15–92%, whereas with the Kota fly ash an increase in sorption by 13–38% was noted. The adsorption isotherms fitted very well to the Freundlich adsorption equation and, in general, slope (1/n) values less then unity were observed. Although both the fly ashes significantly decreased metribuzin desorption, the IP fly ash was comparatively more effective in retaining metribuzin in the soils. Metribuzin sorption in the IP fly ash-amended soils showed strong correlation with the fly ash content and compared to K_f/K_d values, K_FA values (sorption normalized to fly ash content) showed less variation. Metribuzin sorption-desorption did not correlate to the organic carbon content of the soil-fly ash mixture. The study demonstrates that all coal fly ashes may not be effective in enhancing the sorption of metribuzin in soils to the same extent. However, among the fly ashes used in this study, the IP fly ash was observed to be significantly effective in enhancing the sorption of metribuzin in soils. This may play an important role in reducing the run off and leaching losses of the herbicide by retaining it in the soil.     

矿区炼金废渣的固化/稳定化处理

通过对金矿矿区炼金废渣的酸中和能力、净产酸量及浸出毒性实验,测定了废渣的产酸潜力及重金属砷、镉、铅、锌的总量和它们的浸出量。为了合理处置矿区炼金废渣,并为矿区重金属污染土壤的修复提供技术支持,采用石灰、粉煤灰、堆肥化污泥作为添加剂对废渣进行固化/稳定化处理;通过浸出毒性实验对固化/稳定化处理效果进行综合分析,试图寻求一种最佳的稳定剂。结果表明,无论是单独添加石灰、粉煤灰或者堆肥化污泥还是两两组合混合添加,样品浸出液的pH都有升高,As、Cd的浸出浓度都有明显下降,而且两两组合添加比单独添加的固化/稳定化处理效果更好。在两两组合添加中,粉煤灰混合堆肥化污泥的处理效果最好,浸出液的pH值达到7.82,As、Cd的浸出率分别下降72.0%和72.2%。说明粉煤灰混合堆肥化污泥处理炼金废渣效果最佳,同时具有以废治污的资源化生态效能。