聚合氯化铁对制药废水混凝处理效果的影响

对聚合氯化铁混凝处理制药废水的最佳试验条件进行了研究.证实表明:在溶液pH值为6,PFC投加量为700 mg/L,温度为20℃,搅拌强度为100 r/min,搅拌时间为4min时,效果最佳,COD的去除率为86%.     

稀土/壳聚糖包覆活性炭颗粒处理生活废水

利用壳聚糖包覆活性炭颗粒(Chitosan Wrapping Acticarbon,简称CWC)对生活废水进行处理,研究了CWC原料配方比、pH值、搅拌速度和搅拌时间、处理时间等因素对处理效果的影响。经过实验条件的优化,用CWC处理生活废水的最佳pH值为6,最佳CWC投加量为1g/L,最佳搅拌条件为先快速(900r/min)搅拌2min再慢速(100r/min)搅拌1min,而最佳处理时间为8h。在上述优化条件下,CWC对生活废水的浊度去除率为98.41%,COD去除率为74.12%,氨氮去除率为53.14%。加入稀土元素后CWC对生活废水的去浊率达到99%,COD和氨氮去除率可达90%,BOD去除率达95%。     

滑石粉处理含油废水的研究

研究了滑石粉净化舍油废水的可行性,选取了汽油和柴油配制含油废水,考察了多种因素对滑石粉净化含油废水的影响,其中包括舍油废水浓度、滑石粉投加量、反应温度、搅拌时间等,确定了最佳的吸附条件.结果表明,质量浓度为20mg/L含油废水,当滑石粉投加量为20g/L,温度为20℃,慢速搅拌时间为15 min时,含油废水的处理效果最好,对汽油废水的COD去除率可达97.8%.对柴油废水的COD去除率可达81.5%.由此表明,滑石粉是一种性能优良的处理舍油废水的材料.     

硅藻土深度处理煤矿生活污水实验研究

采用硅藻土对煤矿生活污水氧化沟出水进行混凝搅拌实验,考察了硅藻土投加量、搅拌时间、搅拌速度对总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和悬浮物(SS)去除效果的影响。结果表明,在投加量80 mg/L、搅拌速度80 r/min、搅拌时间20 min的条件下,水样沉淀后上清液TN、TP和SS浓度分别为13.23 mg/L、0.47 mg/L和1.92 mg/L,达到GB18918-2002一级A标准,TN、TP和SS去除率分别为27%、83%和88%。     

Fenton试剂预处理皂素废水的研究

采用Fenton试剂絮凝氧化法预处理皂素废水,考察了H2O2投加量、FeSO4·7H2O投加量、pH值和搅拌时间4个因素,研究其对废水中COD去除效果的影响,实验结果表明反应的最佳条件为：pH为4,H2O2投加量为18mL/L,FeSO4·7H2O投加量为7g/L,搅拌时间为45min,对COD的去除率可达到42.60%。     

游离和固定化SRB污泥处理含锌废水比较研究

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)-硫酸铵包埋法对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)进行固定化处理。以含锌废水为处理对象,利用内聚营养源固定化小球与游离污泥做对比实验,考察硫酸根去除率、锌离子去除率、出水COD值等因素,并借助EDX分析小球内部锌离子含量。实验结果表明,采用内聚营养源固定化小球,硫酸根去除率为55.7%,锌离子去除率达98%,出水COD<100mg/L,进行多次循环实验,出水锌离子浓度仍达到污水综合排放二级标准;采用游离污泥,硫酸根去除率为46.1%,锌离子去除率为98.2%,出水COD1800mg/L以上,用于二次处理废水,锌离子去除率仅为60.4%。固定化小球循环处理废水四次后,每克固定化小球内部锌离子含量为0.04364mg。     

紫外光催化氧化处理制药废水研究

本文详细介绍了在实验室条件下,采用混凝以及过氧化氢光催化法处理制药废水,研究分析了硫酸铁混凝体系以及过氧化氢光催化体系的最佳工艺参数.结果表明：在硫酸铁混凝降解制药废水的实验中,pH是影响混凝的主要因素,混凝剂的加入具有脱稳作用.PAM具有助凝作用.在混凝实验中降解废水的最佳工艺条件为pH值为7,10mg/L的硫酸铁投加量为0.6mL,1mg/L的PAM投加量为2mL,废水COD去除率可达到70％,SS去除率可达到90％.而经过氧化氢光催化处理混凝后的制药废水,最佳工艺条件为：光催化方式选定为曝气,反应温度控制在20℃～30℃间,1％的过氧化氢投加量为9mL,pH值为4,反应时间为3h,废水COD去除率可达到96％.     

纳米Fe_3O_4强化混凝-Fenton氧化预处理垃圾渗滤液

采用纳米Fe_3O_4与Fe Cl3制备复合混凝剂,利用混凝沉淀-Fenton氧化工艺预处理垃圾渗滤液原水,研究其处理效果。结果表明:在纳米Fe_3O_4投加量为2 g/L,Fe Cl3投加量为1.4 g/L时制备的复合混凝剂,在p H值为6.5,转速为300 r/min下快速搅拌1 min,转速为100 r/min下慢速搅拌30 min,沉淀时间为30 min的条件下,COD去除率为56.8%,ρ(COD)可由5 240 mg/L降低到2 264 mg/L;利用Fenton氧化处理混凝处理出水,在H_2O_2的投加量为5.5 g/L,n(H_2O_2)∶n(Fe2+)=4,p H值为6,反应时间为80 min,反应温度为25℃的最佳条件下,COD和氨氮的去除率分别为55.7%和40.1%,最终出水ρ(COD)和ρ(氨氮)分别为1 003 mg/L和670 mg/L;该组合工艺对垃圾渗滤液有较好的处理效果,COD、色度和氨氮的去除率分别为80.8%、59.5%和76.2%。     

絮凝法预处理酵母废水研究

酵母废水是一种高浓度有机废水,针对酵母废水处理工艺现状及存在问题,结合酵母废水COD浓度高、色度高、可生化性差的特点,提出在对酵母废水进行生化处理前进行絮凝沉淀预处理工艺,研究了工艺的运行参数。结果表明:絮凝剂选择氯化铁,投加量为8g/L,pH值为7.5,搅拌速度及时间为300r/min1min,80r/min20min,沉降时间为30min时COD去除率在35%左右;絮凝出水BOD5/COD值明显提高,从0.28上升为0.44,有效地提高酵母废水的生化性,有利于生物处理。     

CTMAB/CPAM/膨润土复合材料的制备与应用

以钠基膨润土为原料,CTMAB、CPAM为改性剂制备复合改性膨润土。探讨了最佳制备条件为:CTMAB投加量2 mmol,CPAM投加量0.03 g,原土投加量6 g,搅拌速度200 r/min,改性时间大于1.5 h。FTIR和XRD对复合改性膨润土进行表征,表明CTMAB、CPAM进入膨润土层间,扩大了膨润土的层间距从而提高了吸附性能。在原水浓度191 600 mg/L,改性土投加量2 g,搅拌时间1~3 h,pH值6~8,搅拌速度200~300 r/min,离心速度1 400 r/min,离心时间2 min的工艺条件下,制药废水COD去除率可达70%。吸附动力学研究结果表明准二级动力学模型能很好地描述膨润土复合材料对制药废水的吸附过程。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.