杭州市大气氟污染的树木监测和评价

植物叶片能通过气孔吸收并积累大气中的氟化物,分析累积在叶片中氟素的含量,便可估测出大气氟污染程度。1982年,我们曾对杭州市十个采样点的悬铃木叶片含氟量与各该点大气中氟污染浓度进行了分析比较,表明了杭州市区存在不同程度的大气氟污染,主要污染源为处于杭州市北郊的杭州钢铁厂和杭州玻璃厂,其氟污染浓度超过相对清洁区的十四倍。     

SO2的生物监测与防治

SO2是我国大气的主要污染物之一，一般大气中的SO2多采用化学法监测，而生物对SO2的监测具有独到的作用，文中就SO2对人类的危害和生物监测及防治进行了初探。     

应用微机优化大气监测位点的研究

本研究根据微机的特点,从百分位数定义出发,采用微元内插法计算百分位数浓度值,选用三项大气常规监测项目同时进行大气监测点优化,解决了大气优化布点工作中的繁琐计算,节约了人力物力,提高了计算及优化精度。     

苔藓植物运用于大气重金属污染监测的研究进展

分析了苔藓植物适用于大气重金属污染监测的特殊生理特征及其生理响应,总结了利用苔藓植物监测大气中重金属污染的优势,探讨了苔藓植物对重金属的吸收机制及其重金属富集途径,并综述了国内外采用的相关监测方法。最后,还指出了存在问题及发展方向。     

关于燃煤电厂大气汞监测问题的探讨

概括了汞污染的危害性、严重性及对汞污染的重视程度,并重点介绍了已开展燃煤电厂大气汞监测的情况。根据中国的实际情况,对燃煤电厂开展的大气汞监测进行了总结,并提出了存在的问题及建议,以制定出具体的、可操作的采样及分析方法和质控措施。     

介绍一种污染源和大气污染物监测新系统

污染源和大气污染物的监测通常都通过采样分析,费时、费工,代表性差,常不能充分满足环境保护条例的严格要求.最近,瑞士ABB(Asea Brown Boveri)属下的环境服务公司提出了一种对污染源和大气污染物进行连续监测的系统,简称为OPSIS.该系统能及时反映工厂排放污染物的情况,对排污达标、提高效益和节约资金具有很大的吸     

厦门市杏林工业区大气监测站位的优选研究

一、引言 大气污染是当前环境问题的主要方面之一.而大气监测站位的选择,则是这方面研究工作的一个重要环节,关系到所得数据的准确性和可靠性.对此,国外开展了不少有     

固定源废气监测工作的若干问题探讨

从监测工况、测点位置、采样过程、结果计算等方面,结合实际经验,对大气固定污染源的监测工作中存在的一些疑难问题进行了探讨。     

防止地下水监测误差

在地下水监测工作中,防止人为因素产生的误差,取得有代表性的地下水样,及时、准确地反映地下水水质状况,是极为重要的. 由于地下水的存在形式而产生了一系列特点.如因包气带将地下水和大气隔开,使地下水一般处于还原状态;因包气带的自净作用,使地表污染物经包气带进入地下水之后含量一般比较低;地下水的运动特点也使进入地下水中的污染物遵循一定规律进行迁移、扩散和变化等等.这些特点在一定程度上使监测     

离子色谱法在大气降水监测中的应用研究

研究了用离子色谱法直接测定大气降水中阳离子的色谱条件、线性范围.实验研究表明,Na+、NH+4、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+方法的最小检出限分别为0.049、0.043、0.011、0.004、0.056 mg·L-1;相对标准偏差分别为4.1%、0.6%、3.7%、1.0%、1.2%;加标回收率为97%～105%.用离子色谱法直接测定大气降水中的阳离子,操作简单、快捷,具有可靠的准确度和良好的精密度,且灵敏度高,实验结果令人满意.     

Public health assessment of hexachlorobenzene

Recently, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was proposed for inclusion in the system of toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs) currently used for dioxin-like compounds. In this paper, we explore the practical implications of the proposition to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) programs by comparing respective health guidance values for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and HCB (expressed as total toxicity equivalents [TEQs]), reviewing possible interactions between HCB and dioxin-like chemicals, and by providing information on actual co-existence of HCB and dioxin-like chemicals at hazardous waste sites. We found a good correlation between the TEF-adjusted oral exposure guidance values for HCB and guidance values for TCDD. The combination of HCB and other dioxin-like compounds was not found in soil, air, or water media at hazardous waste sites. Based on this fact, it is not necessary to include HCB in the total TEQ count at hazardous waste sites at this time.     

Indicators for Chemicals: Sources,impacts and policy performance (5 pp)

Background Different types of indicators have been developed to describe the impact of chemicals on society and environment. Due to the high number of substances and their different types of use, most of these indicators are directed to specific areas of interest – regarding workplace safety, environmental health or consumer health. They address a specific subset of chemicals and can be used for monitoring enterprise-specific, national or international management measures. Main Features A survey of existing indicators for chemicals has shown that indicators already exist for a remarkable number of problem fields. As soon as the release and the environmental fate of chemicals are taken into account, the complexity of the approaches increases considerably. The distinction between indicators for drivers, pressures, state, impacts and responses, as proposed by the European Environmental Agency, supports the identification of proper indicators for a specific type of problem. Discussion and Conclusions. No single indicator exists which is able to cover the whole range of chemicals and their applications. Several indicator approaches cover at least a subset of the most relevant substances. If they are intended to be used for European monitoring, robust data must be provided by EU Member States. Chemicals in enterprises (ancillary inputs as well as process chemicals) are an important element of in-plant material flow management – in terms of occupational safety and health as well as environmental protection. Existing indicators for hazardous chemicals can be a valuable tool for process and product refinement regarding hazardous chemicals, especially for enterprises. Outlook Indicators for production and impact of chemicals, as well as policy performance indicators, are essential elements in order to monitor the management of chemicals. They have to be established for the national and for the EU level.     

Toxicity evaluation of butyl acrylate on the photosynthetic pigments,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,and oxygen evolution activity of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Platymonas subcordiformis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Butyl acrylate is a hazardous and noxious substance (HNS) listed in the top 50 chemicals that is most likely to be involved in HNS spilling incident....     

Development and implementation of surface water quality standards for protection of human health in Korea

Current water quality standards for the protection of human health in Korea include 17 substances found in rivers and streams. Due to increasing concern over the release of hazardous chemicals into the aquatic environment, there has been a demand for additional water quality standards. Therefore, the Korean Ministry of the Environment plans to gradually increase the number of water quality standards to 30 substances, including 22 substances for protection of human health and 8 substances for protection of aquatic ecosystems by 2015. In this study, new water quality standards for protection of human health were established for 1,4-dioxane, formaldehyde, and hexachlorobenzene. We selected candidate hazardous chemicals, conducted a human health risk assessment to determine priority chemicals, established water quality standards based on technical analyses and comparison with domestic and developed countries’ water quality standards, and conducted an expert review. Water quality standards for protection of aquatic ecosystems will be derived in the near future. This study describes how the water quality standards for protection of human health were developed and implemented. Current status, recent expansion, and future plans for water quality standards in Korea are also covered.     

Contaminants in waste foundry sand and its leachate

The environmental characteristics of Waste Foundry Sands (WFS), including chemicals in WFS and its leachate, are essential in understanding the environmental impact, rational disposal and potential development of beneficial applications of this solid industrial waste. This paper presents an assessment of broad-spectrum chemicals (metallic, non-metallic and organic chemicals) in aspects of their statistics (mean, median and the 95th percentile) in dry-weight WFS and WFS leachates based on laboratory measurements of 594 WFS samples from 123 foundry facilities in the USA. Results indicate that WFS is basically not hazardous except a risk associated with WFS from copper-based foundry facilities. Leachability of metallic chemicals varies among investigated WFS. A clear delineation between different leaching protocols is implicated.     

Chemical leasing in the context of sustainable chemistry

Chemical leasing is a new and innovative approach of selling chemicals. It aims at reducing the risks emanating from hazardous substances and ensuring long-term economic success within a global system of producing and using chemicals. This paper explores how, through chemical leasing, the consumption of chemicals, energy, resources and the generation of related wastes can be reduced. It also analyses the substitution of hazardous chemicals as a tool to protect environmental, health and safety and hence ensure compliance with sustainability criteria. For this, we are proposing an evaluation methodology that seeks to provide an answer to the following research questions: (1) Does the application of chemical leasing promote sustainability in comparison to an existing chemicals production and management system? 2. If various chemical leasing project types are envisaged, which is the most promising in terms of sustainability? The proposed methodology includes a number of basic goals and sub-goals to assess the sustainability for eight different chemical leasing case studies that have been implemented both at the local and the national levels. The assessment is limited to the relative assessment of specific case studies and allows the comparisons of different projects in terms of their relative contribution to sustainable chemistry. The findings of our assessment demonstrate that chemical leasing can be regarded as promoting sustainable chemistry in five case studies with certainty. However, on the grounds of our assessment, we cannot conclude with certainty that chemical leasing has equivalent contribution to sustainable chemistry in respect of three further case studies.     

A risk-based model to establish threshold planning quantities of hazardous substances

The Threshold Planning Quantity (TPQ) is the minimum quantity of any hazardous substance stored or processed at an industry that can pose a defined level of risk up to a certain distance from the industrial premises should an accidental release occur. These are recommended by the concerned government departments of the respective countries. Often, concerned regulatory authorities focus on simple screening tools to prescribe TPQs of hazardous chemicals rather than on more detailed technical aspects. This is illustrated with the help of TPQs presently administered in India, which are followed based on Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazard regulations of the United Kingdom. In this paper, the risk ranking matrix (RRM) approach is described to evaluate the recommended TPQs and prescribe these for some extremely hazardous chemicals (EHS) commonly used in industries. The RRM presented here is unique in the sense that various acceptable risk criteria are reviewed to appropriately rank the risk potential and provide suitability criteria in terms of individual risk factors and geosocietal risk factors (GSRF). Based on this concept, an attempt has been made to develop a risk-based model to determine the TPQs of various EHS (acrolein, ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, and phosgene).     

Distribution of pesticides and bisphenol A in sediments collected from rivers adjacent to coral reefs

To investigate the deteriorating health of coral reefs in Okinawa, Japan, natural sediment samples were analyzed for diuron, Irgarol 1051, chlorpyrifos, and bisphenol A (BPA) which are hazardous to corals. Samples were analyzed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS). Although diuron and chlorpyrifos usage is only well recorded for farms and not for cities, these chemicals were detected in both rural and urban areas. Additionally, diuron concentration in urban areas was in some cases higher than in rural areas, which might be caused by greater consumption of these chemicals in home gardens in city areas. Irgarol 1051 was detected in downstream river areas, which are situated far from the source sites such as pier or fishery harbor (0.6–3.2 km). This result suggested that Irgarol 1051 could be transported from the river mouths to the sampling sites during flood tides. High BPA concentrations were associated with urban areas (<1.2–22.0 μg kg⁻¹), while low concentrations were associated with rural areas (nd–6.8 μg kg⁻¹). The river sediments under study are delivered to coral reefs in large quantity through runoff caused by typhoons and other heavy rains. The highly hazardous chemicals are carried into coral reefs on these sediments. Therefore, these hazardous chemical substances may already be influencing the coral reefs.     

Statistical uncertainty in hazardous terrestrial concentrations estimated with aquatic ecotoxicity data

Since chemicals’ ecotoxic effects depend for most soil species on the dissolved concentration in pore water, the equilibrium partitioning (EP) method is generally used to estimate hazardous concentrations (HC50) in the soil from aquatic toxicity tests. The present study analyzes the statistical uncertainty in terrestrial HC50s derived by the EP-method. For 47 organic chemicals, we compared freshwater HC50s derived from standard aquatic ecotoxicity tests with porewater HC50s derived from terrestrial ecotoxicity tests. Statistical uncertainty in the HC50s due to limited species sample size and in organic carbon–water partitioning coefficients due to predictive error was treated with probability distributions propagated by Monte Carlo simulations. Particularly for specifically acting chemicals, it is very important to base the HC50 on a representative sample of species, composed of both target and non-target species. For most chemical groups, porewater HC50 values were approximately a factor of 3 higher than freshwater HC50 values. The ratio of the porewater HC50/freshwater HC50 was typically 3.0 for narcotic chemicals (2.8 for nonpolar and 3.4 for polar narcotics), 0.8 for reactive chemicals, 2.9 for neurotoxic chemicals (4.3 for AChE agents and 0.1 for the cyclodiene type), and 2.5 for herbicides–fungicides. However, the statistical uncertainty associated with this ratio was large (typically 2.3 orders of magnitude). For 81% of the organic chemicals studied, there was no statistical difference between the hazardous concentration of aquatic and terrestrial species. We conclude that possible systematic deviations between the HC50s of aquatic and terrestrial species appear to be less prominent than the overall statistical uncertainty.     

Age-specific life tagle of red cotton stainer (fabricius) (hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae)

The present studies on the age-specific life table of red cotton stainer suggest that the eggs and the initial immature stages are the most suceptible ones and a control measure if inflicted upon these, it might fetch the maximum result with the minimum usage of hazardous poisonous chemicals.