尿素添加剂湿法烟气脱氮的试验研究

在填有金属鲍尔环的管式吸收反应器中,分别研究了尿素含量、添加剂(三乙醇胺)浓度、吸收柱彳丁效高度、烟气浓度对NOx脱除效率的影响。试验结果表明,尿素含量和添加剂浓度的增加可以少量提高脱氮效率：烟气浓度的大小对脱氮效率的影响不大;吸收柱有效高度对脱氮效率的影响较大。     

Closed-Loop Recovery of Site Remediation Gas Phase Contaminants

A novel gas phase treatment system (contaminant absorption and recovery [CAR]) for removal and subsequent recycling of gas phase VOCs from soil vapor extraction/gas stripping systems has been developed. Gas phase removal efficiencies using a packed column contactor exceed 99 percent The VOC-laden absorption fluid is subsequently vacuum-stripped of the VOCs, allowing potential condensation into liquid solvent concentrates. Partition coefficients for trichloroethylene (TCE) in triethylene glycol (TEG) ranged to ca. 5.0 mole fraction gas/mole fraction liquid, indicating a significant capacity for removal from the gas phase. Results of pilot-scale operation indicate favorable removal efficiencies and cost-effective performance in comparison to GAC or thermal destruction processes. System mass transfer coefficient predictions were done, using a variety of mathematical models and compared to experimental results. A modified Mangers and Ponten correlation was found to describe system mass transfer coefficients well. The impact of water carry-over on TCE/TEG partitioning was found to be significant. The standard change in entholpy (ΔH°) and the standard change in volume (ΔV°) values were also calculated, and predictions of temperature and pressure on system performance were evaluated.     

尿素/高锰酸钾湿法烟气脱氮的试验研究

采用高锰酸钾和尿素配制成不同浓度的吸收溶液,在填有金属鲍尔环的管式吸收反应器中,对模拟烟气进行湿法烟气脱氮的研究。试验结果表明,用尿素和高锰酸钾配制成的吸收液进行湿法烟气脱氮,可以高效地脱除模拟烟气中的氮氧化物,高锰酸钾含量的增加可以显著提高脱氮效率,是决定脱氮效率高低的重要因素,在尿素和高锰酸钾含量分别为5%和0.60g/L时可以达到91.5%的平均脱氮效率;尿素含量、吸收液有效柱高和外加的SO2气体均对脱氮效率产生不同程度的影响。     

Chemical absorption process for degradation of VOC gas using heterogeneous gas-liquid photocatalytic oxidation: toluene degradation by photo-Fenton reaction

A novel process for degradation of toluene in the gas-phase using heterogeneous gas-liquid photocatalytic oxidation has been developed. The degradation of toluene gas by photo-Fenton reaction in the liquid-phase has experimentally examined. The photo-Fenton reaction in the liquid-phase could improve the overall toluene absorption rate by increasing the driving force for mass transfer and as a result enhance the removal of toluene in the exhaust gas. The toluene concentrations in the inlet gas were varied in the range from 0.0968 to 8.69gm(-3) with initial hydrogen peroxide concentration of 400mgl(-1) and Fe dose of 5.0mgl(-1). It was found that toluene in the inlet gas was almost completely dissolved into water and degraded in the liquid-phase for the inlet toluene gas concentration of less than 0.42gm(-3). The dynamic process of toluene gas degradation by the photo-Fenton reaction providing information for reaction kinetics and mass transfer rate was examined. Toluene removal kinetic analysis indicated that photo-Fenton degradation was significantly affected by H(2)O(2) concentration. The experimental results were satisfactorily described by the predictions simulated using the simplified tanks-in-series model combined with toluene removal kinetic analysis. The present results showed that the proposed chemical absorption process using the photo-Fenton heterogeneous gas-liquid photocatalytic oxidation is very effective for degradation of volatile organic gases.     

Improved Spray Dry Scrubbing through Grinding of FGD Recycle Material

A laboratory size spray dry scrubbing unit consisting of a spray dryer and a pulse Jet baghouse was used to study the effect of grinding recycle waste on SO₂ removal across the spray dryer and on sorbent utilization. The equipment treats simulated flue gas with a dry flow rate of 1.5 m³ h^?1 (stp) and utilizes an ultrasonic nozzle for atomization. The apparatus was initially tested over a broad range of operating conditions; a close agreement in SO₂ removal was found with data from much larger units. The effect of grinding the FGD recycle material on the SO₂ removal across the spray dryer was found to be great. Grinding the recycle material can enhance the SO₂ removal efficiency to a level comparable to operation with a large excess of fresh lime.     

The absorption of Hydrogen chloride by aqueous aerosols

A general gas/droplet interaction model has been used to examine the absorption of gaseous hydrogen chloride in aqueous aerosols formed in the presence of typical ambient concentrations of soluble and insoluble particulate over the relative humidity range 60–99 % and temperature range 273–283 K. Absorption of hydrogen chloride in aqueous aerosols formed on inert fugitive ash from a point source has also been simulated using simple puff and constant angle dispersion models. For ambient atmospheres it is predicted that appreciable uptake of hydrogen chloride occurs only for relative humidities approaching 99%. Equilibration times increase with particle size and gas concentration and lie in the range < 1–600 s. For diluting point source emissions, it is predicted that conditions close to equilibrium exist throughout most of the dispersion period. Hydrogen chloride absorption increases with initial plume water content and ambient relative humidity and decreases with ambient temperature. Substantial temporary removal of gaseous hydrogen chloride is predicted under most conditions simulated but the period of uptake is significant only for slowly diluting plumes at ambient relative humidities > 95%. Initial plume particulate diameters > 5 μm are required for enhanced deposition and substantial permanent removal of gaseous HCl. Absorption in aqueous ambient and plume aerosols is thus unlikely to constitute a general highly efficient process for the removal of hydrogen chloride from the atmosphere.     

Removal of carbon dioxide by a spray dryer

With the global warming due to greenhouse effects becoming serious, many efforts are carried out to decrease the emissions of CO2 from the combustion of carbonaceous materials. In Taiwan, there are 19 large-scale municipal solid waste incinerators running and their total emission of CO2 is about 16,950 kton y-1. Spray dryer is the most prevailing air pollution control devise for removing acid gas in waste incineration; however, the performance of spray dryer on the removal of CO2 is seldom studied. This study employs a laboratory-scale spray dryer to investigate the removal efficiency of CO2 under different operating conditions. The evaluated parameters include different absorbents mixed with CaOH2, operating temperature, the concentration of absorbent, and the inlet concentration of CO2. Experimental results show that the best removal efficiency of CO2 by a spray dryer is 48% as the absorbent is 10%NaOH+5%CaOH2 and the operating temperature is 150 degrees C. Comparing this result with previous study shows that the performance of spray dryer is better than traditional NaOH wet scrubber. For NaOH+CaOH2 spray dryer, the removal efficiency of CO2 is decreased with the inlet concentration of CO2 increased and the optimum operating temperature is 150 degrees C. Except NaOH+CaOH2, absorbents DEA+CaOH2, TEA+CaOH2, and single CaOH2 are not effective in removing CO2 by a spray dryer.     

水吸收法处理低浓度氮氧化物废气的中试研究

对水在中试规模下吸收低浓度的氮氧化物废气进行了研究。分别研究了喷淋密度、温度、压力、气速以及氮氧化物浓度对吸收效果的影响,结果表明,综合考虑各种因素,喷淋密度在20 m3/（m2·h）,水温在15℃以下,气速小于0.28 m/s,废气浓度在400 mg/m3左右时,氮氧化物的平均脱除率可以达到50%左右;同时,随着压力的增大,吸收效率也增加。     

Removal of NOx from flue gas with iron filings reduction following complex absorption in ferrous chelates aqueous solutions

A novel process for removal of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from flue gases with iron filings reduction following complex absorption in iron-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid aqueous solution is proposed. The reaction mechanism involved in the process is discussed briefly. The parameters influencing the process, including the concentration of ferrous chelates, initial pH, amount of iron filings, temperature, flow rate of the flue gas, and inlet nitric oxide concentration and oxygen content of the flue gas, are researched in detail. The optimal NOx removal conditions are established. The regeneration and circular utilization of the absorption solution also is studied.     

Simultaneous absorption of NO and SO2 into hexamminecobalt(II)/iodide solution

An innovative catalyst system has been developed to simultaneously remove NO and SO2 from combustion flue gas. Such catalyst system may be introduced to the scrubbing solution using ammonia solution to accomplish sequential absorption and catalytic oxidation of both NO and SO2 in the same reactor. When the catalyst system is utilized for removing NO and SO2 from the flue gas, Co(NH3)(6)2+ ions act as the catalyst and I- as the co-catalyst. Dissolved oxygen, in equilibrium with the residual oxygen in the flue gas, is the oxidant. The overall removal process is further enhanced by UV irradiation at 365 nm. More than 95% of NO is removed at a feed concentration of 250-900 ppm, and nearly 100% of SO2 is removed at a feed concentration of 800-2500 ppm. The sulfur dioxide co-existing in the flue gas is beneficial to NO absorption into hexamminecobalt(II)/iodide solution. NO and SO2 can be converted to ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate that can be used as fertilizer materials. The process described here demonstrates the feasibility of removing SO2 and NO simultaneously only by retrofitting the existing wet ammonia flue-gas-desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers.     

散堆填料对海水脱硫吸收系统性能影响的实验研究

在海水烟气脱硫中试实验台上进行了填料形式、填料高度变化对脱硫效率和系统压降影响规律的实验研究;研究中将喷淋空塔和分别填装A型、B型、C型3种填料的吸收塔进行了综合性能对比,并进行了填料高度分别为0.6、1.2和1.8 m的对比实验。结果表明,填料塔的脱硫效率高于喷淋空塔;当空塔气速为3 m/s时,填装C型填料的吸收塔的综合性能最优;当空塔气速小于2.5 m/s时,填装A型填料的吸收塔的综合性能最优;在满足相同脱硫效率的指标下,虽然增加填料高度降低了海水喷淋量,并且系统压降出现一定比例下降,但是在工程设计中必须综合考虑塔高、填料支架载荷等因素选择合适的填料堆积高度。     

Spray-dry desulfurization of flue gas from heavy oil combustion

An experimental investigation on sulfur dioxide removal in a pilot-scale spray dryer from the flue gas generated by combustion of low-sulfur (S) heavy oil is reported. A limewater slurry was sprayed through an ultrasonic two-fluid atomizer in the spray-dry chamber, and the spent sorbent was collected downstream in a pulse-jet baghouse together with fly ash. Flue gas was sampled at different points to measure the desulfurization efficiency after both the spray-dry chamber and the baghouse. Parametric tests were performed to study the effect of the following variables: gas inlet temperature, difference between gas outlet temperature and adiabatic saturation temperature, lime-to-S ratio, and average size of lime particles in the slurry. Results indicated that spray drying is an effective technology for the desulfurization of low-S fuel oil flue gas, provided operating conditions are chosen carefully. In particular, the lowest gas inlet and outlet temperatures compatible with baghouse operation should be selected, as should a sufficiently high lime-to-S ratio. The attainment of a small lime particle size in the slurry is critical for obtaining a high desulfurization efficiency. A previously presented spray-dry flue gas desulfurization model was used to simulate the pilot-scale desulfurization tests, to check the ability of the model to predict the S capture data and its usefulness as a design tool, minimizing the need for pilot-scale experimentation. Comparison between model and experimental results was fairly good for the whole range of calcium/S ratios considered.     

湿式逆流喷淋脱硫塔中SO2吸收特性的研究

根据双模吸收理论及SO2在溶液中电离特性,建立了逆流喷淋塔的SO2吸收模型,在考虑浆液飞溅到塔壁的影响后,模拟结果与实验值吻合较好。根据吸收模型,对塔内液气比和浆液的含固率等因素进行了分析。研究表明：减少浆液飞溅到塔壁可提高浆液利用率及脱硫装置性能;根据烟气中SO2的初始浓度及最终脱硫效率,可合理选择液气比及吸收时问（塔的高度）;浆液中的含固率直接影响到SO2的吸收速率、循环浆液量、脱硫效率及浆液中SO2浓度等,在液气比较小时,含固率对脱硫效率的影响尤其明显。     

湿式逆流喷淋脱硫塔中SO_2吸收特性的研究

根据双模吸收理论及SO2在溶液中电离特性,建立了逆流喷淋塔的SO2吸收模型,在考虑浆液飞溅到塔壁的影响后,模拟结果与实验值吻合较好。根据吸收模型,对塔内液气比和浆液的含固率等因素进行了分析。研究表明:减少浆液飞溅到塔壁可提高浆液利用率及脱硫装置性能;根据烟气中SO2的初始浓度及最终脱硫效率,可合理选择液气比及吸收时间(塔的高度);浆液中的含固率直接影响到SO2的吸收速率、循环浆液量、脱硫效率及浆液中SO2浓度等,在液气比较小时,含固率对脱硫效率的影响尤其明显。     

Government Sponsored Air Pollution Research Relating to Agriculture

The absorption of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan by aqueous solutions of chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and chlorine plus sodium hydroxide was studied using a two-inch diameter absorption column packed with ¼ inch Intalox saddles. Absorption rates were noticeably affected by chemical reactions occurring in the aqueous chlorine and hydroxide media. These solutions were studied as a means of controlling sulfur-containing gas emissions from kraft paper mills. The absorption studies indicated that aqueous chlorine solutions at a pH above 12 were effective absorbents for hydrogen sulfide removal in absorption equipment designed to tolerate sulfur in suspension. The absorption of methyl mercaptan in aqueous chlorine solutions appeared to be impractical since dimethyl disulfide was apparently the only product formed and was stripped from the tower by the gas stream. Sodium hydroxide solution was an effective absorbent for both methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide when hydroxide to sulfide or mercaptan feed ratios were greater than 1 or 1.8, respectively. The mercaptan absorption coefficient was approximately twice that for sulfide absorption.     

H2O2溶液同时脱硫脱硝实验研究

二氧化硫和氮氧化物是电厂产生的主要大气污染物,研究焦点越来越集中在在一个反应器内实现同时脱硫脱硝。实验以H2O溶液作为吸收液,在自制的鼓泡反应器内,对模拟烟气进行同时脱硫脱硝的实验研究,实验结果表明：H2O浓度、反应温度、NO浓度、SO2浓度、烟气流量对脱除率影响显著,pH、氧含量对脱硝率影响不大。在整个实验范围内脱硫效率总是保持在98．5％以上,脱硝效率最高达到67．4％。     

Removal of NOx from Flue Gas with Iron Filings Reduction Following Complex Absorption in Ferrous Chelates Aqueous Solutions

Abstract

A novel process for removal of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) from flue gases with iron filings reduction following complex absorption in iron-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid aqueous solution is proposed. The reaction mechanism involved in the process is discussed briefly. The parameters influencing the process, including the concentration of ferrous chelates, initial pH, amount of iron filings, temperature, flow rate of the flue gas, and inlet nitric oxide concentration and oxygen content of the flue gas, are researched in detail. The optimal NO_x removal conditions are established. The regeneration and circular utilization of the absorption solution also is studied.     

错流式生物滴滤床净化甲苯废气

采用焦化厂污泥为菌源驯化甲苯降解菌,接种错流式生物滴滤床,净化含甲苯废气。研究了生物滴滤床的挂膜启动和长期运行情况,填料和营养液对滴滤床去除能力的影响,并对长期运行的压降进行了观察分析。反应器挂膜启动需要6 d时间,稳定运行的平均去除效率为95％,单位体积最大去除负荷为251 g/(m³·h)。结果表明,采用错流式生物滴滤床可以有效去除甲苯废气;以比表面积大的生物陶粒作为填料以及定期适量更换营养液,均有助于提高生物滴滤床的去除能力;错流式生物滴滤床具有压降小、气液分布均匀的特点。     

Electrochemical oxidation of sulfite ions in aqueous solutions

Gaseous pollutants that affect human health, destroy vegetation and damage materials and art treasures can be converted into harmless components by electrochemical reactions. Electrochemical gas purification methods can be applied basically in two steps. In the first step, gases to be removed are absorbed in an aqueous electrolyte. Then, in the second step, they can be converted into harmless components via electrochemical oxidation or electrochemical reduction. This study investigated the feasibility of electrochemical removal of sulfite ions arising from the absorption of sulfur dioxide in an aqueous electrolyte. The removal efficiency, current efficiency, and energy consumption were determined at different initial sulfite ion and electrolyte concentrations and applied currents. Furthermore, linear sweep voltammetry studies were performed using a graphite electrode in sulfuric acid. It has been concluded from all these experiments that sulfur dioxide can successfully be removed using an electrochemical method.