电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定化妆品中的十四种稀土元素

用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定化妆品中镧(La)、铈(Ce)、镨(Pr)、钕(Nd)、钐(Sm)、铕(Eu)、钆(Gd)、铽(Tb)、镝(Dy)、钬(Ho)、铒(Er)、铥(Tm)、镱(Yb)、镥(Lu)第十四种稀土元素.根据化妆品种类的不同,考察了不同的消解条件和消解方法对上述元素的影响,方法检出限为0.03-0.8ng·g-1,加标回收率为98.7%-107.2%.     

利用CDM-PSS-DGT装置累积测量水中的Ni2+和Co2+

研究了CDM-PSS-DGT装置对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的累积和测量.测定了Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )与聚乙烯苯磺酸(PSS)的条件配位稳定常数以及Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )在扩散层中的扩散系数.考察了酸度、离子强度以及碱金属和碱土金属对CDM-PSS-DGT装置累积水中Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的影响.在pH 4-9范围内,酸度对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的累积容量影响不大;离子强度对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的累积容量有较强的影响,随着离子强度的不断增大,CDM-PSS- DGT装置对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的累积容量逐渐下降;碱金属、碱土金属与Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )共存时,CDM-PSS-DGT装置对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )优先累积.经测定Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )与结合相PSS的条件配位稳定常数(lg K)分别为8.04和8.07.配制水中CDM-PSS-DGT装置能准确地对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )进行测量,Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的测量回收率分别为:93.84%和91.82%,RSD%分别为:3.53%和4.89%.     

非多溴联苯醚(PBDE)类卤系阻燃剂的生物富集特征

近年来,六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)、四溴双酚A(TBBPA)、双(六氯环戊二烯)环辛烷(DP)、十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)、l,2-双(三溴苯氧基)乙烷(BTBPE)、五溴甲苯(PBT)、2,3,4,5,6-五溴乙苯(PBEB)和六溴苯(HBB)等非PBDE类卤系阻燃剂(HFRs)在生物体内的富集及其生态风险已引起人们...     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地微地形对土壤水分及生物量的影响

采用样方调查和随机采样相结合的方法,对衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地6种微地形(包括:原状坡(CK)、浅沟(Ⅰ)、切沟(Ⅱ)、塌陷(Ⅲ)、缓台(Ⅳ)和陡坎(Ⅴ))的土壤水分及地上生物量进行调查和研究.结果表明:(1)6种微地形两两配对的Wilcoxon秩检验,CK~Ⅰ(0.110)、Ⅱ~Ⅲ(0.109)、Ⅱ~Ⅳ(0.973)和Ⅳ~Ⅴ(0.339)的相关性不显著外(P0.05),其余两两配对的相关性达到显著或极显著正相关(P0.05或P0.01);(2)6种微地形中,从土层(0~20 cm)→土层(20~40 cm)→土层(40~60 cm),土壤含水量显著减小(P0.05).0~60 cm土层,各微地形土壤含水量的大小顺序为:Ⅲ(13.32%)Ⅳ(12.28%)Ⅰ(10.30%)Ⅱ(12.03%)CK(9.53%)Ⅴ(8.22%)(P0.05);(3)6种微地形中,从土层(0~20 cm)→土层(20~40 cm)→土层(40~60 cm),土壤水分的变异系数显著减小(P0.05).0~60 cm土层,各微地形土壤水分变异系数的大小顺序为:Ⅴ(26.0%)Ⅳ(25.9%)CK(24.9%)Ⅱ(20.7%)Ⅲ(18.0%)Ⅰ(15.1%)(P0.05);(4)不同微地形的生物量的大小顺序为:Ⅲ(263.82 g/m2)Ⅱ(254.29 g/m2)Ⅰ(238.67 g/m2)CK(193.61 g/m2)Ⅳ(154.86 g/m2)Ⅴ(122.35 g/m2)(P0.05),微地形生物量与0~60 cm土壤水分的变异系数呈负相关(y=-0.006x+35.30,**R2=0.690).研究结果表明:在衡阳紫色土丘陵坡进行植被恢复时,在按传统立地类型划分原则的基础上,还应按微地形的水分特征有区别地配置植被恢复模式.图1,表4,参24.     

柳叶忍冬的化学成分研究

从柳叶忍冬95%乙醇提取物中首次分离并鉴定了20个化合物: ( )-cycloolivil (1)、( )-fraxiresinol (2)、prinsepiol(3)、软脂酸(4)、对甲基苯酚(5)、2,4-二羟基-3,6-二甲基苯甲酸甲酯(6)、洋芹素(7)、木犀草素(8)、5,7,4′-三羟基黄酮醇7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)、槲皮素(10)、染料木素(11)、5,4′-二羟基-7-甲氧基异黄酮(12)、染料木素5-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(13)、5,4′-二羟基-7-甲氧基异黄酮5-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(14)、5,7,4′-三羟基双氢黄酮7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(15)、丁二酸(16)、( )-儿茶素(17)、( -)-表儿茶素(18)、谷甾醇(19)和胡萝卜苷(20).应用波谱方法及与已知品对照进行结构鉴定.其中,化合物10、17和18是抑制血管紧张素转化酶的活性成分.表4参63     

崖角藤的化学成分

从天南星科崖角藤茎95%乙醇提取物中分离得到10个化合物,通过波谱数据鉴定为羽扇豆醇乙酸酯(1)、羽扇豆醇(2)、β-谷甾醇(3)、桦木醇(4)、桦木酸(5)、硬脂酸(6)、ficubee A(7)、ficubee B(8)、artelastin(9)和β-胡萝卜苷(10).     

细叶草乌的化学成分研究

从细叶草乌根中首次分离得到12个化合物,通过理化性质及波谱分析,将其分别确定为滇乌碱(Ⅰ)、乌头碱(Ⅱ)、丽江乌头碱(Ⅲ)、塔拉萨敏(Ⅳ)、8-去乙酰滇乌碱(Ⅴ)、展花乌头宁(Ⅵ)、大黄酚(Ⅶ)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅷ)、棕榈酸(Ⅸ)、4,4'-二甲氧基联苯(Ⅹ)、胡萝卜苷(Ⅺ)和1-O-对乙氧肉桂酰基-D-吡喃葡萄糖(Ⅻ).参9     

CuxZn1-xS/RGO复合材料的制备及其光催化降解环丙沙星性能研究

通过一步水热法制备了光催化剂Cu_xZn_(1-x)S/RGO,实现了Cu_xZn_(1-x)S纳米颗粒的可控生长和氧化石墨烯(GO)还原的同步进行,并将所制备的Cu_xZn_(1-x)S/RGO用于环丙沙星(CIP)的催化降解研究.采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis)、电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对复合物的组成形貌进行表征.结果表明,球状的Cu_xZn_(1-x)S颗粒成功负载在石墨烯表面.Cu~(2+)的掺杂增强了Cu_xZn_(1-x)S/RGO光催化剂在可见光范围的响应,石墨烯的引入抑制了Cu_xZn_(1-x)S纳米颗粒的团聚,提高了光催化性能.此外,Cu_(0.1)Zn_(0.9)S/RGO_(10)对CIP的降解速率分别是ZnS、Cu_(0.1)Zn_(0.9)S的8倍和4.4倍.     

基于我国物种毒性数据的多溴联苯醚预测无效应浓度分析

采用多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)对我国广泛分布生物物种的生态毒性数据,根据欧盟现有化学物质风险评价技术指导文件,对不同环境介质中PBDEs预测无效应浓度(PNEC)进行了推导。结果表明:我国淡水环境PBDEs(四溴、五溴、八溴)的PNEC水分别为50μg·L~(-1)、0.53μg·L~(-1)、0.017μg·L~(-1)。沉积物环境PBDEs(四溴、五溴、八溴和十溴)的PNEC沉积物分别为823.35 mg·kg~(-1)wt、1.55 mg·kg~(-1)dw、12.72 mg·kg~(-1)dw、38.41 mg·kg~(-1)dw。土壤环境PBDEs(四溴、五溴、八溴和十溴)的PNEC土壤分别为668.3mg·kg~(-1)wt、0.38 mg·kg~(-1)dw、147 mg·kg~(-1)dw、98 mg·kg~(-1)dw。次生毒性PBDEs(五溴、八溴和十溴)的PNEC经口分别为0.3~0.7 mg·kg~(-1)、0.56 mg·kg~(-1)、2 500 mg·kg~(-1)。该数值期为我国PBDEs的环境风险评价提供科学基础。     

袋花忍冬的化学成分研究

从袋花忍冬全草95%乙醇提取物中首次分离得到16个化合物.应用波谱方法及与已知品对照,将其鉴定为E-p-coumaryl hexacosanate(1)、β-谷甾醇(2)、2,6-dihydroxyhumula-3(12),7(13),9(E)-triene(3)、十六烷酸1-甘油酯(4)、(20S,22E,24R)-5α,8α-表二氧-麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(5)、环阿尔廷-25-烯-3β,24ξ-二醇(6)、二十四烷酸(7)、2,4-二羟基-3,6-二甲基苯甲酸甲酯(8)、乌苏酸(9)、柚皮素(10)、胡萝卜苷(11)、木犀草素(12)、柏双黄酮(13)、咖啡酸(14)、洋芹素(15)和木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(16).其中木犀草素(12)和咖啡酸(14)为袋花忍冬中具有ACE抑制活性的化合物.图1参13     

植物区系学中特有现象的研究进展(Ⅱ)--中国植物区系、研究方法与任务

植物区系学中的特有现象是其研究的重点内容,对特有现象的概念、类型、起源及其研究意义作了详细的论述;其次,总结了中国植物区系的基本情况、生活型、分布区学、水平分布、垂直分布与起源等研究成果;第三,介绍了研究特有现象的形态-地理学方法、细胞地理学方法和等位酶分析方法;第四,指出了中国植物区系中特有现象研究所面临的困境,认为应该集中力量重点研究滇黔桂、横断山脉以及华中等3个地区的植物区系基本特征、组成、起源、演化与扩散等内容.     

The challenge of implementing the European network of protected areas Natura 2000

Established under the European Union (EU) Birds and Habitats Directives, Natura 2000 is one of the largest international networks of protected areas. With the spatial designation of sites by the EU member states almost finalized, the biggest challenge still lying ahead is the appropriate management of the sites. To evaluate the cross‐scale functioning of Natura 2000 implementation, we analyzed 242 questionnaires completed by conservation scientists involved in the implementation of Natura 2000 in 24 EU member states. Respondents identified 7 key drivers of the quality of Natura 2000 implementation. Ordered in decreasing evaluation score, these drivers included: network design, use of external resources, legal frame, scientific input, procedural frame, social input, and national or local policy. Overall, conservation scientists were moderately satisfied with the implementation of Natura 2000. Tree modeling revealed that poor application of results of environmental impact assessments (EIA) was considered a major constraint. The main strengths of the network included the substantial increase of scientific knowledge of the sites, the contribution of nongovernmental organizations, the adequate network design in terms of area and representativeness, and the adequacy of the EU legal frame. The main weaknesses of Natura 2000 were the lack of political will from local and national governments toward effective implementation; the negative attitude of local stakeholders; the lack of background knowledge of local stakeholders, which prevented well‐informed policy decisions; and the understaffing of Natura 2000 management authorities. Top suggestions to improve Natura 2000 implementation were increase public awareness, provide environmental education to local communities, involve high‐quality conservation experts, strengthen quality control of EIA studies, and establish a specific Natura 2000 fund. El Reto de Implementar la Red Europea de Áreas Protegidas Natura 2000     

Population dynamics of beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga) (Coccina,Pseudococcidae) related to physiological defence reactions of attacked beech trees (Fagus sylvatica)

Summary Changes in the density of beech scale infestation (Cryptococcus fagisuga) of a mature beech stand (Fagus sylvatica) were investigated after gap-cutting in limed and unlimed areas bordering on the gaps and in untreated areas over a 5-year period. Parallelly the concentrations of sucrose, protein amino acids, and procyanidins were examined in the inner and outer bark of non-infested beech trees and beeches infested by beech scale.Irrespective of liming in the areas bordering on the gaps the proportion of beech trees with increasing beech scale infestation was significantly higher, the proportion of beeches with diminishing infestation was significantly lower than in the untreated control areas. Trees with the same infestation tendency occurred in clusters.Physiological defence reactions in the inner and outer bark of the infested beech trees were registrated as an increase in the procyanidin content and a decrease in the protein amino acid content. A change in the outer bark—inner bark—ratio of the infested beech trees showed a transfer of compounds between the inner and outer bark. During the period of observation long-lasting shifts occurred in the pattern of compounds of the bark irrespective of actual infestation intensity.     

Stingless bee response to spider webs is dependent on the context of encounter

In the course of their foraging bouts, bees frequently encounter spider webs among the vegetation. The ability to see and avoid these webs is vital for the success of the individual bee’s foraging bout. In this study, we report on the response of stingless bees (Trigona carbonaria) towards the webs of the St. Andrew’s Cross spider (Argiope keyserlingi). We studied the ability of bees to avoid webs in different contexts: when bees were on their foraging path or when they were returning to the hive as well as when they were flying North or South. We show that the probability of a bee being able to avoid a web depends on the context of the bee’s flight rather than the visual appearance of the web. Furthermore, the presence of the spider seems to alert the bee to the web, resulting in bees being more able to avoid capture. We show, specifically, that the probability of being captured is higher when the bee is returning to the hive compared with when the bee is foraging. The likelihood of avoiding a web is also influenced by the compass direction of the flight, although to a lesser extent. Our results indicate that the context of the predator–prey encounter has a significant influence on a bee’s ability to escape interception by a spider web.     

Joint Effects of Inbreeding and Local Adaptation on the Evolution of Genetic Load after Fragmentation

Abstract: Disruption of gene flow among demes after landscape fragmentation can facilitate local adaptation but increase the effect of genetic drift and inbreeding. The joint effects of these conflicting forces on the mean fitness of individuals in a population are unknown. Through simulations, we explored the effect of increased isolation on the evolution of genetic load over the short and long term when fitness depends in part on local adaptation. We ignored genetic effects on demography. We modeled complex genomes, where a subset of the loci were under divergent selection in different localities. When a fraction of the loci were under heterogeneous selection, isolation increased mean fitness in larger demes made up of hundreds of individuals because of improved local adaptation. In smaller demes of tens of individuals, increased isolation improved local adaptation very little and reduced overall fitness. Short‐term improvement of mean fitness after fragmentation may not be indicative of the long‐term evolution of fitness. Whatever the deme size and potential for local adaptation, migration of one or two individuals per generation minimized the genetic load in general. The slow dynamics of mean fitness following fragmentation suggests that conservation measures should be implemented before the consequences of isolation on the genetic load become of concern.     

Gas-phase and aerosol chemistry interactions in South Europe and the Mediterranean region

The atmospheric chemical composition is affected by the interaction mechanisms among gases and particulate matter through a wide range of chemical reactions that can occur with the aid of particulate matter (e.g. particles act as reacting or absorbing surfaces) or be influenced by the presence of particulate matter in the atmosphere (photochemical reactions). Physical and chemical processes are also bonded in an interactive way that often leads to the influence of the radiation budget, cloud physics and the warming or cooling of the lower atmospheric levels. The Euro-Mediterranean region is a key-sensitive area due to the unique climatic and air quality characteristics associated with the regional climatic patterns, geomorphology (land and water contrast) and coexistence of pollutants from different origin. Focusing on this region, the gas-aerosol interactions are studied using state-of-the-art atmospheric and chemical transport modeling tools following the necessary development in the chemical transport model CAMx. Sensitivity and large-scale simulations have shown significant responses of the modeling system to the inclusion of natural species emissions, the direct shading effect of dust particles on photochemical processes and the formation of new types of aerosols through heterogeneous uptake of gases on dust particles. Including such interactions in the chemical transport model often led to the improvement of the model performance compared with available measurements in the region.     

长江流域洪灾与生态破坏的关系浅析:Ⅲ生态重建与减灾对策

在分析长江流域１９９８ 年洪水灾害与生态环境破坏的关系的基础上，提出了生态重建规划应以可持续发展为指导思想，坚持经济建设、社会发展与生态环境保护相协调的基本原则；指出了生态保护、恢复、重建的要点与方略；提出了防灾、减灾的对策建议。     

生物修复中有机污染物的生物可利用性

论述了土壤和地下水生物修复中有机污染物的生物可利用性。污染物的可利用性对生物修复速率和生物强化效率有重要影响。生物可利用性是指土壤和地下水中的微生物或其胞外酶对有机污染物的可接近性，它受土壤理化性质、污染物和微生物性质、污染接触时问等许多因素的综合影响。污染物的介质吸附、多相分配、老化和形成非水相基质，以及土壤微生物的吸附、过滤和沉降作用降低了污染物的可利用性。促进土壤中污染物和微生物的解吸附，增强非水相基质的溶解，加速土壤污染物与微生物之间的质量传递，可以增强污染物的可利用性和生物降解的速率。施用表面活性剂和电动力学方法可有效地增强污染物的生物可利用性。     

Recovery of insular seabird populations years after rodent eradication

Seabirds have been particularly affected by invasive non-native species, which has led to the implementation of numerous eradication campaigns for the conservation of these keystone and highly vulnerable species. Although the benefits of eradication of invasive non-native species for seabird conservation have been demonstrated, the recovery kinetics of different seabird populations on islands after eradication remains poorly evaluated. We conducted long-term monitoring of the number of breeding pairs of seven seabird species on a small atoll, Surprise Island, New Caledonia (southwestern tropical Pacific). Marine avifauna of the island were surveyed yearly 4 years before to 4 years after rodent eradication (conducted in 2005), and we conducted multiple one-time surveys from ∼10 years before and ∼15 years after eradication. We sought to determine how different seabird species responded to the eradication of invasive rodents in an insular environment. Three species responded positively (two- to 10-fold increase in population size) to eradication with differences in lag time and sensitivity. The number of breeding pairs increased (effect sizes = 0.49–0.95 and 0.35–0.52) for two species over 4 years post-eradication due to immigration. One species had a longer (at least 5 years) response time than all others; breeding pairs increased for over 10 years after eradication. Long-term sampling was necessary to observe the responses of the seabird populations on the island because of the delayed response of a species to eradication not visible in the first years after eradication. Our results confirmed the positive effects of eradication of invasive non-native species on seabirds and emphasize the importance of mid- and long-term pre- and posteradication surveys to decipher the mechanisms of seabird recovery and confirm the benefits of eradication for conservation purposes.     

Acidification of groundwater in water-filled gravel pits -- a new environmental and geomedical threat

Swimmers and users of motor boats frequenting old, water-filled gravel pits in Kiiminki, Northern Finland, found in August 1993 that they were suffering from painful irritation of the eyes and that their boats had developed a finely polished surface on their aluminium hulls, evidently due to the corrosive action of the water. Subsequent measurements carried out by the water authority showed that the pH of the water in some of the pits was extremely low, reaching a value of 3.4 at its lowest. To find out the causes of the abnormally low pH values, the present authors began systematic measurements of the pH and determination of the chemical composition (Si, Al, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cl^-, NO₃ ^-, SO₄ ^2-) of the water in 23 gravel pits. In addition, a series of laboratory experiments was carried out to examine the interaction of water with samples of the soil and bedrock of the area to evaluate the role of this process as a possible cause of the acidification. The results show that the reaction of water with the moderately to intensively weathered sulphide and jarosite-bearing black schists, typical of the bedrock of the area, can bring about aqueous solutions similar in pH and sulphate--nitrate ratios to those found naturally in the gravel pits. The contribution of other possible mechanisms, e.g. acidic precipitation as such or combined with enhanced evaporation, the possible use of the pits as dumping sites for acidic waste or the flow or seepage of acidic peat-bog waters into the pits from the surrounding wetlands, cannot be ruled out entirely, but their contribution seems to be of minor importance. Since the concentrations of several heavy metals (notably Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe and Mn) and of sulphate and aluminium has increased in the pit water as a result of the acidification process and exceed the norms laid down in the EU Drinking Water Directive, acidification of water in gravel pits due to the oxidation of sulphides must be regarded as a new, serious environmental and geomedical threat which has so far remained poorly known or unrecognised.