Cd污染土壤的植物修复研究进展

我国农业土壤重金属污染十分严重,在所有的重金属污染中,Cd以其移动性大、毒性高成为最受关注的重金属污染之一。修复Cd污染的土壤,已成为我国农业可持续发展亟待解决的问题。与传统环境修复技术相比,植物修复技术治理成本低廉,土壤破坏力小,安全性高,是目前发展最快的环境友好、经济、高效的治理技术。介绍了Cd污染现状、超积累植物的概念和特征、土壤重金属污染植物修复国内外研究进展,并对其发展趋势进行了分析。     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复研究现状

植物修复是利用植物吸收、降解、挥发、根滤、稳定等作用机理,达到去除土壤、水体中污染物,或使污染物固定以减轻其危害性,或使污染物转化为毒性较低化学形态的现场治理技术。植物修复对于重金属污染土壤的治理修复具有重要意义。已有研究在累积与超累积植物的寻找筛选、植物对重金属等有害物的耐毒和解毒机理、植物修复现场环境调控及根际处理技术等方面取得了大量成果。     

土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术

土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术是土壤重金属污染治理的重要方法.分析了土壤重金属污染植物修复的必要性、土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术(植物萃取技术、根际过滤技术、植物固化技术、植物挥发技术)、重金属超累积植物的筛选与植物修复技术的应用,以及云南省开展土壤重金属污染的植物修复工作的前景.     

橡胶草(TKS)对铅镉污染农田土壤的修复潜力

橡胶草（TKS）是一种可作为天然橡胶原料的能源植物.为研究橡胶草对铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）污染农田土壤的修复潜力,通过人工控制性盆栽试验,以相关标准的风险筛选值和管制值为区间,施以4种浓度Pb和Cd复合胁迫处理,探讨橡胶草对Pb和Cd的富集及耐性特征.结果表明,随着土壤中Pb和Cd含量增加,橡胶草的叶绿素含量和生物量均逐渐降低,SOD、POD和CAT酶活性逐渐升高.Cd富集系数和转运系数在1.20~1.50之间,具有部分Cd超富集植物特征.Pb富集系数和转运系数在0.71~1.11之间,是较好的Pb富集植物,具有修复ω（Pb）为400 mg·kg^-1以下的土壤的潜力.Pb和Cd积累量逐渐增加,地上部最大Cd积累量为9.832 μg·plant^-1,最大Pb积累量为1091.185 μg·plant^-1.但在更低浓度的Pb和Cd复合污染土壤中,去除率更大,修复效率更快.使用橡胶草修复Pb和Cd污染农田土壤具有较好的应用前景和经济价值.     

活化剂与植物联合修复Cd污染土壤的田间研究

为了探究活化剂与植物联合修复Cd污染土壤的效果,文章通过选择5种活化剂,柠檬酸、木醋液、聚天冬氨酸(PASP)、羟基乙叉二磷酸(HEDP)和FeCl3,与经济作物油菜联合,开展低浓度污染农田小区实验,研究活化剂与植物联合修复镉污染农田土壤的可行性。结果表明:5种活化剂均促进了油菜对Cd的吸收,且5种活化剂的促进效果为:木醋液>柠檬酸>FeCl_3>HEDP>PASP。活化剂还促进了植物中Cd从地下部分向地上可收割部分的转移,使油菜中Cd含量从根>茎>籽转变为茎>根>籽,同时使Cd的残渣态向酸溶态和可还原态转化转化,促进植物吸收。此外,由于土壤污染浓度较低,且油菜籽粒对Cd富集较小,所以菜籽油Cd暴露量在安全范围内,食用安全风险低,具有良好的经济价值。     

叶用油菜和孔雀草间作对植物生长和镉累积的影响

为揭示镉（Cd）低积累作物与超富集植物间作对Cd污染土壤安全利用和提取修复的作用,通过盆栽试验,将两种Cd累积能力不同的叶用油菜（Brassica chinenesis L.,低积累油菜华骏和普通油菜寒绿）与4种孔雀草（Tagetes patula L.,矮杆红花、矮杆黄花、高杆红花和高杆黄花）间作,研究间作措施对两类植物生长、光合作用参数、Cd累积以及土壤有效态Cd和可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量的影响.结果表明,与单作相比,间作后油菜生物量显著降低,孔雀草生物量显著升高.间作处理中油菜叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率较单作均显著降低.华骏与矮杆红花间作时,华骏地上部Cd含量较单作显著降低14.5%,矮秆红花地上部Cd含量显著增加36.5%;其余间作处理下油菜地上部Cd含量均显著升高或无显著变化,而孔雀草地上部Cd含量无显著变化.间作处理下,油菜地上部Cd累积量较单作处理显著降低,孔雀草地上部Cd累积量显著升高.间作处理下土壤Cd提取率与孔雀草单作处理无显著差异.油菜地上部Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd以及DOC含量分别呈极显著和显著的正相关关系.总之,Cd低积累油菜华骏与孔雀草矮杆红花间作组合表现最佳,在Cd污染菜地土壤的修复和安全利用中有较好的应用价值.     

甘蓝和油菜对镉污染土壤的修复研究

通过土培盆栽试验研究了甘蓝和油菜对土壤中重金属镉的吸收及生物净化作用。以及添加螯合剂对油菜富集镉的影响。实验结果表明：甘蓝对于高浓度镉污染土壤的修复作用并不明显,油菜对于镉污染土壤的净化作用较显著,但添加螯合剂对于提高修复水平效果并不显著。因此油菜较适宜作为镉污染土壤的修复植物,但添加螯合剂对植物修复的作用要视情况而定,不可盲目添加。     

溶解性有机质强化棉花修复镉污染土壤

为探究溶解性有机质(DOM)对棉花修复镉(Cd)污染土壤的影响,通过盆栽试验研究棉花秸秆溶解性有机质(CM)和农家肥溶解性有机质(FM)在3种外源Cd(mg·kg-1)添加含量为0(C0)、5(C5)和10(C10)下对土壤有效态Cd含量、棉花生物量、光合作用参数和Cd积累的影响.结果表明,CM和FM施入能提高土壤有效...     

超富集植物藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides L.)对镉污染农田的修复潜力

为探究超富集植物藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides L.)对镉(Cd)污染农田土壤的修复潜力,通过野外调查,原土盆栽试验和田间试验,测定藿香蓟及其根系土壤Cd含量,计算藿香蓟的富集系数和去除率.结果表明,野外调查中不同铅锌矿区生长的藿香蓟叶片中Cd含量最大值为77. 01 mg·kg~(-1),盆栽试验中,高含量Cd土壤处理(T2)中,地上部Cd积累量达到69. 71mg·kg~(-1),其地上部Cd富集系数为6. 09,在低含量Cd土壤处理(T1)中,藿香蓟对Cd的富集特性与其在高含量条件下对Cd的富集特性一致.藿香蓟对Cd表现出稳定的积累特性.田间试验中,污染区藿香蓟中地上部Cd含量均值为21. 13 mg·kg~(-1),富集系数为6. 93,使用藿香蓟修复Cd污染土壤每亩地种植三茬藿香蓟的去除率为13. 2%～15. 6%.使用超富集植物藿香蓟修复农田Cd污染具有较好的工程应用前景.     

生态植物对铅污染土壤修复的潜力

采用盆栽试验,研究了螯合剂诱导下生态植物修复钢丝绳产业区铅污染土壤的潜力。结果表明:施加螯合剂均提高了生态植物对铅的吸收,但高水平的螯合剂处理出现了部分生态植物中毒。中等浓度的螯合剂处理,植株有较高的铅提取效率。分析指出,诱导的植物提取方法较适合于钢丝绳产业区中、低污染土壤的修复。     

Distribution of cadmium in oilseed rape and Indian mustard grown on cadmium contaminated soil

Heavy metal distribution in the specialized accumulating plants was important for phytoextraction technique. Hydroponic and pot experiment were conducted to investigated Cd phytoextraction ability and Cd distribution in the plant of oilseed rape species. The results showed that oilseed rape Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 was more effective in phytoexetraction Cd among 21 varieties of oilseed rape and indicator plant Indian mustard. Cd concentration in the shoot of Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 and Indian mustard gradually decreased with an increase in growth period, while the amount of Cd uptake increased with the increase of growth period. There was constantly decrease in Cd concentration from the base leaves to the top leaves of Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 and Indian mustard, the percentages of Cd uptake in older leaves were higher than those of younger leaves. Older leaves of Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 and Indian mustard extracted more Cd for the Cd contamination soil, leaves should as far as possible develop before they reached the soil and the older leaves were harvested in priority.     

印度芥菜和油菜互作对各自吸收土壤中难溶态镉的影响

在石灰性土壤加入CdCO3条件下 ,通过温室土培盆栽试验研究印度芥菜和油菜互作对各自吸收土壤中难溶态镉的影响 .试验结果表明 ,印度芥菜和油菜互作时 ,印度芥菜对养分的竞争能力强 ,地上部干重高于单作时的 ;而与之互作的油菜由于根际土壤溶液中的有效态镉含量增加或对养分的竞争能力弱 ,地上部干重低于单作时的 .印度芥菜的根系有很强的活化能力 ,和油菜互作时可提高植物提取修复难溶态镉污染土壤的能力 ,和单作相比 ,互作对印度芥菜吸收镉的能力无显著影响 ,但却可以显著增加油菜植株体内的镉含量 ,在土壤相同镉量的条件下 ,印度芥菜和油菜互作时植株的吸镉量和对土壤的净化率均高于单作     

生物质炭对Cd污染土壤团聚体酶活性的影响

为探究生物质炭对Cd污染土壤团聚体酶活性的影响,采用盆栽试验,向模拟Cd污染土壤中添加生物质炭并测定水稻根际土壤团聚体碳循环酶与氧化还原酶活性.结果表明:Cd污染土壤团聚体酶活性对添加量为2.5％的生物质炭响应明显,氧化还原酶活性指数值介于0.522～0.792之间.在2.5mg/kg的外源Cd条件下,2.5％的生物质...     

硫磺和放线菌强化植物修复土壤镉污染

为了强化耐受重金属镉（Cd）的植物包心芥菜对土壤中Cd污染的富集及转运效率,以包心芥菜为研究对象,向土壤中添加0.3%的硫磺和接种不同数量的放线菌Act12（0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0g/kg）,通过盆栽实验,研究不同处理间根际土pH值的变化规律、包心芥菜地上和地下部分Cd的积累量、植物抗氧化酶系的变化以及根系活力.结果表明：添加0.3%硫磺和2.0g/kg放线菌Act12后,根际土pH值下降最大,相比对照下降了14.5%.而添加0.3%硫磺和1.5g/kg的放线菌Act12,包心芥菜地上部分Cd的含量最高,转运系数最大,相比对照,Cd含量提高了79%,并且植物地上部分的干重最大.添加放线菌Act12对植物的抗氧化系统有积极作用,CAT、POD、SOD含量均在0.3%硫磺和1.0g/kg放线菌Act12的添加组合下达到峰值,放线菌Act12还可提高植物的根系活力,降低丙二醛的含量.综上表明,添加硫磺和放线菌Act12均可强化包心芥菜吸收土壤中Cd的能力,其中0.3%硫磺和1.5g/kg放线菌Act12的添加组合强化效果最佳.     

耐镉细菌联合电动技术修复镉污染土壤的研究

为提高传统电动技术对重金属污染土壤的修复效果以及经济效益,本研究采用耐镉细菌联合电动修复技术修复镉污染土壤.通过在含镉土壤中接种3种耐镉细菌Escherichia coli strain、Bacillus sp.和Bacillus cereus strain,以电压梯度1 V·cm^-1通电10 d,比较不同耐镉细菌对土壤Cd去除和形态转化,以及电能消耗的影响.结果表明,接种Escherichia coli strain、Bacillus sp.、Bacillus cereus strain的试验组比传统电动修复的Cd去除率分别提高7.63%、17.21%、19.53%;单位修复能耗分别降低64.78、109.52、116.54 kW·min·mg^-1.由于Bacillus cereus strain对Cd²⁺的吸附量高于Escherichia coli strain和Bacillus sp.,且能有效降低土壤中Cd的生物毒性,因此采用Bacillus cereus strain联合电动技术修复镉污染土壤时效果最佳,Cd去除率达到30.77%,单位修复耗能为48.94 kW·min·mg^-1.     

泥炭保护紫花苜蓿根系对柴油污染土壤修复的研究

采用盆栽试验,观察了泥炭保护根系移栽和直播2种栽培方式处理的紫花苜蓿在柴油污染土壤中的生长情况及其对土壤中柴油污染物的去除情况,探讨了利用泥炭保护根系措施清除土壤柴油污染物的可行性.结果表明,泥炭保护根系处理有利于紫花营蓿根系形态发育,能促进根系细菌和真菌的繁殖,并显著提高根区土壤柴油降解率.     

Effects of redox potential on soil cadmium solubility: Insight into microbial community

Understanding the role of microbes in the solubility of cadmium (Cd) is of fundamental importance for remediation of Cd toxicity. The present study aimed to identify the microbes that involved in regulating Cd solubility and to reveal possible mechanisms. Therefore, microbial communities were investigated through high-throughput sequencing approach, the molecular ecological network was constructed and metagenomes were predicted. Our results indicated that redox conditions affected both the solubility of soil Cd and the microbial communities. Anaerobic microbes, such as Anaerolineaceae, did not only play important roles in shaping the microbial community in soils, but might also be involved in regulating the Cd solubility. Two possible mechanisms that how Anaerolineaceae involved in Cd solubility are (1) Anaerolineaceae are important organic matter degraders under anoxic conditions and (2) Anaerolineaceae can co-exist with methane metabolism microbes, while methane metabolism promotes the precipitation of soluble Cd. Thus, application of Anaerolineaceae in bioremediation of soil Cadmium contamination is a potential approach. The study provided a novel insight into the role of microbial community in the regulation of Cd solubility under different redox conditions, and suggested a potential approach for the remediation of soil Cd contamination.     

A porous biochar supported nanoscale zero-valent iron material highly efficient for the simultaneous remediation of cadmium and lead contaminated soil

Risk associated with heavy metals in soil has been received widespread attention.In this study,a porous biochar supported nanoscale zero-valent iron（BC-nZVI） was applied to immobilize cadmium（Cd） and lead（Pb） in clayey soil.Experiment results indicated that the immobilization of Cd or Pb by BC-nZVI process was better than that of BC or nZVI process,and about 80% of heavy metals immobilization was obtained in BC-nZVI process.Addition of BC-nZVI could increase soil pH and organic matter（SOM）.Cd or...     

Potential of Pteris vittata L. for phytoremediation of sites co-contaminated with cadmium and arsenic： The tolerance and accumulation

Field investigation and greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the tolerance of Pteris vittata L. （Chinese brake） to cadmium （Cd） and its feasibility for remediating sites co-contaminated with Cd and arsenic （As）. The results showed that P. vittata could survive in pot soils spiked with 80 mg/kg of Cd and tolerated as great as 301 mg/kg of total Cd and 26.8 mg/kg of diethyltriaminepenta acetic acid （DTPA）-extractable Cd under field conditions. The highest concentration of Cd in fronds was 186 mg/kg under a total soil concentration of 920 mg As/kg and 98.6 mg Cd/kg in the field, whereas just 2.6 mg/kg under greenhouse conditions. Ecotypes of P. vittata were differentiated in tolerance and accumulation of Cd, and some of them could not only tolerate high concentrations of soil Cd, but also accumulated high concentrations of Cd in their fronds. Arsenic uptake and transportation by P. vittata was not inhibited at lower levels （〈20 mg/kg） of Cd addition. Compared to the treatment without addition of Cd, the frond As concentration was increased by 103.8% at 20 mg Cd/kg, with the highest level of 6434 mg/kg. The results suggested that the Cd-tolerant ecotype of P. vittata extracted effectively As and Cd from the site co-contaminated with Cd and As, and might be used to remediate and revegetate this type of site.     

Reactive oxygen species metabolism during the cadmium hyperaccumulation of a new hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii （Crassulaceae）

Sedum alfredii Hance, a newly discovered hyperaccumulator, could serve as a good material for phytoremediation Cd polluted sites. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidases (catalase (CAT); superoxide dismutase (SOD); peroxidase (POD)) in the leaf were determined when S. alfredii was treated for 15 d with various CdCl2 concentrations ranging from 0 to 800 μmol/L. The results showed that the production rate of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF), which is an indicator of ROS level, reached up to the maximum at 400 μmol/L CdCl2 and then declined with the increase of CdCl2 concentration, while MDA accumulation tended to increase. CAT activity was significantly inhibited at all tested CdCl2 concentrations and SOD activity was sharply suppressed at 800 μmol/L CdCl2. However, the enhancement of POD activity was observed when CdCl2 concentration was higher than 400 μmol/L. In addition, its activity increased when treated with 600 μmol/L CdCl2 for more than 5 d. When sodium benzoate, a free radical scavenger, was added, S. alfredii was a little more sensitive to Cd toxicity than that exposed to Cd alone, and the Cd accumulation tended to decline with the increase of sodium benzoate concentration. It came to the conclusions that POD played an important role during Cd hyperaccumulation, and the accumulation of ROS induced by Cd treatment might be involved in Cd hyperaccumulation.