川蔓藻对两种常见浮游藻类的化感作用

选取沉水植物川蔓藻与浮游藻类普通小球藻、铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,测定在川蔓藻共培养胁迫下2种藻单独存在和按1：1（V：V）混合情况下的光密度、叶绿素a、最大光化学量子产量、相对电子传递速率、可溶性糖、丙二醛以及超氧化物歧化酶活性的变化.结果表明：在川蔓藻存在的条件下,普通小球藻、铜绿微囊藻和二者混合藻的生长被快速强烈抑制,抑制率在第6d时达到最大值,分别为80.95%、94.18%和94.01%.3个处理组的光密度值、叶绿素a、可溶性糖及最大光化学量子产量等指标均低于对照组,且随时间呈明显的下降趋势,说明其光合能力逐渐减弱.而丙二醛和超氧化物歧化酶指标在0~6d却高于对照组,表明可能发生了浮游藻类膜质过氧化过程.     

沉水植物川蔓藻生长的耐盐特性及其机制研究

目前在入海河流等含盐水体的生态修复研究中有关耐盐沉水植物的研究还较为缺乏.本研究以从野外筛选获得的一株耐盐性能优良的沉水植物川蔓藻为对象,对其耐盐特性及机制,以及应用于河道氮、磷去除的潜力等进行了研究.结果表明,沉水植物川蔓藻具有良好的耐盐性能,在盐度为0～25‰的环境中均保持了较高的生长速率.当盐度上升至30‰时,筛选的川蔓藻植株的生长虽然受到了一些影响,但仍然保持了0.047 d^-1的比生长速率.盐度对川蔓藻的氮、磷去除存在一定影响,随着盐度上升,氮、磷去除率基本呈逐渐下降趋势.另外,通过转录组分析方法进一步分析了川蔓藻植株耐受高盐环境的机制.结果表明,在外界盐度胁迫影响下,川蔓藻植株下调表达基因的数量明显多于上调表达基因.差异表达基因的GO富集分析表明,盐度胁迫下川蔓藻差异表达基因显著富集的GO term主要集中于生物学过程和分子功能.差异表达基因的KEGG富集分析表明,盐度胁迫显著改变了川蔓藻光合作用和物质代谢相关通路的基因的表达.另外,本研究还分析了编码多种抗氧化酶系统中重要酶的基因的表达情况,结果表明,川蔓藻抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢...     

锰氧化物/石英砂(MOCS)对铜和铅离子的吸附研究

研究了锰氧化物/石英砂(MOCS)吸附剂对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附行为,考察了吸附剂用量、平衡时间、温度、盐浓度、溶液的pH值等因素对MOCS吸附的影响.结果表明,MOCS对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附在3 h基本达到吸附平衡,吸附量随着溶液的pH值增大、温度的升高以及盐浓度的降低而增加,在单一体系以及混合体系中对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附均符合Langmiur吸附等温式,温度从15 ℃升高到45℃,Cu2+和Pb2+的饱和吸附容量(qm)分别从13.4 μmol·g-1和15 5μmol·g-1升高到16.4μmol·g-1和18.1μmol·g-1.Cu2+和Pb2+吸附反应的ΔG°均为负值,焓变ΔH°为正值,说明该吸附过程是自发的吸热反应.利用准一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程以及粒子扩散方程的数学模型检验了吸附过程的动力学性质,表明MOCS对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附过程符合准二级反应动力学模型.计算了不同温度下3个动力学方程的吸附速率常数K值.根据准二级反应的吸附速率常数K值,求得MOCS对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附活化能(Ea)分别为92.3 kJ·mol-1和119 kJ·mol-1.在混合体系中,共存离子的存在影响金属离子的吸附效率;Cu2+存在时,Pb2+的饱和吸附量下降了24.4%,而Pb2+存在时,Cu2+的饱和吸附量下降了93.8%.MOCS对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附强弱顺序为Pb2+＞Cu2+.     

鳗鲡仔鱼(Anguilla japonica Temn. et Schl.)对铜离子的回避反应

本文力图用回避实验的方法分析铜离子对闽江鳗鲡及其他水产资源的影响。实验在流水中进行,温度为16±0.5℃,pH为7.43±0.2,溶解氧为62-68.9%;鱼体长为46-69.5mm,重量为174.2-226.6mg;每一浓度测试20次。当浓度为0.0001ppm时,回避度为12.81%;浓度为0.016ppm时,有明显的回避反应,回避度为58.28%;浓度升至0.064ppm时,回避度84.74%,为完全回避。     

麦饭石对水溶液中铜离子的吸附作用研究

研究了麦饭石对水溶液中铜离子的吸附作用。其吸附率与粒度、用量、铜离子溶液、溶液的ｐＨ值和吸附时的温度等因素有关，比较了相同实验条件下麦饭石和活性炭的吸附能力，提出了工业应用的适宜条件。     

二价铜离子与抗坏血酸共存下的杀菌效果及其机理

考察了二价铜离子与抗坏血酸的组合对大肠杆菌的杀菌效果。实验证明:高浓度的铜离子与抗坏血酸的组合有非常好的杀菌效果,不论是酸性还是中性条件下都能在0.5 h杀灭所有的大肠杆菌;低浓度的铜离子与抗坏血酸的组合也有不错的杀菌效果,且随着pH值的升高,杀菌效果增强,pH=4的条件下24 h后杀灭大肠杆菌,pH=7的条件下0.5 h便能杀灭所有杆菌。实验运用ESR检测羟基自由基,并结合杀菌实验结果推断二价铜离子与抗坏血酸反生了类Fenton反应。     

铜离子选择性电极法研究腐殖酸与铜离子络合的影响因素

采用铜离子选择电极法在不同pH值、离子强度、铜离子浓度条件下测定水样中溶解态腐殖酸与铜离子的络合率,探讨主要因素对络合作用的影响。研究结果表明:随着pH的增大,腐殖酸对Cu2+的络合量总体增大,在实验条件下,络合率可超过94%。溶液中铜离子浓度的增加也会使络合率呈现上升趋势,而溶液中离子强度的增加反而使络合量减少。     

水田土壤对铜离子吸附性能的试验研究

采用恒温振荡平衡法研究了乐山市某一水田土壤和未种植过的土壤对铜离子的吸附特性。结果表明:溶液的pH值越大,土壤对铜离子的吸附量越大;铜标准溶液的初始浓度越大,土壤对铜离子的吸附量越大;土壤含腐殖酸越多,对铜离子的吸附能力越强;水田土壤比未种植过的土壤对铜离子的吸附能力更强;用Freundlish方程来描述各种土壤对铜离子的吸附特性均得到了较好的相关性。     

云南褐煤对铜离子的吸附性能研究

研究了云南褐煤吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附性能,并探讨了云南褐煤对Cu2+的吸附机理,获得了相关热力学参数,研究结果表明云南褐煤对Cu2+的去除效果良好,是一种很有应用前景的水处理剂。     

三聚磷酸二氢铝对水中铜离子的吸附动力学

采用离子交换吸附法研究三聚磷酸二氢铝吸附水中铜离子的动力学行为和吸附活化状态热力学参数分析。结果表明:三聚磷酸二氢铝对水溶液中铜离子的化学吸附是二级反应,吸附速率常数k与温度T之间的关系符合阿仑尼乌斯式,吸附的活化能为Ea=56.35kJ/mol,吸附的频率因子A=2.5×106L/(mg·min),ln(k/T)与1/T之间的关系符合Eyring公式,其活化焓ΔH=53.21kJ/mol,活化熵ΔS=-153.36J/(mol·K),同时k与铜离子初始浓度呈负相关性,与三聚磷酸二氢铝用量呈正相关性,介质pH=5时有利于吸附。     

单壁碳纳米管材料对水稻幼苗的毒性效应

随着碳纳米管材料(CNTs)被广泛地应用于工业和商业等多个领域,其将不可避免地进入到大气、水和土壤环境中,从而对生态系统结构和功能产生一些负面影响.为明确进入水环境中的碳纳米管材料对农业生产的潜在危险,本实验采用水培法,研究了不同浓度(10、20、40mg·L~(-1))的单壁碳纳米管材料(SWCNTs)对萌发期内水稻的发芽率、根长耐性指数和幼苗生长期内水稻的鲜重、叶绿素和可溶性蛋白的影响,以及单壁碳纳米管材料在水稻根部的累积.结果表明,在萌发期,胁迫处理4 d后,与对照相比,10、20、40 mg·L-1SWCNTs处理组对水稻发芽率没有任何抑制作用,但会延迟种子的发芽时间;水稻根长耐性指数随着单壁碳纳米管材料浓度的增加而下降.在幼苗生长期,胁迫处理30 d后,与对照相比,水稻鲜重随着单壁碳纳米管材料浓度的增加而分别下降14.2%、21.0%和38.8%;与此相类似,水稻叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量随着单壁碳纳米管材料浓度的增加而下降;另外,通过透射电镜观察(TEM)发现,SWCNTs颗粒分布在水稻幼苗根尖表皮细胞的细胞壁中.SWCNTs对水稻生长起抑制作用,且随着浓度的增加抑制作用逐渐增强.     

土霉素对小麦种子发芽与幼苗生长发育的生态毒性

研究了土霉素对小麦种子发芽以及早期幼苗生长发育的生态毒性效应.结果表明,土霉素对小麦种子芽长及根长的抑制效应显著(p<0.01),而且它们之间具有良好的剂量-效应关系.根据线性回归方程得出土霉素对小麦种子芽长和根长的半抑制浓度为65.5 mg/L和34.7 mg/L.然而,土霉素对小麦种子的发芽率并没有显著的影响.研究还表明,0.15~2.4 mg/L土霉素暴露21 d后,小麦叶片中的叶绿素含量降低了35.6%~47.3%,叶片及根部的可溶性蛋白含量也均呈显著下降趋势.暴露7 d后,0.15~2.4 mg/L土霉素对小麦叶片和根部SOD与POD活性的抑制效应不显著,但随着暴露时间的延长,土霉素对小麦的SOD与POD酶活性抑制率显著下降;2.4 mg/L土霉素暴露21 d后,小麦根部的SOD活性下降72.3%,说明土霉素对小麦幼苗体内的抗氧化系统具有破坏作用.该实验结果显示,低浓度土霉素长期暴露对小麦幼苗的生长发育具有不良的生态毒性效应.     

Biosorption effects of copper ions on Candida utilis under negative pressure cavitation

Under the optimal condition of copper ions adsorption on yeast,we found some different effects among static adsorption, shaking adsorption and negative pressure cavitation adsorption, and the methods of yeast with different pretreatments also affect adsorption of copper ions. At the same time, the change of intercellular pH before and after adsorption of copper with BCECF was studied. The copper distribution was located by using PhenGreen （dipotassium salt and diacetate）, and the surface of yeast was observed by an atomic force microscope. The results showed that negative pressure cavitation can improve bioadsorption capacity of copper ions on yeast. However, the yeasts＇ pretreatment has a higher effect on bioadsorption. It indicates that heavy metal bioadsorption on yeast has much relation with its cellular molecule basis. With the adsorping, the intercellular pH of yeast increased gradually and changed from acidity to alkalescence. These results may suggest that negative pressure cavitation can compel heavy metals to transfer from the cell surface into inside cell and make the surface of yeast coarse.     

壬基酚对羊角月牙藻的毒性效应研究

为研究壬基酚（NP）对淡水微藻的毒性效应特点,选取模式生物羊角月牙藻（Selenastrum capricornutum）为受试对象,设置5个暴露处理浓度：0.1,0.3,0.6,0.9,1.2mg/L.观察并测定羊角月牙藻的生长情况、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量等指标,并通过植物光合效率仪测定叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数,分析NP对光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）的影响.结果表明,NP限制羊角月牙藻生长的96h EC50为0.979mg/L;NP处理浓度为0.3mg/L时,可以对羊角月牙藻生长产生抑制效应,与对照组相比,主要光合色素（叶绿素）含量下降,MDA含量显著增加,过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著上升,最大光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）显著下降,ABS/RC（单位反应中心吸收光能）显著上升,DI0/RC（单位反应中心耗散能量）、ET0/RC（单位反应中心捕获用于电子传递的能量）、TR0/RC（反应中心用于还原QA的能量）也随之升高;当处理浓度≥0.9mg/L后,CAT和SOD活性、TR0/RC显著下降,DI0/RC显著升高,表明PSⅡ受到损伤.由此可知,NP能够破坏膜系统完整性、诱发抗氧化系统响应并造成PSⅡ损伤,降低光能转化效率,对羊角月牙藻具有毒性效应,对水域生态系统具有潜在风险.     

Toxic effects of enrofloxacin on Scenedesmus obliquus

In this article, the toxic effects of Enrofloxacin (ENFX) on Scenedesmus obliquus were studied, through investigating the growth, photosynthetic pigments, and protein contents. The possible toxic mechanisms of ENFX were analyzed by determining the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline content, and superoxide anion (O₂⁻) generation rate. Results showed that the growth of algae was inhibited by ENFX and the 50% effective concentration (EC₅₀) values for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of ENFX were 88.39, 63.86, 45.10, and 59.16 mg·L⁻¹, respectively. After treated with ENFX for 96 h, the contents of photosynthetic pigments decreased with the increase of ENFX concentration, the content of soluble protein and the activity of SOD increased and then decreased, and the generation rate of superoxide anion (O₂⁻) increased continually. The contents of MDA and proline changed little in lower ENFX concentration groups, but increased rapidly when treated with higher concentration groups. These results suggested that ENFX affected the growth of S. obliquus, and the main toxicity mechanism was that algal cells generated the reactive oxygen species under ENFX stress, and then the reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced the oxidation damages of biologic macromolecules and changed the biomembrane permeability further.     

铜对缘管浒苔生理状态的影响

测定了不同条件下Ｃｕ对缘管浒苔可溶性蛋白质含量、膜脂质过氧化水平和藻细胞相对离子外渗率的影响。结果表明，一定浓度的铜离子对海藻具有毒害作用，相应地会引起其可溶性蛋白质含量降低，脂质过氧化水平升高和相对离子外渗率增大。实验结果还证实了ＥＤＴＡ对铜离子毒性的抑制作用和８－羟基喹啉对铜离子毒性的增强作用。     

Early stage toxicity of excess copper to photosystem II of Chlorella pyrenoidosa-OJIP chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis

Acute toxicity of excess Cu on the photosynthetic performance of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was examined by using chlorophyll a fluorescence transients and JIP-test after exposure to elevated Cu concentrations for a short period of time.High Cu concentration resulted in a significant suppression in photosynthesis and respiration.The absorption flux (ABS/RC) per PSⅡ reaction center increased with increasing Cu concentration,but the electron transport flux (ET_0/RC) decreased.Excess Cu had an insignificant effect on the trapping flux (TR_0/RC).The decline in the efficiency with which a trapped exciton can move an electron into the electron transport chain further than QA- (ψ_o),the maximal quantum yield of primary photochemistry (φP_o),and the quantum yield of electron transport (φE_o) were also observed.The amount of active PSⅡ reaction centers per excited cross section (RC/CS) was also in consistency with the change of photosynthesis when cells were exposed to excess Cu concentration.JIP-test parameters had a good linear relationship with photosynthetic O_2 evolution.These results suggested that the decrease of photosynthesis in exposure to excess Cu may be a result of the inactivation of PSⅡ reaction centers and inhibition of electron transport in the acceptor side.     

Toxic effects of perfluorononanoic acid on the development of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Perfluorononanoic acid(PFNA) is a nine-carbon perfluoroalkyl acid widely used in industrial and domestic products. It is a persistent organic pollutant found in the environment as well as in the tissues of humans and wildlife. There is a concern that this chemical might be a developmental toxicant and teratogen in various ecosystems. In the present study,the toxic effects of PFNA were evaluated in zebrafish(Danio rerio) embryos. One hour post-fertilization embryos were treated with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 350, and 400 μmol/L PFNA for 96 hr in 6-well plates. Developmental phenotypes and hatching rates were observed and recorded. Nineteen genes related to oxidative stress and lipid metabolism were examined using Quantitative RT-PCR and confirmed by whole mount in situ hybridization(WISH). Results showed that PFNA delayed the development of zebrafish embryos, reduced the hatching rate, and caused ventricular edema and malformation of the spine. In addition, the amount of reactive oxygen species in the embryo bodies increased significantly after exposure to PFNA compared with that of the control group. The Quantitative RT-PCR and WISH experiments demonstrated that m RNA expression of the lfabp and ucp2 genes increased significantly while that of sod1 and mt-nd1 decreased significantly after PFNA exposure. The m RNA expression levels of gpx1 and mt-atp6 decreased significantly in the high concentration group. However, the m RNA expression levels of both ppara and pparg did not show any significant variation after exposure. These findings suggest that PFNA affected the development of zebrafish embryos at relatively low concentrations.     

纳米BiOBr对羊角月牙藻的毒性效应

纳米BiOBr(n-BiOBr)是具有广泛应用前景的高活性光催化材料,由于n-BiOBr能在可见光区响应,一旦进入水环境将会造成严重的水生态安全隐患.为探究n-BiOBr对藻类的毒性效应及机理,以羊角月牙藻(Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)为受试生物,研究n-BiOBr对羊角月牙藻生长状况、光合色素、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)的影响.结果表明,n-BiOBr对羊角月牙藻的生长有抑制作用,72 h半数效应浓度(EC_(50))为7.407 mg·L~(-1). n-BiOBr处理藻细胞72 h后,藻细胞的叶绿素总量及叶绿素a/b值随着n-BiOBr浓度的升高而降低,呈现一定的浓度-效应关系.随着n-BiOBr浓度增加,MDA、SOD和CAT活性呈现"升高-降低"的趋势.本研究可为纳米材料的科学、有效、无害化应用和管理提供理论依据.     

Multiple biomarkers response in maize (Zea mays L.) during exposure to copper

Biomarkers in higher plants played an important role to estimate exposure effects of pollutants in soil ecosystem and have received increasing attention in recent years. The qualitative and quantitative modifications arising in amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） profiles as a measure of DNA effects were compared with a number of parameters, namely, the root length, total soluble protein content in root tips, chlorophylls content and shoot size to select the most sensitive biomarker responding to copper stress in the range of 0--600 mg/kg. The changes occurring in AFLP profiles of root tips following Cu treatment included loss of normal bands and appearance of new bands and variation in band intensity in comparison to that of the normal seedlings, A reduction in root length was observed at the 200 mg/kg of copper, which was accompanied with a decrease in total soluble protein content. According to their sensitivity to the copper toxicity, the above indicator rank in the following order： AFLP profiles 〉 total soluble protein content 〉 root length 〉 chlorophylls content 〉 shoot. We concluded that the AFLP offered a useful alternative hiomarker assay for the detection of genotoxic effects of environmental pollutants.