SO2排放指标分配方法研究及在我国的实践

SO₂排放指标的合理分配是实施总量控制、排污许可证制度和排污权交易的重要基础.通过对环境质量反演法、历史数据法、排放绩效法和拍卖法等排污指标分配方法优缺点和适用条件的研究,得出基于排放绩效的分配方法较为适用于电力行业,并在江苏省电力行业中进行了成功实践.      

邯郸市SO2排放总量控制研究

本研究以ＳＯ２长期日平均浓度为控制标准,将邯郸市区划分为工业区,文化区３个功能区,利用生成城市大池数矩阵和分担率的ＬＥＥＣＭ－ＩＩ通用程序评价邯郸市大气污染现状,在此基础上进行了大气污染物ＳＯ２排放总量控制研究。给出了邯郸市的基础削减量,平权削减量,优化削减量,分析了污染治理的投资成本。研究表明ＬＥＥＣＭ－ＩＩ程序为大气污染总量控制提供了一个方便实用的计算工具,便于中涉城市推广总量控制工作。     

SO2、SO3和H2O对烟气露点温度影响的研究

研究了不同浓度的ＳＯ２对空气露点的影响，从而为烟气露点的准确确定提供了依据。研究结果表明，ＳＯ２的分压对露点的影响常不超过１Ｋ，而ＳＯ３的分压是决定含氧化硫的烟气露点的主要因素，烟气脱硫的增湿活化技术的机理看来不是ＳＯ２溶于烟气中的水滴，然后被ＣａＯ吸收，应作进一步研究探讨。     

等离子体分解SO2实验

介绍了在低温常压条件下,应用等离子体分解有害气体ＳＯ２的实验结果,通过实验总结出ＳＯ２浓度,气体流量以及烟气温度ＳＯ２分解率的影响规律,比较了脉冲叠加正、负直流电压产生的等离子体分解ＳＯ２的能耗和分解量。实验结果表明,该项技术耗能低,ＳＯ２分解率高。每消耗１ｋＷ·ｈ电能可分解１．６１－１．９７ｋｇＳＯ２气体,分解率达８０％以上。     

氧化铁脱除SO2本征动力学研究

研究了温度、SO₂浓度、氧浓度及水蒸汽含量对α-Fe₂O₃脱除SO₂的影响规律.实验得到了幂函数型本征动力学模型中的各项参数值.结合流-固相反应理论,选择了流-固相反应模型,结果表明,在动力学控制区采用随机孔模型时,反应率-时间关系的实验数据与模型计算值能较好的吻合.     

SO2熏蒸小麦对粘虫生长的影响

用低浓度SO_2熏蒸过的小麦饲养幼虫,研究SO_2污染对粘虫生长的影响.SO_2浓度为50和100ppb时,幼虫的发育历期显著缩短,存活率提高10％左右,整个幼虫期的发育-存活指数和平均相对生长速度(MRGR)分别比对照组高15％和2.5％左右.用上述两个浓度的SO_2处理的幼虫食料植物对成虫的繁殖力也有一定的促进作用,但对蛹的历期和成虫的寿命没有影响.     

复合氧化物汽车尾气净化催化剂抗SO2中毒机理研究

复合氧化物催化剂(ASC)具有较高的活性和良好的抗SO_2中毒性能.用IR、XPS、TPD等技术研究了该催化剂抗SO_2中毒机理,结果表明,与易失活催化剂相比,ASC经500h反应(反应气含SO_2约20ppm),其活性组分价态无显著变化,仅表面发生SO_2的化学吸附,经与约500ppm的SO_2作用20h后,发现仅有少量SO_4~(2-)形成.这是由于在ASC催化剂中添加了特殊助剂,而使催化剂活性组分得到保护的缘故.     

SO2污染的次生作用--促进粘虫的生长

将3龄幼虫接种在暴露于低浓度SO_2的小麦植株上自由取食12d,研究SO_2污染对粘虫生长的影响;对照组小麦用经过活性炭过滤的空气处理。结果表明,随着SO_2浓度升高,幼虫历期逐渐缩短,幼虫期的平均相对生长速率依次增大。用人工饲料进行的类似试验结果,排除了SO_2污染直接促进粘虫生长的可能性。根据对食料植物水解氨基酸含量的测定结果,可以假设在非污染条件下生长的麦叶中,蛋氨酸和精氨酸含量偏低使粘虫处于亚最适生长状态,SO_2污染增加了食料中这两种限制性氨基酸的浓度,导致幼虫转入最佳生长状态。     

酸雨和SO2对蔬菜生长和产量的影响

应用开顶式熏气装置,以油菜和白菜为材料,分别将其暴露于模拟酸雨(pH2.8—5.6)和模拟酸雨与0.1ppmSO_2环境中,测定单独污染与复合污染对蔬菜生长反应和产量的影响。结果表明,酸雨(pH2.8)和酸雨(pH4.6)与0.1ppmSO_2复合处理均对LAR有明显抑制,LAR最多可减少37.5%。模拟酸雨(pH2.8,3.6)使蔬菜减产1.4—8.7%,而模拟酸雨与SO_2复合污染可使蔬菜产量减少7.9—28.9%(P<0.05)。     

SO2 与矿物气溶胶组分α-Fe2O3 的光化学反应机制

利用红外漫反射光谱仪(DRIFTS)研究了SO₂ 在α-Fe₂O₃ 表面上的多相光化学反应.结果表明,在无光照和光照条件下,α-Fe₂O₃ 表面均生成硫酸盐,但硫酸盐的生成量和生成速率不同.模拟太阳光照射下,反应4 h BET吸附系数为9.61×10-9,无光照条件下为1.39×10-8;光照条件下硫酸盐生成量低于无光照条件.当O₂ 的体积浓度<21%时,增加O₂ 浓度促进了硫酸盐的生成.用草酸和腐殖酸处理后的α-Fe₂O₃ 与SO₂ 反应,由于α-Fe₂O₃ 表面反应活性位被占据,导致硫酸盐生成量急剧减少.     

Carbon emission permit allocation and trading

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中国工业二氧化硫排放变化指标分解研究

基于生产理论框架,应用基于Shephard输出距离函数的方法,将我国SO2排放变化指标分解为技术效率影响、技术变化影响、输入增加影响、输出结构影响等5项指标,并对中国28个地区2000~2006年SO2排放变化面板数据进行了实证分析.结果表明:引起我国2000~2006年SO2排放增加的主要因素是工业能源消耗、资本投入及产出结构变化,技术变化则在一定程度上减少了工业SO2排放.“十五”期间国家工业SO2排放控制政策,对工业SO2排放控制技术进步及技术效率的提高有明显的促进作用.在区域层面上,东、中、西3个地区的技术变化都促进了工业SO2的减排,其中东部地区由于技术变化所导致的SO2减排较为明显.     

Low SO2 emission from CFB co-firing MSW and bituminous

Influence of co-firing rate on SO2 emission from co-firing municipal solid waste(MSW) and bituminous containing high amount of sulfur(1.79%) was studied in a 0.15 MWt circulating fluidized bed (CFB). The temperature selected is 1123 K, typical for MSW incineration using CFB. The particle concentration in the dilution zone of the furnace, the alkali metal concentration and sulfate concentration in the recirculating ash and fly ash, and flue gas composition were determined. The results showed that the addition of MSW leads to a significant decrease in SO2 emission. Concentration of SO2 in flue gas decreased to 0 with the co-firing rate greater than 51%. This reduction in SO2 emission is attributed both to the high particle concentration in the dilution zone of the furnace, the high content of alkali metals in the bed material, and to the comparatively high concentration of HCI in flue gas during co-firing of MSW and bituminous.     

Cost curve analysis for SO2 and NOx emission control in Finland

The development of air pollution policies requires information on emission control effectiveness, application potential and costs. In this study Finnish cost-effectiveness data were calculated for sulphur and nitrogen oxides emissions in 1990 using technical and cost parameters from national operation experience in power plants and industry. Both derived cost curves depicting abated amount of emissions and related annualised costs were comparable with those in the Europe-wide Regional Air Pollution Information and Simulation (RAINS) model data for Finland using more aggregated input data, part of which were the same for all European countries. The ranking of abatement measures to combat acidifying emissions was explored by combining the controls of both SO₂ and NO_x based on their acidifying potential. The most cost-efficient controls, related mainly to SO₂, were already in use in 1995. A sensitivity analysis for SO₂ indicated that the uncertainty in annual operating hours of combustion plants (±1000 h per annum) has the largest effect on total abatement costs (−7 to −6%), whereas the presumed uncertainties of ±10% in removal efficiencies have the greatest effect of ±11% on total emissions. The national assessment of emission controls was important in describing the country-specific conditions in detail and highlighting the major differences from the RAINS model data and methodology. The results have facilitated the composition of further national reduction measures.     

Anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx in Asia: emission inventories

The anthropogenic emissions of SO₂ and NO_x for 25 Asian countries east of Afghanistan and Pakistan have been calculated for 1975, 1980, 1986, 1986 and 1987 based on fuel consumption, sulfur content in fuels and emission factors for used fuels in each emission category. The provincial- and regional-based calculations have also been made for China and India. The total SO₂ emissions in these parts of Asia have been calculated to be 18.3 and 29.1 Tg in 1975 and 1987, respectively. The calculated total NO_x emissions were 9.4 and 15.5 Tg in 1975 and 1987, respectively. The SO₂ and NO_x emissions in East Asia (China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea and Taiwan) were 23.4 and 10.7 Tg in 1975 and 1987, respectively.     

中国东部地区能耗和SO_2排放趋势预测研究

在系统研究我国东部地区１８个省、市、自治区近年来能源消耗和ＳＯ２排放现状的基础上，利用国际上先进的ＬＥＡＰ模式和排放系数法，进行了２０００，２０１０和２０２０年三个时段的能耗和ＳＯ２排放趋势预测。研究中考虑了三峡工程和核电等的影响和各省之间的电平衡，以及有关部门的最新政策和数据。将大型火电厂单独作为点源考虑后，ＳＯ２排放的结果采用科学方法进行了按经纬度的网格化，可以直接作为远距离酸沉降模式的输入文件使用。最后还分析了东部地区的硫沉降趋势。     

2006~2009年工业COD和SO2减排分解研究

通过运用分解模型,将工业COD和工业SO2减排分解为规模效应、结构效应、清洁技术效应和污染治理效应,并根据模型测算了2006~2009年各种效应的大小.结果表明:规模效应值为58.68%,即经济规模扩张增加工业COD和工业SO2排放,结构效应、清洁技术效应和污染治理效应效应值分别为-0.63%、-49.34%和-29.79%,即促进工业COD和工业SO2减排;分行业来看,农副食品加工业和非金属矿物制品业发展迅速,需要严格控制其发展速度;化学纤维制造业的COD产生强度和电力、热力的生产和供应业、有色金属矿采选业、石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业的SO2产生强度升高,需要加强清洁生产控制;燃气生产和供应业、皮革毛皮羽毛(绒)及其制品业的COD去除率和非金属矿采选业、非金属矿物制品业和燃气生产和供应业的SO2去除率降低,需要加强污染治理控制.     

On the use of the inferential technique to estimate dry deposition of SO2

Inferred dry deposition rates of SO₂ determined using concentrations from a continuously operated chemical monitor are compared to results obtained from weekly averages, a protocol that is currently employed in many dry deposition networks. Results from two years of data were compared to evaluate any seasonal differences in the uncertainty using a weekly sampling protocol. In general, a weekly sampling protocol was found to underestimate the flux by 40% during the growing season when the diurnal cycle of estimated deposition velocity was found to correlate with measured hourly concentrations. For leafless forest conditions, no consistent correlation was found. This results in a 20% underestimate of the flux on an annual basis.     

氧化·热化学脱硫研究

热化学脱硫法因铵盐回收率低、产物不稳定,无法解决实用化问题。氧化热化学法应用超强脉冲电场产生高浓度、高能量的活性粒子,使SO₂在氧化过程中生成H₂SO₄,与NH3进行热化学反应,生成稳定的固体微粒（NH₄）₂SO₄,用电收尘器加以回收。脱除率、回收率可达90％左右,脱除1m³烟气中SO₂耗能为4Wh,实现了干法高效脱硫。一次投资大幅度减少,回收铵盐基本上抵消了药品费和电费。