基于EDEM软件数值模拟的滚筒筛优化设计

滚筒筛被广泛应用在混合垃圾筛分机械中,主要作用是将不同重度和粒度的垃圾成分筛分出来。目前的一般设计方法是根据实际工作情况,粗略设定滚筒筛的参数以及尺寸,有较大误差;故根据混合垃圾中不同成分所占比例进行了合理的简化,将混合垃圾简化为10种代表性垃圾成分,运用离散元仿真软件EDEM,对筛分过程进行了仿真,确定了筛筒的最佳安装倾角和最佳转动速度,使滚筒筛的筛分效率达到了最大值。这种数值模拟的方法对实际制造滚筒筛有较大参考价值,同时可以降低设备研发费用,减少资源浪费。     

污泥用量对生活垃圾堆肥氮素转化与损失的影响

为了探讨生活垃圾堆肥的氮素损失问题,对生活垃圾（A组）、污泥和生活垃圾混合B组（w/w=1∶6）、C组（w/w=1∶4）组等3组物料进行高温好氧堆肥,研究污泥用量对生活垃圾堆肥化过程中温度、pH值、各氮素转化与损失的影响。结果表明：投加污泥会影响生活垃圾的通风性能,减慢物料的升温速率,延长堆肥周期。污泥用量对生活垃圾堆...     

城市生活垃圾综合管理决策模型研究进展

生活垃圾综合管理模型已广泛应用于城市生活垃圾综合管理方案的制订.概述了国外用于城市生活垃圾综合管理决策的主要模型及其研究进展,包括费用-效益分析模型、生命周期评价模型和多目标决策分析模型.在分析国内该领域的研究现状和存在问题的基础上,提出了中国今后开展城市生活垃圾综合管理决策与模型研究的建议.     

单组分垃圾厌氧降解初期的产气规律及恶臭特征

研究了垃圾单组分(蛋白类和糖类)厌氧降解初期的产气动态规律和恶臭特征。结果表明,糖类物料厌氧降解的累积产气量大于蛋白类物料,各物料的气体排放动态曲线不同,酪蛋白和淀粉物料呈现Monod型曲线,而纤维素物料呈现2次Monod型曲线;蛋白类物料降解产生的恶臭气体成分更丰富,且动态变化曲线有多种形式:硫化氢、磷化氢和硫8的浓度变化曲线呈单峰型,聚硫醚浓度曲线呈S型,挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)呈Monod型曲线;臭气强度分析结果表明,蛋白类物料产生的臭气强度高于糖类物料。单组分垃圾产气规律和恶臭特征的研究结果为开发高效恶臭原位控制技术提供了理论基础。     

中国西北典型城市西宁生活垃圾产生及回收

预测了中国西北典型城市西宁的生活垃圾清运量,同时分析了西宁的生活垃圾物料流向,从而估算西宁未来的生活垃圾产生量,为西宁生活垃圾管理规划提供依据。研究发现,西宁未来生活垃圾清运量和产生量均呈增长状态,2025、2035年西宁生活垃圾产生量分别为240.33万、334.04万t,2020—2035年的平均年增长率为3.71%。在考虑分拣率的条件下,2025、2035年西宁生活垃圾人均日产生量分别为1.72、2.21kg/(人·d)。目前,西宁生活垃圾分两级分拣回收,一级分拣率为35.11%,二级分拣率为0.18%,填埋率为64.71%。为提高资源化利用率,建议西宁加强一级分拣能力,特别是加大对纸类和塑料的回收能力;在末端处置上,建议规划考虑建设生活垃圾焚烧发电设施。     

污泥与生活垃圾混合填埋对渗滤液导排系统堵塞的影响

污泥经预处理达到入场标准后与生活垃圾混合填埋是我国现阶段污泥处理的主要方式。由于污泥与生活垃圾特性差异较大,会影响渗滤液物理、化学、生物特性,进而对填埋场渗滤液导排系统产生不利影响。通过柱实验对比了污泥与生活垃圾混填前后产生的渗滤液水质变化,结果表明：污泥与生活垃圾混填后渗滤液中颗粒物浓度及大颗粒物占比均有显著提升;采用生石灰对污泥预处理提高了污泥自身有机质（VFAs等）的释放速率;8%的生石灰预处理污泥（10%混合比例）掺加量会提高生活垃圾产生的渗滤液中Ca2+浓度31.6%。通过分析可知,结合填埋场导排系统堵塞的影响因素有微细颗粒物沉淀、微生物膜生长及钙基化合物沉积,从减缓填埋场导排系统堵塞、延长填埋场使用年限的角度出发,污泥宜单独分区填埋,生石灰预处理污泥不宜与生活垃圾混填。     

添加腐熟污泥对生活垃圾堆肥氮素转化与损失的影响

研究添加腐熟污泥对垃圾好氧堆肥过程中氮素转化与损失的影响,实验设置生活垃圾与腐熟污泥质量比分别为1∶1、2∶1和4∶1,以单独生活垃圾为对照,主要监测堆肥过程中固相（TN、氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮）和气相（NH3和N2O）中氮素转化规律。结果表明：与单独生活垃圾相比,生活垃圾与腐熟污泥比例为1∶1和4∶1时,有机氮与TN损失明显减少;至堆肥结束4组堆体铵态氮与硝态氮相较于堆肥初期均有不同程度提高,其中4∶1组铵态氮与硝态氮提高最多,分别为32.3%和86.1%;亚硝态氮含量在整个堆肥过程中一直处于下降趋势;腐熟污泥的添加使物料堆肥过程中氨气和N2O的释放量随着腐熟污泥添加量的增加而减小。总体而言,由于腐熟污泥对氨气良好的吸附性能和其含有的大量亚硝酸盐氧化菌,加入堆肥后减少反硝化途径N2O的产生,从而减少生活垃圾堆肥过程中氮素损失和温室气体的释放。     

温度和物料配比对餐厨垃圾与果蔬垃圾协同厌氧产氢的影响研究

采用餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾协同厌氧产氢工艺,通过pH、氨氮、还原糖、溶解性COD(SCOD)等指标变化规律、产氢动力学和相关性分析,研究不同温度和物料配比(餐厨垃圾与果蔬垃圾的湿质量比)对协同厌氧产氢潜力的影响。结果表明,温度和物料配比对餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾协同厌氧产氢均有显著影响。高温组(55℃)物料配比为1∶4时累积产气量和氢气体积分数最大,分别为510mL和52.57%;中温(35℃)组物料配比为1∶2时累积产气量最大为200mL,物料配比为1∶1时氢气体积分数最大为5.45%。相关性分析表明,pH与累积产气量呈显著负相关,氨氮与累积产气量呈显著正相关。高温协同厌氧产氢可有效提高微生物活性和产氢潜力,促进餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾的有效利用,实现有机废弃物的绿色能源化。     

高含盐有机废液滚筒喷雾预浓缩优化

滚筒喷雾预浓缩装置具有传热效率高,抗结垢能力强等特点,特别适合于对高含盐有机废液进行浓缩预处理。利用自行搭建的滚筒喷雾预浓缩实验装置研究影响高含盐有机废液预浓缩效果的工况参数,在保证预浓缩盐与刮刀正常分离的条件下达到最小能耗比的目标。首先,基于单因素及正交实验结果,确定导热油温、滚筒转速、NaCl质量分数、进料COD为影响因子。随后以含水率及能耗比为响应值,通过Box-Behnken 响应面分析法（BBD）设计实验,建立二次多项式回归方程模型。最后综合分析回归方程模型各项参数,各因素及相互作用对含水率及能耗比的影响,调整后预期最佳条件：导热油温为180 ℃、滚筒转速为1.00 r·min-1、NaCl质量分数9%、进料COD 80 000 mg·L-1,验证结果显示所建预测模型均具有良好的拟合度、可信度及精密度。     

北京市生活垃圾分类处理体系:Ⅱ.对策有效度

运用层次分析法对北京市生活垃圾分类处理体系的现有对策有效度进行分析.针对北京市生活垃圾管理中存在的问题,通过文献查阅总结现有的对策,在此基础上构造了生活垃圾分类处理体系对策的层次分析结构图,进而运用层次分析法确定了各对策的权重,得出了北京市生活垃圾分类处理体系现有对策的有效度排序依次为走垃圾产业化道路>建立示范小区>加大资金投入并完善收费制度>政策法规的完善及严格执行>加大宣传教育力度>生活垃圾收运系统的合理设计>生活垃圾分类处理技术的革新.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)