Cu-ZnO双反应中心类芬顿催化剂降解水中碘乙腈性能与机制

多相芬顿催化虽然克服了均相芬顿pH适用范围窄,铁泥二次污染等问题,但还面临着稳定性差,H₂O₂利用率低的问题,从而限制了其实际应用。本文利用锌和铜的电负性差异制备了一种双反应中心催化剂Cu-ZnO,通过在催化剂表面构建贫富电子中心,从而诱导H₂O₂产生·OH降解污染物。采用TEM、EDS、XRD、FTIR、XPS以及EPR对催化剂进行表征,并研究了催化剂投加量、H₂O₂投加量、pH以及共存离子对碘乙腈降解效果的影响。结果表明,在催化剂投加量为1 g·L^-1,双氧水投加量为10 mmol·L^-1时,Cu-ZnO对碘乙腈的去除率在91%。大部分共存离子对催化剂的降解效果影响较小,且在酸性条件下催化剂稳定性较好,中性和碱性条件下金属离子基本无释放。催化剂诱导产生的·OH和HO₂^·/O₂^·-是碘乙腈(IAN)降解的主要活性物种,降解产...     

零价铁与厌氧微生物协同还原地下水中的硝基苯

通过间歇式实验,考察了零价铁与厌氧微生物协同还原地下水中硝基苯的效果。实验结果表明,由零价铁腐蚀为厌氧微生物提供H2电子供体还原硝基苯的效果明显优于零价铁和微生物单独作用,硝基苯去除率分别提高21.8%和57.0%。弱酸性条件有利于协同反应进行,当初始pH为5.0和6.0时,4 d后硝基苯去除率比初始pH为7.0时的提高74.4%和35.2%。增加零价铁投加量可提高协同还原的效果,零价铁最佳投加量为250 mg/L。零价铁腐蚀产生的Fe2+无法作为电子供体被微生物利用,但可作为无机营养元素促进协同过程。由于零价铁产H2速率受表面覆盖物影响不明显,在地下水修复过程中可保证协同效果并延长零价铁的使用寿命。     

混凝-Fenton氧化-Fe0还原预处理高浓度硝基苯生产废水

采用混凝-Fenton氧化-Fe0还原工艺预处理高浓度硝基苯废水,考察各反应阶段硝基苯去除效果及影响因素。研究表明,聚铁混凝性能优于聚铝;初始COD为17 350 mg/L、硝基苯浓度为10 050 mg/L的废水,在pH=4,聚铁投加浓度3 300 mg/L时,COD和硝基苯去除率分别为63%和62%;混凝沉降后的上清液用Fenton试剂氧化,可在较宽pH(3～6)范围内降解硝基苯,当H2O2(30%)浓度为6 000 mg/L,Fe2+浓度为168 mg/L时,氧化效率最高;聚铁混凝-Fenton氧化后的出水用Fe0还原,最佳还原条件为:pH=3,Fe0浓度1 500 mg/L。原水经聚铁混凝-Fenton氧化-Fe0还原后,COD和硝基苯总去除率分别达90%和98%,总药剂成本约12.4元/t。处理后废水硝基苯浓度为168 mg/L,适宜进行后续的厌氧-好氧生物处理。     

亚铁活化过碳酸钠对垃圾渗滤液污染地下水中COD的去除

针对垃圾渗滤液渗漏严重威胁地下水水质的问题,以过碳酸钠(sodium percarbonate,SPC)为固体氧化剂来构建地下水的原位修复技术,采用单因素法,以受污染的高COD地下水为处理对象,通过实验研究了n(SPC):n(FeSO₄·7H₂O)、药剂投加量、反应时间对SPC/Fe²⁺体系去除COD的影响和SPC/Fe²⁺体系的反应机理。结果表明：n(SPC):n(FeSO₄·7H₂O)和SPC的投加量显著影响COD的去除效能;在初始pH值为7.22、 n(SPC):n(FeSO₄·7H₂O)=1:2.75、 SPC投加量为48 mmol·L^-1以及反应30 min的最佳实验条件下,COD的去除率可达82.09%;SPC/Fe²⁺体系通过降解类蛋白有机物和腐殖酸实现高COD地下水的有效处理,主要活性物种HO·能够有效减小腐殖质分子量及其分子间聚合度,同时降低芳香性构化...     

零价铁耦合芬顿氧化法处理TNT红水

采用零价铁耦合芬顿氧化法处理TNT红水,研究了初始pH、零价铁投加量、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)投加量及温度对红水中总有机碳(TOC)去除效果的影响,同时进行了TOC去除过程中反应动力学的探讨。结果表明,零价铁耦合芬顿氧化体系可有效降解TNT红水中的2,4-二硝基甲苯-3-磺酸钠和2,4-二硝基甲苯-5-磺酸钠。在初始pH为2,温度为20?C的条件下,加入1.5 g·L~(-1)零价铁反应1 h后,再加入100 mL·L~(-1)H_2O_2反应4 h,红水中二硝基甲苯磺酸盐浓度从500 mg·L~(-1)降至0 mg·L~(-1),去除率为100%,TOC浓度从150 mg·L~(-1)降至30 mg·L~(-1),去除率达到80%。反应中TOC的降解过程遵循拟二级反应动力学方程。零价铁耦合芬顿氧化法可以作为TNT红水的有效处理途径。     

Fe0还原、芬顿氧化及其耦合技术去除染料厂剩余污泥中的AOX

染料废水中含有大量难生物降解的卤代有机物合成中间体,合成卤代有机物在废水的生物处理过程中容易被吸附到剩余污泥中,如不能妥善处理会引起生态健康风险。研究了零价铁还原、芬顿氧化及其组合技术对染料企业剩余污泥中AOX(可吸附有机卤代物)的去除效果,优化了处理条件,解析了去除机理。结果表明,铁粉投加量为5 g·L~(-1),厌氧反应30 d时,零价铁还原对污泥中AOX降解率仅为24.7%;Fe2+投加量0.059 mol·L~(-1),H2O_2投加量0.89 mol·L~(-1),芬顿氧化1.5 h时,污泥中AOX去除率提高至73.7%;投加2 g·L~(-1)的铁粉,还原30 d后再进行芬顿反应,则污泥中AOX去除率可达到90.3%。GC-MS分析结果表明,污泥中的主要AOX物质为2,6-二氯-4-硝基苯胺,该物质经过零价铁还原与芬顿氧化组合工艺处理后,比直接芬顿氧化能得到更有效的去除。     

Fe~0/S_2O_8~(2-)异相芬顿与生物组合工艺处理煤化工废水尾水

为实现煤化工废水尾水低成本达标排放,采用零价铁/过硫酸盐(Fe~0/S_2O_8~(2-))异相芬顿与气升环流反应器(ALR)组合工艺对其进行深度处理并分析处理成本。结果表明,在pH为6.8、Fe~0和S_2O_8~(2-)投加量分别为2g·L~(-1)和15 mmol·L~(-1)的条件下,Fe~0/S_2O_8~(2-)体系对COD和色度去除率分别为56%和50%。气相色谱-质谱和气相色谱分析显示,尾水中难降解芳香化合物被转化成小分子有机酸,这些小分子有机酸虽然在异相芬顿反应中难以进一步降解,但容易被好氧微生物吸收和利用;出水经ALR处理后,COD和色度进一步从150 mg·L~(-1)和75倍降到48 mg·L~(-1)和25倍,总去除率达到86%和83%。由于异相芬顿反应不需调节pH且出水铁离子浓度小于9mg·L~(-1),该组合工艺在避免大量铁泥产生的同时可低成本地实现煤化工废水尾水达标排放。     

Fe2+-热活化过硫酸钠氧化降解菲及其对土壤的影响

在模拟菲污染土壤中用β-环糊精(β-CD)作为Fe²⁺螯合剂,考察了Fe²⁺-热(45℃)活化过硫酸钠(Na₂S₂O₈)氧化降解菲的效果及其对土壤的影响。结果表明,Na₂S₂O₈∶菲=80、Fe²⁺∶Na₂S₂O₈=1/3、β-CD∶Fe²⁺=1/10(均为摩尔比)时,菲的降解率最高,达85.1%。Fe²⁺活化时主要自由基为SO^-₄·和·OH,而热活化时主要为·OH。根据中间产物推测菲的两条降解途径为：自由基攻击菲的9、10位点生成(1,1’-联苯)-2,2’-二甲醛或攻击2、3位点氧化开环生成2-乙基-6-甲氧基萘,再形成邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,最终矿化为CO₂和H₂O。土壤氧化修复后,pH降低,氧化...     

零价铁Fenton技术处理含聚乙烯醇的印染退浆废水

采用零价铁Fenton技术处理含聚乙烯醇(PVA)的印染退浆废水。通过单因素实验和正交实验,考察了初始pH、H2O2投加量、铁屑粒径及投加量和反应时间对实验结果的影响。结果表明,初始pH和H2O2投加量对处理效果影响很大。最佳反应条件是初始pH=4.0,H2O2投加量为100mmol/L,铁屑(粒径为1~3mm)投加量为15g/L,反应时间为30min。在该条件下,出水PVA质量浓度为0.9mg/L,PVA去除率为99.9%,COD去除率为23.6%,BOD5/COD由0.12升高至0.34,可生化性明显提高。无论从处理效果考虑还是从成本考虑,零价铁Fenton技术都优于传统Fenton技术。     

Fe~0类芬顿法深度处理制药废水

以零价铁作为类芬顿反应中的催化剂,对某制药集团经生化处理后的制药废水进行深度处理。研究了H2O2和零价铁粉投加量、pH值以及Fe0的酸改性对处理效果的影响。结果表明:COD去除率20%时,可有效提高废水B/C比。在pH为3.0~3.5时,按H2O2∶COD质量比为1∶6进行投加,Fe0与H2O2按4∶1的摩尔比投加,反应在2 h时能达到处理目标,即去除20%的COD。Fe0的重复使用性良好,5次后仍能保持催化效能,进一步对其中的反应过程与机理做了探讨。研究结果可为制药废水的深度处理提供参考。     

Oxidative treatment of simulated dyehouse effluent by uv and near-UV light assisted Fenton's reagent

UV/Fenton, near-UV-visible/Fenton, dark Fenton, and H₂O₂/UV reactions have been used to treat simulated dyehouse effluents representing wastewater from the textile dyeing and rinsing process. Experiments were carried out in a lab - scale photochemical reactor using concentrations of 0.5–25 mM H₂O₂, 0.04-0.5 mM Fe²⁺-ion and different dilutions of textile wastewater. To assess the extent of mineralization, decolourization kinetics and the effect of different fight sources on treatment efficiency, DOC, optical density at 254 nm and 600 nm wavelength and residual H₂O₂ concentrations were measured during the course of the advanced oxidation reactions. Comparative evaluation of the obtained results revealed that the decolourization rate increased with applied H₂O₂ and Fe²⁺-ion dose as well as the strength of the synthetic textile wastewater. The best results were obtained by the near - UV/visible/Fenton process with a decolourization rate constant of 1.57 min⁻¹, a UV_254nm reduction of 97% and a DOC removal of 41% at relatively low doses of the H₂O₂ oxidant and Fe²⁺-ion catalyst within 60 min treatment time.     

Pulsed discharge plasma induced Fenton-like reactions for the enhancement of the degradation of 4-chlorophenol in water

To sufficiently utilize chemically active species and enhance the degradation rate and removal efficiency of toxic and biorefractory organic pollutant para-chlorophenol (para-CP), the introductions of iron metal ions (Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺) into either pulsed discharge plasma (PDP) process or the PDP process with TiO₂ photo-catalyst were tentatively performed. The experimental results showed that under the same experimental condition, the degradation rate and removal efficiency of para-CP were greatly enhanced by the introduction of iron ions (Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺) into the PDP process. Moreover, when iron ions and TiO₂ were added together in the PDP process, the degradation rate and removal energy of para-CP further improved. The possible mechanism was discussed that the obvious promoting effects were attributed to ferrous ions via plasma induced Fenton-like reactions by UV light irradiation excited and hydrogen peroxide formed in pulsed electrical discharge, resulting in a larger amount of hydroxyl radicals produced from the residual hydrogen peroxide. In addition, the regeneration of ferric ions to ferrous ions facilitates the progress of plasma induced Fenton-like reactions by photo-catalytic reduction of UV light, photo-catalytic reduction on TiO₂ surface and electron transfer of quinone intermediates, i.e. 1,4-hydroquinone and 1,4-benzoquinone.     

沼渣生物炭基Fenton催化剂的制备及其高效降解吡虫啉农药废水的研究

以废弃物沼渣和含铁剩余污泥为原料,采用一步热解法制备沼渣生物炭基Fenton催化剂(以下简称催化剂),构建了非均相Fenton反应体系处理含吡虫啉模拟废水,考察了H2 O2和催化剂用量对吡虫啉去除率的影响.结果表明,非均相Fenton反应体系中,H2 O2最佳投加量为0.50 g/L,催化剂最佳投加量为1.00 g/L...     

Comparative studies of the Fe3+/2+-UV, H2O2-UV, TiO2-UV/vis systems for the decolorization of a textile dye X-3B in water

The degradation of a common textile dye, Reactive-brilliant red X-3B, by several advanced oxidation technologies was studied in an air-saturated aqueous solution. The dye was resistant to the UV illumination (wavelength λ  320 nm), but was decolorized when one of Fe³⁺, H₂O₂ and TiO₂ components was present. The decolorization rate was observed to be quite different for each system, and the relative order evaluated under comparable conditions followed the order of Fe²⁺–H₂O₂–UV  Fe²⁺–H₂O₂ > Fe³⁺–H₂O₂–UV > Fe³⁺–H₂O₂ > Fe³⁺–TiO₂–UV > TiO₂–UV > Fe³⁺–UV > TiO₂–visible light (λ  450 nm) > H₂O₂–UV > Fe²⁺–UV. The mechanism for each process is discussed, and linked together for understanding the observed differences in reactivity.     

Fenton''s type reaction and chemical pretreatment of PCBs

This study evaluates the effects of Fenton's reagent (FR) on the rate and extent of the oxidative degradation of individual mono, di-, tri- and tetrachlorobiphenyls in the commercial mixture DELOR 103, equivalent to AROCLOR 1248. The oxidation effect of FR strongly increased with increasing the molar ratio of Fe²⁺/H₂O₂. The most effective oxidation of DELOR 103 (10 μg.ml⁻¹) was achieved in a solution containing 1M H₂O₂ and 1 mM Fe²⁺. The FR elimination rate constants of PCB congeners decrease with increasing number of chlorine substituents in the biphenyl molecule and show a good correlation with the values of molecular weights of the PCB congeners and their 1-octanol/water partition coefficients.     

As(V) adsorption on amorphous iron oxide: Triple layer modelling

The adsorption of As(V) by amorphous iron oxide was investigated at 25°C, 0.01 M NaNO₃ background electrolyte as a function of solution pH(4–10) at three initial As(V) concentrations and two Fe(III) concentrations. As(V) adsorption increased with decreasing pH. A modified Langmuir isotherm has been used for describing an equilibrium partition existing between solid and liquid phases. The triple-layer model was used for simulating As(V) adsorption on iron oxide surface. This model was able to describe As(V) adsorption over the pH range 4–10, all at the concentrations of As(V) and Fe(III) studied. =Fe(H₂AsO₄)⁰, = Fe(HAsO₄)⁻ and = Fe(AsO₄)²⁻ have been shown through simulation with inner-sphere complexation products to be more consistent with experimental adsorption observations than complexation with other surface species.     

Sequential photochemical-biological degradation of chlorophenols

UV/TiO₂/H₂O₂, UV/TiO₂ and UV/H₂O₂ were compared as pre-treatment processes for the detoxification of mixtures of 4-chlorophenol (4CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) prior to their biological treatment. When each chlorophenol was initially supplied at 50 mg l⁻¹, UV/TiO₂/H₂O₂ treatment supported the highest pollutant removal, COD removal, and dechlorination efficiencies followed by UV/TiO₂ and UV/H₂O₂. The remaining toxicity to Lipedium sativum was similar after all pre-treatments. Chlorophenol photodegradation was always well described by a first order model kinetic (r² > 0.94) and the shortest 4CP, DCP, TCP and PCP half-lives of 8.7, 7.1, 4.5 and 3.3 h, respectively, were achieved during UV/TiO₂/H₂O₂ treatment. No pollutant removal was observed in the controls conducted with H₂O₂ or TiO₂ only. Inoculation of all the photochemically pre-treated mixtures with activated sludge microflora was followed by complete removal of the remaining pollutants. Combined UV/TiO₂/H₂O₂-biological supported the highest detoxification, dechlorination (99%) and COD removal (88%) efficiencies. Similar results were achieved when each chlorophenol was supplied at 100 mg l⁻¹. COD and Cl mass balances indicated UV, UV/H₂O₂, and UV/TiO₂ treatments lead to the formation of recalcitrant photoproducts, some of which were chlorinated.     

Biological elimination of H2S and NH3 from wastegases by biofilter packed with immobilized heterotrophic bacteria

Biotreatment of various ratios of H₂S and NH₃ gas mixtures was studied using the biofilters, packed with co-immobilized cells (Arthrobacter oxydans CH8 for NH₃ and Pseudomonas putida CH11 for H₂S). Extensive tests to determine removal characteristics, removal efficiency, removal kinetics, and pressure drops of the biofilters were performed. To estimate the largest allowable inlet concentration, a prediction model was also employed. Greater than 95% and 90% removal efficiencies were observed for NH₃ and H₂S, respectively, irrespective of the ratios of H₂S and NH₃ gas mixtures. The results showed that H₂S removal of the biofilter was significantly affected by high inlet concentrations of H₂S and NH₃. As high H₂S concentration was an inhibitory substrate for the growth of heterotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, the activity of H₂S oxidation was thus inhibited. In the case of high NH₃ concentration, the poor H₂S removal efficiency might be attributed to the acidification of the biofilter. The phenomenon was caused by acidic metabolite accumulation of NH₃. Through kinetic analysis, the presence of NH₃ did not hinder the NH₃ removal, but a high H₂S concentration would result in low removal efficiency. Conversely, H₂S of adequate concentrations would favor the removal of incoming NH₃. The results also indicated that maximum inlet concentrations (model-estimated) agreed well with the experimental values for space velocities of 50–150 h⁻¹. Hence, the results would be used as the guideline for the design and operation of biofilters.     

Optimizing electron spin resonance detection of hydroxyl radical in water

The parameters affecting the electron spin resonance (ESR) detection of hydroxyl free radical in water are studied and optimized. The hydroxyl radical is generated by the Fenton reaction with iron (II) ammonium sulfate and hydrogen peroxide reacting in a phosphate buffer using N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitron as the spin trap. The concentrations of Fe²⁺, H₂O₂, and phosphate buffer are the parameters studied. The Taguchi method and the orthogonal experiment design were used to evaluate the effects of these parameters on the ESR signal intensity. By the analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio and the analysis of variance, the order of importance of the various parameters on the hydroxyl radical formation is determined for optimal ESR detection of hydroxyl radical. The results will help the development of water purification technologies using hydroxyl free radical as a green oxidant.