营养吃法有科学

吃素未必能长寿据调查,长期吃素会造成蛋白质缺乏。当人体蛋白质供给不足时,会减轻体重,患贫血,感染疾病,创伤、骨折不易愈合;严重缺乏时,血浆蛋白降低,可引起浮肿。水果榨汁喝有缺陷只喝水果汁,减少了人体对纤维素的摄取。以果胶为代表的水溶性纤维有预防和减少糖尿病,心血管疾患的保健功效;而水不溶性纤     

超声波强化酶法提取污泥蛋白研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为试验对象,对超声波预处理强化中性蛋白酶提取污泥蛋白质的效果和工艺条件进行了研究。结果表明,经超声波预处理后,污泥酶解蛋白提取率可提高40%左右,污泥脱水性能也提高了80%以上。响应面分析表明,超声强化酶解污泥提取蛋白的优化工艺条件为:p H=7.4、酶加量4 500U/g、酶解时间4h、酶解温度48℃,此时最佳蛋白提取率可达35.9%。     

屯绿陈茶有效成分提取及茶多酚提纯工艺研究

探讨了从陈茶中提取有效成分和茶多酚的提纯工艺。采用不同物料比、浸提温度、浸提时间的正交实验,通过热水煮提从茶叶中获取水溶性物质。结果表明,当料液比为1：20、90℃、120min时,测得的水提取物固化物量最多可达31％;茶叶水提物固化物、水配比为13：400时与乙酸乙酯萃取茶多酚的得率达23％,茶多糖从总量中提取的得率达2．5％。屯绿陈茶有效成分保留效果良好,具有较好的综合利用价值。     

构树叶蛋白质的提取研究

构树在我国各地均有分布,具有易成活、繁殖快、适应环境能力强等特点。构树叶营养丰富,是潜在的优质蛋白质来源,经过提取提纯后能广泛用于食品加工行业,具有重大的经济价值。以构树叶粉为原料,研究了不同提取方法和参数下的粗叶蛋白含量和提取率,以粗蛋白提取率为指标,确定提取的最佳方式为酸热法提取叶蛋白,提取条件为pH值3、加热温度60℃、液料比30∶1。     

多花黄精总蛋白质提取工艺优化

对多花黄精主根与须根总蛋白质的提取工艺进行了研究.在对料液比、离心转速、NaCl溶液的浓度等进行单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了多花黄精主根与须根总蛋白质提取的最佳工艺条件,即对多花黄精主根蛋白质的提取最佳条件为料液比1:15、NaCl浓度0.10mol/L、转速为2500r/min;须根蛋白的提取最佳条件为料液比1:15、NaCl浓度0.20 mol/L、转速为4500r/min.在相同的提取条件下,多花黄精主根与须根的蛋白质得率差异显著.须根中蛋白质的含量与主根的差异性不显著,须根的利用价值也很高,有待于进一步开发利用.     

重视蚕蛹的开发利用

当今,世界各国都在寻求新的蛋白质资源,以满足人类需要。在蛋白质资源中,昆虫的蛋白质倍受人们青睐。据报导,昆虫蛋白质含量高达80％,营养价值高,蛋白纤维少,易为人体所吸收。在昆虫蛋白质点源中,蚕蛹蛋白质是其中的佼佼者,它含有8种人体必需的氨基酸,易为人体所吸收。据检测表明,蚕蛹     

甘肃党参中蛋白质的提取分析

实验采用盐溶法提取甘肃党参中蛋白质,用饱和(NH4) 2SO4溶液进行分级盐析、透析、浓缩后用SDS- PAGE分析,测定不同提取液中主要蛋白质的分子量.结果表明,用pH为6.0的PB缓冲液提取并用饱和度在60％以上的(NH4)2SO4溶液盐析时蛋白提取效果最好;经SDS- PAGE电泳后,初步鉴定出所提取党参蛋白质亚基中最大分子量为68885Da,最小分子量为15570Da.     

铅对人体和环境的影响

铅对人体的影响 铝对人的影响很大：人体通过呼吸、进食、皮肤吸收等都有可能吸收铝或其化合物。铅被人体器官摄取后,将抑制蛋白质的正常合成功能,危害人体中枢神经,造成精神混乱、呆滞、生殖功能障碍、贫血、高血压等慢性疾病。而铅对儿童的危害更大,会影响其智商和正常发育。     

油菜籽粕中蛋白质的提取与分离研究

油菜籽粕中含有丰富的蛋白质，提取的方法也多种多样。比较了不同萃取剂以及同一萃取剂在不同条件下对油菜籽粕中蛋白质萃取率的影响，得出其最佳提取条件是：pH值为11．5、料液比为1：30、温度45℃、提取时间为2h。     

成都市西南片区大气降尘风险评价及溯源研究

成都市西南片区是天府新区的核心区,是我国建设世界知名公园城市的样板区域,为查清区域空气质量状况,评价大气降尘重金属风险状态,判断重金属来源,于2018年开展了区内大气降尘重金属的监测工作,采用潜在生态风险指数、人体健康风险评价,对降尘重金属进行生态风险和人体健康风险评价,并基于PMF模型探讨重金属来源。结果显示,大气降尘中Cd、Hg、Pb的平均含量与十年前比分别下降了74%、73.8%、11.5%,大气质量有好转迹象。目前Cd仍存在强等生态风险,Pb存在中等生态风险。人体健康风险评价结果显示,研究区大气降尘中As和Pb可能会对儿童产生一定的非致癌风险,主要暴露途径为手-口。基于PMF源解析结果表明,自然源、燃煤源及交通源对Pb的贡献率分别为48.3%、33.3%、18.4%,农业源和交通源对Hg的贡献量分别为73.1%和26.9%。交通工业源对Cd的贡献为71.1%,燃煤源对As的贡献为100%,自然源对Cr的贡献为89.8%。研究区大气环境质量整体可控,但其长期威胁应引起足够重视。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.