基于时空融合技术的森林火灾遥感动态监测

针对单一时空融合方法或使用单一中等空间分辨率影像（如Landsat影像）和MODIS影像时空融合的不足,本文提出综合利用经典的STARFM算法、基于地物内组分时相变化模型的地表反射率时空融合算法,联合使用多种空间分辨率更优（≤30 m）的传感器影像,以“时间最邻近及空间分辨率优先”为原则对传统单一中等空间分辨率影像预测周期（如Landsat影像为16天）进行分段独立预测,并优化组合两种预测方法的预测结果,进而获取更为精确的逐日中等空间分辨率预测影像。基于上述方法所得结果,可应用于森林火灾监测场景中。以四川凉山木里县3·30森林大火为例,综合利用MOD09GA、Landsat8 OLI、Sentinel-2、GF-1 WFV遥感影像数据进行实验研究,基于预测所得逐日中等空间分辨率影像提取火灾指标因子（燃烧面积指数和归一化燃烧指数）,分析森林火灾演化态势。结果表明：(1)多类型中高空间分辨率遥感影像的综合利用,有利于解决传统单一中等空间分辨率影像预测周期跨度过长、总体精确度低的问题,可获取更为精确的逐日中等空间分辨率预测影像;(2)两种算法在不同类型遥感数据融合应用中各有其局限性,两种方法...     

扎龙自然保护区土地利用变化与生态风险评价

以扎龙自然保护区为例,取该区1989,1999和2006年3个时段的遥感影像为基本数据源,利用GIS为数据处理平台,得到了17a中不同时期的土地利用信息.根据不同土地利用方式生态影响的空间分布和梯度变化,利用层次分析法确定不同土地利用类型的生态风险权重,构造了一个综合性生态风险指数,通过对生态风险指数采样结果进行空间插值,获得了扎龙自然保护区区域生态风险的时空动态分布特征.结果表明:扎龙自然保护区的土地利用以沼泽湿地为主,17a来其耕地和盐碱地的面积在持续增大,而沼泽湿地的面积在持续减小;由此而导致扎龙保护区高风险指数区域的一面积不断增大,低风险指数区域的面积不断减小,使整个区域的生态风险指数整体增高;从空间分布来看,扎龙自然保护区的生态风险指数呈条带状从区域内部向边缘逐渐增高.     

基于TM与MODIS遥感数据的农业旱情监测——以河北省为例

以河北省冬小麦种植区域为研究区,基于TM和MOD IS遥感数据,利用植被供水指数法确定了研究区旱情等级。首先,将其与遥感解译获得的冬小麦空间分布图叠加得到受灾冬小麦空间分布图;然后以1 km的距离在受灾冬小麦周围做缓冲区,并与通过人口密度模型获得的人口密度空间分布图叠加,得出受灾人口空间分布;最后基于光能利用率改进模型构建粮食产量回归统计模型,得到粮食产量。目的是从粮食产量和作物受灾影响人口两个方面对农业受干旱影响情况进行遥感监测和定量评价,以期为相关部门制定防灾、抗灾措施提供科学依据。结果表明,2004年研究区:(1)春季受灾面积小,仅占16.4%;(2)旱情较轻,以轻旱为主,占受灾面积的89%;(3)冬小麦种植面积约为23 965.0 km2,受灾面积约606.3 km2,主要位于唐山市和保定市;(4)粮食产量回归统计模型精度达到了87%,冬小麦产量约为11939247 t,单产约为498.8 t/km2。     

沙尘灾害遥感监测方法研究与比较

在研究和分析沙尘灾害遥感监测原理的基础上，针对沙尘灾害遥感监测工作的需要，给出了2种沙尘信息提取方法（分层提取法和热红外窗区法）和3种沙尘灾害强度监测方法（密度分割法、变化矢量分析法和可比沙尘强度指数法），并对各种方法的应用效果分别进行了分析、验证和比较。结果表明：（1）沙尘信息提取方法中，热红外窗区法较分层提取法物理意义明显，稳定性低较高，步骤简单，更适合于业务化实现。（2）沙尘强度监测方法中，密度分割法相对简单，能定性描述沙尘灾害强弱分布；变化矢量分析法虽是一种较好的监测方法，但对数据要求苛刻；可比沙尘强度指数法可用于多源遥感数据动态监测应用，是较为理想的沙尘强度监测方法。（3）综合利用遥感和地面监测数据是沙尘灾害强度监测亟待解决的重点和难点之一；同时，解决多种卫星数据监测结果的一致性和可比性，是实现卫星协同使用、提高沙尘灾害监测时间分辩率的必经途径。     

利用遥感手段监测草场退化

利用遥感手段监测草场地上生物量的变化,对防止草场退化,保护生态环境具有重要的意义.利用TM数据建立了青海省达日县1986年和2000年的土地利用现状图形库和属性库,统计出了该县的各种土地覆盖类型面积值.研究结果表明,14年来,达日县草地面积减少了830 hm<'2>,草场退化形势严峻.研究同时表明,利用遥感数据监测草原具有其它手段不可比拟的优势.     

基于TM影像的人口密度数字模拟——以北京地区为例

居住区影像是人口分布客观真实的定性表现,对这种定性的数据源进行合理量化即可获得人口实际分布数据。在分析TM影像各个波段特征的基础上,选取5、4、3波段进行图像逻辑运算,比较精确地提取出居住区影像。计算居住区面积并依据面积大小将居住区分为3类,根据人口户籍统计值计算出3类居住区相对的人口分布比例系数kj。然后生成与居住区矢量投影相同的1km网格,利用图层叠加统计每个网格内的居住面积lj,居住区矢量与区县界矢量叠加统计每个区县内的居住面积Am,计算网格人口分配系数ki×lj/Am,依据该系数对人口总数进行网格化模拟,以得到人口密度空间分布规律。以北京地区为试验区进行人口模拟,结果显示北京中心区最大人口密度为16 661人/km2,其他地区最大人口密度是8231人/km2。在模拟结果的基础上估算乡镇级人口,对比分析乡镇级估算人口和实际调查人口对结果进行验证,对比数据表明该算法所得到的人口分布与实际人口分布较为相符。     

钢框架房屋火灾消防过程温度场数值模拟研究∗

钢结构在火灾消防过程中容易遭到破坏甚至发生倒塌，而空间温度场是研究结构响应的基础。为了研究喷水消防对空间温度场的影响，建立了三层三跨钢框架房屋模型，在火灾动力学软件中利用水喷淋方式模拟了其消防灭火过程。分别研究了消防在火灾初期发展阶段和稳定燃烧阶段介入时，火源及框架平面附近的温度场分布与发展规律，对比分析了消防在不同火灾阶段介入后直接灭火跨与相邻跨的火场温度变化特性。研究结果表明：（1） 数值模拟结果与火灾消防试验结果吻合较好，验证了数值模型中采用水喷淋方式模拟喷水消防过程获得温度场的可行性；（2）消防在火灾初期发展阶段介入后，直接灭火跨的温度发生骤降，最大降幅约 350 ℃，约 20 s 后缓慢回升， 消防喷水有效减缓火灾发展进程，抑制空间温度与梯度发展，框架附近平面火场达到的最高温度相比无消防介入火灾低约 350 ℃；（3）消防在稳定燃烧阶段介入时，空间温度较高、温度梯度较大，消防介入后火场最高温度在 60 s 左右降低约 650 ℃，降温速率约 11 ℃/s，短时间内温度梯度变化剧烈；（4）与在稳定燃烧阶段介入相比，消防在火灾初期发展阶段介入可大幅降低火场最高温度，且使温度梯度变化比较缓和。     

多源遥感数据沙尘暴强度监测的信息可比方法

综述了利用遥感技术进行沙尘暴监测研究的国内外进展，提出了利用多源遥感数据识别和提取沙尘暴信息的新方法，利用近红外1．6μm波段特性，构建了可比沙尘强度指数。研究表明：利用卫星探测器11μm，12μm波段差值进行沙尘暴信息识别和提取，可以达到满意的效果，但不能刻画沙尘暴强度；构建的可比沙尘强度指数，能够解决多源遥感数据由于卫星平台、监测时间、监测区域等不同因素导致的监测结果不可比的问题；同时监测结果与地面气象站监测数据有较好的一致性，能够从时间、空间两方面刻画沙尘暴强弱分布，可以作为沙尘暴定量研究的参数，为利用多源遥感数据持续定量地监测沙尘暴的起源、移动、传输路径、扩散等待征奠定了基础。     

基于转移矩阵的覆被变化对城市雨洪影响分析

城市化进程的加快改变了地表覆被的时空分布特征,为探求地表覆被时空分布对城市雨洪的影响作用,以南京市主城区为对象,根据遥感影像资料与实测降雨数据,利用GIS空间分析技术,基于马尔柯夫转移矩阵分析了南京市主城区地表覆被空间格局的分布变化,建立了地表覆被时空变化影响下的南京市主城区雨洪模型,模拟分析了南京市主城区范围内城市地表覆被的空间分布格局变化对城市地表产流量、局部节点水量等的影响。研究结果表明:径流系数与地表覆被面积年际变化呈负相关,地表径流、最终地表蓄水与区域地表覆被覆盖面积成正相关。地表植被的空间分布格局对雨洪影响关系密切,局部节点汇水区植被覆盖率上升36.13%,区域产流量可以减少28.47%。地表覆被空间分布的不均匀是造成城市区域地表局部淹水的因素之一;地表覆被对城市雨洪产生的洪流水量形成具有一定的减缓、推后、延迟作用,同时可以接受、蓄积降雨产生的地表积水。     

中巴经济走廊极端高温事件风险评估

基于中巴经济走廊地区1961-2015年逐日最高气温数据、人口经济、耕地等数据,选取极端高温事件强度、频次、持续时间、人口密度、耕地面积占比、不透水面积占比、GDP、脆弱人口比重和性别比重9个指标,采用层次分析法和熵权法确定各指标组合权重并对中巴经济走廊地区极端高温事件进行风险评估。结果表明：中巴经济走廊地区极端高温事件风险分布具有明显的空间差异,绝大部分地区属于低（较低）风险地区,高（较高）风险地区主要分布在旁遮普省与信德省;极端高温事件高风险地区面积占比最大的行政单元为信德省,低风险地区面积占比最大的行政单元为中国喀什地区;历史极端高温事件与本研究的评估结果基本一致。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.