农用化学物质、有毒化学物质污染及其防治

家海洋环境监测中心一2(X)2,21(1)一46一51 环图X一14 1999年8月4日采集了大亚湾次表层水,悬浮颗粒物和表层沉积物并用气相色谱(电子捕集检测器)分析了其中12个多氯联苯(PcB,)和18个有机氯农药样品。总PCBs含量,水体中介于91 .1一1 355.3n岁L,沉积物中为(0.85一27.37)x10一9;总HCHs含量水体中介于35 .5一1 228 .6呵L,沉积物中则为(0.32一4.16)xlo一9;总DDTs含量在水体中介于26.8一975.9呵L,沉积物中为(0.14一20.27)x10“9;而在悬浮颗粒物中均未检出。水体和沉积物中DD丁/(DDE十DDD)比值较大,表明近期仍有此类化学物质输人大亚湾海…     

松花江流域河流沉积物中多氯联苯的分布、来源及风险评价

为查明松花江流域沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)分布、来源及污染现状,利用GC-ECD和GC-MS测定松花江流域沉积物中PCBs含量,并运用美国国家环保署法(EPA)、加拿大沉积物环境质量标准(SQG)和潜在生态危害指数法(Er)对沉积物中PCBs生态风险进行评价.结果表明,河流沉积物中均有2～10氯代的PCBs同系物被检出;松花江流域沉积物中PCBs含量介于0.83～125.53 ng.g-1,其中嫩江为0.83～4.44 ng.g-1,第二松花江为12.44～125.53 ng.g-1,松花江干流为1.74～6.25ng.g-1;沉积物中PCBs含量最高的是第二松花江,主要来源于沿江分布的与油漆、绝缘材料等工业品有关的污染源,其它河流沉积物中以二氯联苯为主的PCBs主要来源于大气沉降.3种方法(EPA、SQG、Er)的风险评价显示第二松花江沉积物中的PCBs已达到中等到较强程度的污染,其它河流沉积物中的PCBs暂无生态风险.     

黄河中下游水体中邻苯二甲酸酯的分布特征

采集了黄河中下游12个断面的河水、沉积物和悬浮颗粒物样品,用气相色谱法对样品中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)有机物含量进行测定,分析其在黄河水体中的分布特征.结果表明,在小浪底-东明桥之间,干流水相PAEs浓度分布范围为3.99×10^-3～45.45×10^-3mg/L;支流浓度范围为15.80×10-3～49.53×10^-3mg/L,远远高于干流的浓度.在所研究支流中,洛阳石化污水沉积相中的PAEs含量最高,达到331.70mg/kg;PAEs在干流各断面沉积相中的浓度变化范围为30.52～85.16mg/kg;沿程变化主要受支流的汇入和各处沉积物理化性质的影响.在干流焦巩桥至东明桥区间,悬浮颗粒相的PAEs总量水平沿程呈上升趋势,浓度由40.56mg/kg增至94.22mg/kg.邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)所占比例相对较大.干流与支流水相中的DEHP,除孟津和焦巩大桥处未超标,其余各处均已超标.     

DDTs在海河干流市区段沉积物/水间迁移行为研究

于2007年8月~2008年3月对海河干流表层水和沉积物中滴滴涕(DDTs)污染状况进行了采样调查.结果表明,海河干流水体DDTs含量为6.88~78.82 ng/L(均值28.54 ng/L),表层沉积物中DDTs含量为5.82~45.5 ng/g(均值21.55 ng/g),表层水和表层沉积物中DDTs主要成分分别为p,p-′DDT和p,p-′DDE.利用稳态非平衡逸度模型计算了p,p-′DDT在海河干流沉积物/水间迁移和分布,模型结果用现场实测浓度进行验证,计算值与实测值吻合很好.模型参数灵敏度分析进一步表明,生物降解速率常数、污染物在悬浮颗粒物/水间分配系数以及水体颗粒物沉降通量是影响p,p-′DDT在沉积物/水间迁移过程的主要因素.     

长江口及邻近水域油污染分布特征

根据2 0 0 0～2 0 0 3年春夏季长江口及邻近海域海水及沉积物中油类的调查结果,分析海域油污染的分布特征,采用单项指数法评估调查海域的油污染程度。结果表明,调查水域海水中油含量分布范围为0 .0 11～0 .3 8mg/L ,平均含量为0 .0 89mg/L ;其中春季平均含量为0 .0 90mg/L ,夏季平均含量0 .0 79mg /L ;主要污染区域位于长江口近岸及舟山、大衢山等岛屿附近。2 0 0 3年沉积物油类年平均含量为92 .94×10 - 6 ,其中春季平均含量为86.85×10 - 6 ,夏季为95 .2 0×10 - 6 m ,长江河口水域平均含量最高。水体中油含量和沉积物总油含量之间不存在镜像关系。以《渔业水质标准》和《海洋沉积物质量》一类标准计算,调查区域水体单项指数大多高于1,平均值为1.73 ;沉积物单项指数都小于1,平均为0 .19;无论水体还是沉积物,均以长江河口水域的污染最为严重。     

大连湾沉积物中的有机氯农药和多氯联苯

对大连湾附近海域的沉积物中有机氯农药 (OCPs)和多氯联苯 (PCBs)进行了定性和定量分析 ,并探讨在沉积物中的分布特征。沉积物中BHCs的浓度范围为 0 .0 2 7× 10 -9～ 5 .782× 10 -9,平均值为 0 .2 46× 10 -9;沉积物中DDTs的浓度范围为 0 .72 7× 10 -9～ 5 .72 3× 10 -9,平均值为 2 .2 0 8× 10 -9;沉积物中PCBs的浓度范围为 0 .0 40× 10 -9～ 3.2 30× 10 -9,平均值为 2 .141× 10 -9。结果表明 ,该湾沉积物未受到OCPs、PCBs的污染 ,其浓度与 1996年调查数据相比呈降低趋势。     

典型内分泌干扰物在太湖及其支流水体和沉积物中的污染特征

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱/串联质谱法(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)对太湖及支流表层水和沉积物中双酚A(BPA)、四溴双酚A(TBBPA)和3种烷基酚类化合物的浓度水平及分布特征进行调查,并对其潜在风险进行评估.结果表明,表层水体中壬基酚(NP)和BPA是主要检出组分,平均含量分别为29.6ng/L(0~121ng/L)和17.5ng/L(0~55.1ng/L);沉积物中NP的浓度含量最高,平均值为240ng/g(0~2045ng/g),其次为TBBPA,平均值为81.0ng/g(0~901ng/g),且目标物总含量与沉积物中TOC含量具有正相关性,整体污染趋势表现为太湖支流和北太湖较严重.生态风险评价结果表明,太湖及其支流水体中目标物的联合毒性风险熵相对较高,其生态风险不容忽视;另外,5种目标物对于人体健康风险评估表明,健康风险总EEQt值1ng E2/L,对于人体健康不具有明显的风险.     

多环芳烃在珠江口表层水体中的分布与分配

为了解河口海岸带水体中多环芳烃(PAHs)的时空分布及其在水体及颗粒相中的分配及其控制因素,于2003年4月(春季)和2002年7月(夏季)采集了珠江河口及近海表层水体,采用GC-MS分析了水体中PAHs.结果表明,珠江河口及近海表层水体中多环芳烃浓度春季(颗粒相:4.0～39.1 ng/L;溶解相:15.9～182.4 ng/L)高于夏季(颗粒相:2.6～26.6 ng/L,溶解相:13.0～28.3 ng/L).河流径流、悬浮颗粒物含量及光降解程度是控制水体PAHs浓度的主要因素.水体中以3环PAHs为主,伶仃洋内样品比珠江口外样品相对富集5,6环PAHs,夏季样品较春季样品相对富集3环PAHs.颗粒物的来源和组成是造成这种差别的主要原因.PAHs在颗粒相及水相中的分配系数(Kp)随颗粒有机碳含量、水体盐度增加而增加,随悬浮颗粒物含量增加而减少.有机碳归一化分配系数(1gKdc)与辛醇/水分配系数(1gKow)间存在明显的线性关系,但高于线性自由能关系模拟值.     

长江口南岸水体SPM和表层沉积物中OCPs的赋存

利用GC-ECD对长江口南岸14个采样点水体悬浮颗粒物(SPM)及表层沉积物进行了有机氯农药(OCPs)的测定,分析了其中HCHs和DDTs的赋存水平和形态分布.研究表明,OCPs的含量水平有DDTs>HCHs的趋势;悬浮物中污染物浓度高于表层沉积物.悬浮物中HCHs污染水平分布在6.24～14.75ng/g,平均值为12.27ng/g;DDTs的污染水平为3.36～25.66ng/g,平均值为16.37ng/g.而表层沉积物中HCHs含量为1.19～8.22ng/g,平均值5.92ng/g;DDTs的含量水平为4.96～14.94ng/g,平均值为8.92ng/g.研究区内OCPs的含量低于ER-M值,对环境生物具有潜在的危害性.     

青岛近海沉积物PCBs的水平与垂直分布及贝类污染

利用13C同位素内标法及气相色谱-质谱方法对青岛胶州湾内外8个表层沉积物,1个沉积物柱状岩心和2个贝类样品中包括14种共平面PCBs在内的50种PCBs同系物含量进行了测定,在所有样品中均检测出了PCBs化合物.讨论了PCBs的分布特征.表层样品以胶州湾东岸的含量最高,从北岸、西岸、胶州湾口及胶州湾外PCBs含量逐渐降低.表层沉积物中总PCBs含量在0.65～32.9ng/g dw. PCBs总含量落在国内外海洋近岸表层沉积物含量范围的中值区.表明污染来源有城市污水排放及大气来源2种,而不属于工业污染类型.多氯联苯主要以低氯取代PCBs为主,大部分高氯取代PCBs的含量低于检出限.柱状样中共平面PCBs的含量及毒性当量浓度总的垂直变化趋势是从1951年到现在逐渐减少.贝类样品的总PCBs含量为4.9～8.4ng/g dw,属低污染水平.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.