基于故障树分析法袋式除尘器滤袋失效的研究与应用

在分析影响袋式除尘器滤袋失效因素的基础上,应用故障树分析法(fault tree analysis,FTA)对袋式除尘器滤袋的失效进行研究。以某袋式除尘器为例,建立该袋式除尘器滤袋失效的故障树,并结合其运行及废弃滤袋的调查情况,分析影响其滤袋失效的主要因素。结果表明,该袋式除尘器滤袋失效的主要影响因素为清灰压力峰值分布的不均匀(清灰不彻底)所导致的运行阻力过高。在此基础上,利用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法建立该袋式除尘器清灰数值计算模型,模拟其清灰时滤袋表面的压力峰值分布,发现该布袋除尘器滤袋底部表面的清灰压力峰值较低,无法达到正常清灰的要求,从而验证了故障树分析的正确性。以数值模拟为指导,改进该袋式除尘器的清灰结构,改善其清灰效果。     

烧结机尾电改袋除尘器脉冲喷吹数值模拟

在电改袋除尘器中,为更好地利用原静电除尘器的内部空间,可采用长袋及脉冲喷吹清灰方式。利用CFX软件对脉冲喷吹系统进行模拟优化,结果表明,通过在喷嘴侧壁开设20 mm小孔,可有效增大喷吹气体流量,且以开设2个或者3个为佳。在喷嘴侧壁开孔数量、喷吹压力、喷吹距离、喷吹孔直径和滤袋长度等因素中,喷吹压力和喷吹孔直径对清灰的影响较大,增大喷吹压力和喷吹孔直径均有利于改善清灰效果,喷嘴侧壁开孔数量对清灰的影响较喷吹压力和喷吹孔直径小,喷吹距离仅对滤袋上部清灰效果有影响,而滤袋长度主要影响滤袋中下部的清灰效果,且影响较小,选择长袋具有可行性。     

双极电袋复合除尘器的增效减阻效应

为提高现有电袋复合除尘器的除尘效率,降低压力损失,改进清灰效果,设计出一种线管式双极电袋复合除尘器,并对其增效减阻作用和单极电袋复合除尘器进行了对比研究。在硅微粉中位径1.74μm、过滤风速3 m·min~(-1)、入口粉尘浓度2 500 mg·m~(-3)的实验条件下,双极电袋复合除尘器比单极电袋复合除尘器的粉尘透过率、压力损失分别降低25%、27%以上。为分析双极荷电粉尘的静电凝并增效作用,测定了滤料表面沉积粉尘层的粒度分布,发现单极荷电和双极荷电沉积尘的中位径分别为1.83μm和1.92μm,表明双极荷电粉尘具有较好的静电凝并作用,所形成的较粗团聚颗粒物不易透过滤料,使除尘效率提高。为阐明双极荷电粉尘的减阻作用,采用自然堆积法测出双极荷电粉尘的堆积密度小于单极荷电粉尘,证明粉尘双极荷电后会在滤料表面形成较蓬松的粉尘层,这将有助于降低压力损失、提高清灰效果。     

高温滤袋的有效清灰强度

对Φ120 mm×1 000 mm氟美斯滤袋的最大侧壁压力峰值、除尘器运行阻力进行实验测试,并结合滤袋破损情况探究高温滤袋的有效清灰强度。结果表明,最大侧壁压力峰值在一定范围内对滤袋有较好的清灰效果且对滤袋的损伤较小。对粉煤灰而言,滤袋沿长度方向的平均最大侧壁压力峰值为876 Pa时的强度能满足除尘器的清灰要求,随着滤袋的最大侧壁压力峰值增大,除尘器清灰效果越好,当平均最大侧壁压力峰值超过2 713 Pa时,清灰效果仅轻微提升;且局部最大侧壁压力峰值大于5 282 Pa时滤袋破损,造成过度清灰。     

双区静电除尘器的除尘效率影响因素和理论公式研究

研究了预荷电压、烟气流速、极板间距和电极型式对双区静电除尘器除尘效率的影响,推导了双区静电除尘器的除尘效率理论公式,并与实验值和多依奇公式计算值进行了对比验证。结果表明,双区静电除尘器的除尘效果好于单区静电除尘器,其最佳工况是预荷电压25kV,烟气流速0.50m/s,极板间距400mm,采用芒刺电极。推导得到的双区静电除尘器的除尘效率理论公式不仅收尘电压较低时与实际情况相符,而且收尘电压较高时也与实际情况基本吻合,比多依奇公式更能反映双区静电除尘器的除尘效率。     

脉冲袋式除尘器喷吹管内压缩气流喷吹均匀性的数值模拟

运用计算流体力学(CFD)的方法,对大型脉冲袋式除尘器清灰时喷吹管内压缩气流喷吹的均匀性进行了数值模拟研究。在对传统等直径喷嘴的喷吹管出口的平均质量流量、流量偏差和喷嘴内气流的速度场进行分析的基础上发现,通过改变喷嘴直径和形状可以提高喷吹管系统的清灰均匀性。其中,采用锥形变径喷嘴时,喷吹管喷出的压缩气流的流量偏差降到2%以内,喷嘴内气流合速度方向与径向夹角几乎为零,到达滤袋的速度明显增大,极大改善了喷吹管喷吹气流的均匀性,有效提高滤袋的清灰强度,为袋式除尘器清灰系统的优化设计提供了依据。     

旋风静电除尘器流场分布测试研究

利用五孔探针系统对直筒式旋风静电除尘器模型的三维流场进行了测定与分析.结果表明:随着入口风速、供电电压增加,旋风静电除尘器内气流的切向和径向速度分别增加,各截面轴向速度沿半径的分布基本相似;与旋风除尘器相比,旋风静电除尘器内气流的切向速度和径向速度的变化更为平缓,入口风速为8.5 m/s时,在0.3～0.5倍简体直径时,切向速度达最大.     

旋风静电除尘器流场分布测试研究

利用五孔探针系统对直筒式旋风静电除尘器模型的三维流场进行了测定与分析。结果表明：随着入口风速、供电电压增加，旋风静电除尘器内气流的切向和径向速度分别增加，各截面轴向速度沿半径的分布基本相似；与旋风除尘器相比，旋风静电除尘器内气流的切向速度和径向速度的变化更为平缓，入口风速为8．5m／s时，在0．3～0．5倍简体直径时，切向速度达最大。     

高温袋式除尘器金属滤袋脉冲喷吹清灰性能分析

为解决高温袋式除尘器在应用中因压缩空气温度偏低导致金属滤袋糊袋,以及因清灰参数选取不当导致滤袋残余阻力上升和除尘器运行阻力升高的问题,使用滤料微观模型分析过滤状态下颗粒在清洁金属和有机纤维层的穿透过程;并结合物理模型与数值模拟正交实验研究不同因素对不锈钢金属滤袋脉冲喷吹清灰过程的影响;以传统有机滤袋做对照,通过数值模拟实验研究在高温状况下脉冲喷吹清灰气流对金属滤袋袋口区域结露的影响。结果表明,在相同的颗粒粒径条件下,清洁金属滤料纤维的颗粒穿透量和穿透距离更大,拦截效应低于有机纤维滤料。滤袋清灰效果整体呈现上部>底部>中部的趋势,且金属滤袋清灰评价指标测试值整体低于传统有机滤袋;显著影响滤袋清灰的因素均为喷吹压力和喷吹孔径,金属滤袋最佳喷吹距离为200 mm,喷吹时间为100 ms。当脉冲喷吹气流温度为0℃时,滤袋袋口0.5～2 m处有结露风险,升高至50℃可有效防止工业窑炉烟气滤袋袋口区域结露现象的产生。该研究结果可为高温袋式除尘器金属滤袋的喷吹参数设计和结构优化提供参考。     

低能耗脉冲喷吹袋式除尘器的三维数值模拟及工程应用

以袋式除尘器装置为研究对象,考虑射流偏移,建立了脉冲喷吹清洁的三维CFD数值模型,并进行实验验证;对喷嘴与文丘里管优化设计,修改数值模型,研究了低能耗下的脉冲喷吹清灰效果;在将改进的喷嘴与文丘里管进行工程应用的过程中,研究了其对大气粉尘排放的影响。结果表明,建立的三维CFD模型展现出了高瞬态行为和可压缩效应,即在射流中表现出涡流环与冲击单元现象。与孔喷嘴相比,改进后的喷嘴设计对射流偏移进行了调整,并且使滤袋内脉冲压力增加了5.1%～13.3%,提升了清灰效果。对比喉部直径为85 mm的文丘里管,无文丘里管的设计使得射流不易进入滤袋中,导致滤袋内脉冲压力降低了41.4%～46.3%,引起清灰效果的下降;减小文丘里管喉部直径,可以减少回流,提升滤袋内脉冲压力,改善清灰效果。对比原始装置,安装了改进喷嘴与文丘里管的袋式除尘器能明显降低大气粉尘排放,以上研究结果可为脉冲喷吹清灰除尘器的优化设计提供参考。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

Characterization of products of ozonolysis of acrylonitrile in liquid phase

In order to elucidate the reaction mechanism of the ozonolysis of acrylonitrile in the liquid phase, characterization of reaction products has been attempted. One of the products, which was volatile, has been found to be formaldehyde by derivatizing with dimedone. The infrared and mass spectra of the derivative corresponded with that of alkylidene dimedone. Three other reaction products were isolated by TLC using silica gel, CHCl₃:MeOH (80:20). These have been tentatively identified as glyoxal, epoxide of acrylonitrile and acetamide from their mass spectra. Based on these findings a reaction pathway for the formation of formaldehyde is proposed to be that described by Criegee.