微塑料对大型溞摄食和抗氧化防御系统的影响

微塑料（Microplastics,MPs）作为一种新兴环境污染物,其环境效应已引起了广泛关注.为揭示不同粒径微塑料对淡水生物摄食和抗氧化防御系统的影响规律,以100 nm、5 μm、50 μm聚苯乙烯（Polystyrene,PS）微塑料为研究对象,以大型溞（Daphnia magna）为受试生物,研究微塑料在大型溞体内的积累量、停留量,以及对大型溞滤水率、摄食率以及抗氧化防御系统的影响.结果表明:3种粒径的微塑料均可被大型溞摄入,100 nm和5 μm的微塑料在大型溞体内的积累量和停留量均高于50 μm的微塑料,50 μm的微塑料主要黏附在胸肢处,而100 nm和5 μm的微塑料能在大型溞肠道中积累.暴露于3种粒径的微塑料后,大型溞的滤水率和摄食率较对照组分别降低了50.7%±9.5%和39.2%±10.7%.3种粒径的微塑料均能促进大型溞体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性的升高,并诱导丙二醛含量升高,导致大型溞氧化损伤.研究显示,微塑料损伤大型溞的食物过滤器,堵塞消化道,降低其滤水率、摄食率,造成大型溞氧化损伤,微塑料暴露对大型溞的摄食和抗氧化防御系统造成了不利影响.      

Toxicity of cypermethrin to Daphnia magna HB

The acute toxic effect of the pesticide cypermethrin to Daphnia magna HB was examined. D. magna HB was exposed to cypermethrin at concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 mg/L for 24 h. Data showed that the 24 h-LG50 of cypermthrin on D. magna HB was 4.81 mg/L. In contrast, the 24 h-LC50 of K2Cr2O7 (the national standard toxicant) to Daphnia magna was 0.38 mg/L in the current study. Results indicated that the Daphnia magna was very sensitive to pesticides. In addition, the effects of the culture condition(such as hardness, temperature and DO etc. ) on Daphnia magna HB was also studied.     

化工废水处理中关键有毒物质追踪

江苏省某化工厂废水设施的进、出水经Daphnia magna急性毒性试验，结果表明该废水在处理前、后均显示毒性。采用毒性鉴别评价(TIE，toxicity identification evaluation)的试验程序，对处理系统的进、出水进行了关键毒物的鉴别和评价。发现进水中存在的关键毒物为金属铜离子，而出水中存在的关键毒物为氨。该厂原废水毒性已基本被去除，毒性去除率为99．93％。因此，在该厂废水处理过程中金属离子尤其是铜离子已基本被去除，而氨在废水处理中的去除并不明显。     

环境中两种沐浴露污染对大型蚤的生态毒性效应

选用2种在市场上畅销的护肤品(六神沐浴露和玉兰油沐浴露),采用大型蚤(daphnia magna straus)的急性毒性标准测定方法,初步研究和评价了2种沐浴露对水环境污染的生态毒性.结果表明,六神沐浴露24h的LC50和EC50值分别为96.76和81.72 mg·L-1,48 h的LC50和EC50值分别为78.42和72.93 mg·L-1;玉兰油沐浴露24h的LC50和EC50值分别为91.13和84.95 mg·L-1,48h的LC50和EC50值分别为80.11和78.51 mg·L-1.2种沐浴露对大型蚤的致死和抑制效应与其浓度呈明显正相关关系,且毒性效应随作用时间的延长而增强.     

Effects of stable aqueous fullerene nanocrystal （nC60） on Daphnia magna： Evaluation of hop frequency and accumulations under different conditions

We investigated the e ects of environmental factors and properties of water-stable crystal fullerene (nC60) on the uptake of nC60 by Daphnia magna based on known accumulation in our laboratory. This study was performed for seven days using di erent environmental factors including temperature, pH, water hardness, concentration (density of particle), and particle size. Results demonstrated that body burden of C60 increased with time in all experiments. Body burden of C60 increased with increasing concentration and particle size, and uptake of particles >100 nm reached their maximums more quickly than those <100 nm. Under high hardness in aqueous systems with lower pH and high temperature, uptake was higher than those under opposite conditions. Uptake in all batch tests reached balance within five days. Both nC60 properties and environmental factors influenced uptake of nC60 by D. magna in an aqueous system. Additionally, environmental factors may have a ected accumulation by changing nC60 properties, which are critical to understand the accumulation of fullerenes in aqueous systems.     

双酚A和四溴双酚A对大型和斑马鱼的毒性

采用静态生物急性试验的方法,研究了双酚A和四溴双酚A对大型和斑马鱼的急性毒性和生命早期阶段的生长发育影响.结果表明,大型的幼接触不同浓度的双酚A和四溴双酚A,活动会受到抑制,甚至死亡,48 h的EC₅₀分别为8.91和0.69 mg·L^-1;对斑马鱼也有明显的毒性作用,其96 h的LC₅₀分别为9.06和1.78 mg·L^-1.根据化学物质对鱼类和类的毒性评价标准,这2个化合物都属于高毒物质.双酚A和四溴双酚A对斑马鱼生命早期阶段毒性影响的研究结果表明,对斑马鱼胚胎发育有明显抑制作用,可以造成胚胎发育畸形甚至死亡,斑马鱼胚胎72 h孵化畸形是双酚A的最敏感指标,EC₅₀为2.90 mg·L^-1,72 h未孵化是四溴双酚A的最敏感指标,EC₅₀为0.14 mg·L^-1.双酚A和四溴双酚A对鱼卵发育有显著影响,双酚A对鱼卵有致畸作用,四溴双酚A抑制了鱼卵孵化.     

Effects of stable aqueous fullerene nanocrystal (nC60) on Daphnia magna: Evaluation of hop frequency and accumulations under different conditions

We investigated the effects of environmental factors and properties of water-stable crystal fullerene (nC60) on the uptake of nC60 by Daphnia magna based on known accumulation in our laboratory. This study was performed for seven days using different environmental factors including temperature, pH, water hardness, concentration (density of particle), and particle size. Results demonstrated that body burden of C60 increased with time in all experiments. Body burden of C60 increased with increasing concentration and particle size, and uptake of particles >100 nm reached their maximums more quickly than those <100 nm. Under high hardness in aqueous systems with lower pH and high temperature, uptake was higher than those under opposite conditions. Uptake in all batch tests reached balance within five days. Both nC60 properties and environmental factors influenced uptake of nC60 by D. magna in an aqueous system. Additionally, environmental factors may have affected accumulation by changing nC60 properties, which are critical to understand the accumulation of fullerenes in aqueous systems.     

Effects of bifenthrin on Daphnia magna during chronic toxicity test and the recovery test

IntroductionWiththedevelopmentandapplicationofnewpesticide ,insecticidehasgreatlyreducedtheharmofpesttocrops .Bifenthrinisaneffectivepyrethroidinsecticideandacaricideagainstawiderangeofinsectpests ,anditisverypoisonoustomammal,aquatic .Thisinsecticideiswi…     

Source attributions of heavy metals in rice plant along highway in Eastern China

Air and soil pollution from traffic has been considered as a critical issue to crop production and food safety, however, few efforts have been paid on distinguish the source origin of traffic-related contaminants in rice plant along highway. Therefore, we investigated metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn and Cu) concentrations and stable Pb isotope ratios in rice plants exposed and unexposed to highway traffic pollution in Eastern China in 2008. Significant differences in metals concentrations between the exposed and unexposed plants existed in leaf for Pb, Cd and Zn, in stem only for Zn, and in grain for Pb and Cd. About 46% of Pb and 41% of Cd in the grain were attributed to the foliar uptake from atmosphere, and there were no obvious contribution of atmosphere to the accumulations of Cr, Zn and Cu in grain. Except for Zn, all of the heavy metals in stem were attributed to the root uptake from soil, although significant accumulations of Pb and Cd from atmosphere existed in leaf. This indicated that different processes existed in the subsequent translocation of foliar-absorbed heavy metals between rice organs. The distinct separation of stable Pb isotope ratios among rice grain, leaf, stem, soil and vehicle exhaust further provided evidences on the different pathways of heavy metal accumulation in rice plant. These results suggested that further more attentions should be paid to the atmospheric deposition of heavy metals from traffic emission when plan crop layout for food safety along highway.     

模拟城市径流中加乐麝香和镉对大型水蚤的毒性效应

通过生物测试,研究了加乐麝香和重金属镉在模拟城市径流和清水条件下对大型水蚤(Daphnia magna)的单一、联合毒性效应.结果表明,在单一毒性效应试验中,当暴露时间为24,48h时,加乐麝香和镉在模拟城市径流条件下的EC50值分别为2.455,1.187mg/L以及0.384,0.304mg/L;在清水试验条件下的EC50值分别为0.533,0.189mg/L以及0.359,0.244mg/L.2种污染物在模拟城市径流条件下EC50值均高于清水条件下的EC50值.采用毒性1∶1试验测定2种污染物联合毒性效应,当暴露时间为24,48h时,在清水条件下AI>0,二者联合毒性效应表现为协同效应;在模拟城市径流条件下,AI<0,联合毒性效应为拮抗效应.     

Joint effects of Penta-BDE and heavy metals on Daphnia magna survival, its antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation

The joint toxicity of Penta-BDE (Pe-BDE) and heavy metals including cadmium and copper on Daphnia magna (D. magna) was evaluated on the basis of determining the 48 h survival, antioxidative enzyme responses, and lipid peroxidation. The response was classified as additive, greater than additive, or less than additive by comparing the measured “toxic units, TU” with one. Based on the survival of D. magna, less-than-additive interactions were found in most of mixtures treatments. This may be attributed to the different toxicity mechanism between Pe-BDE and metals. Cu and Cd played a greater role in toxicity than what Pe-BDE did. As for the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, most response was less than additive. For the glutathione S-transferases (GST) activity, most of the greater-thanadditive responses were found in the Cu plus Pe-BDE treatments, but the additive responses occurred in Cd plus Pe-BDE treatments and binary metal treatments. For lipid peroxide levels, which were measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, less-than-additive response occurred in the 50% Cd plus 50% Cu and ternary mixture treatments. Results suggested that Pe-BDE, Cd, and Cu could induce different patterns of antioxidant enzyme responses, such as antioxidant/prooxidant responses, depending on their capability to produce reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes to detoxify them.     

大型溞对氰法、锑冶炼碱渣的毒性评价

采用大型溞为试验生物对氰渣、锑冶炼碱渣进行毒性试验研究.结果表明,氰渣、锑冶炼碱渣能够抑制大型溞的运动,并造成溞的大量死亡.所测得的半数运动受抑制浓度EC_(50)值,氰渣24h为7.5％,48h及96h分别为0.24％,锑冶炼碱渣96hEC_(50)值为98％.所测得的半数致死浓度LC_(50)值,48及96h分别为0.43％及0.19％.     

双酚AF对大型溞生殖、生长等生态行为的影响

为了明确双酚AF（BPAF）对水生生物行为的影响,考察了BPAF对大型溞的急性毒性和慢性毒性（生殖、生长、发育、生理等）影响.结果显示,BPAF对大型溞的24h和48h半致死浓度（LC₅₀）分别为9.70mg/L和5.02mg/L.根据化学品分类和标签规范,BPAF属于毒性Ⅱ级.BPAF对大型溞生殖、生长、发育和生理的毒性影响结果表明,高浓度BPAF（100 μg/L）导致大型溞性成熟时间明显延迟,并显著降低了大型溞产卵频次、产卵总数等生殖行为,且对大型溞的生长、发育产生显著抑制现象,同时造成种群繁衍能力显著受损.本文旨在为BPAF对水生生物的生态行为影响提供理论依据.     

水体BTEX污染对大型溞和霍普水丝蚓的毒性效应及水环境安全评价

以大型溞(daphnia magna)和霍普水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)为受试生物,研究了甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯等苯系物(BTEX)的水生生态毒性效应.结果表明,3种污染物对大型溞和霍普水丝蚓毒性影响呈明显的剂量-效应关系,且毒性作用随暴露时间延长而增加.水体中甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯污染对大型溞的24h EC50分别是172.1、50.1和63.6 mg·L-1,48h EC50分别是136.9、42.9和50.3 mg·L-1;对霍普水丝蚓的24hLC50分别是194.8、71.9和88.0 mg·L-1;48h LC50分别是185.2、46.8和75.6 mg·L-1;96h LC50分别是170.4、38.8和71.9 mg·L-1.根据3种污染物对2种受试生物的毒性试验结果,预测水体中甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯的安全浓度sc分别为13.7、3.9和5.0 mg·L-1,最大允许浓度MPC分别为1.4、0.4和0.5 mg·L-1.     

三唑酮对青鳉鱼和大型溞不同测试终点的毒性效应评价

以青鳉鱼和大型溞为代表性水生生物,研究三唑酮对其不同测试终点的慢性毒性效应.结果显示,以生存、生长、繁殖为测试终点,青鳉鱼的NOEC分别为76,60,5μg/L,基于大型溞蜕皮次数、生长和繁殖的NOEC分别为25,100,200μg/L.由此可见,青鳉鱼比大型溞对三唑酮的毒性更敏感.比较不同测试终点,青鳉鱼的繁殖类指标最敏感,其次是生长、生存;相比大型溞的繁殖以及幼溞的生长,其幼溞的蜕皮次数指标更为敏感.因此,低剂量长期暴露下三唑酮会对水生生物的繁殖能力造成一定的损伤,评价其水生态安全应全面考虑不同生物种群的不同测试终点,尤其是鱼类繁殖毒性效应.     

生活与工业污水混合处理系统中关键毒物追踪

以常州市城北污水处理厂的进水和A^2O出水为研究对象，采用毒性鉴别评价（T IE）程序，对关键毒物进行了追踪。结果表明，进水对大型蚤（Daphnia magna）具 有24h急性毒性，经过A^2O系统的处理，出水已不显示24h急性毒性；因曝气可去除废水毒性，C18固相提取亦可去除废水毒性，据此判断进水中存在的主要毒物 为挥发性非极性有机化合物。进出水的GC／MS图谱显示，处理前后有机物浓度大大降低，关键毒物基本去除。     

4种纳米氧化铁对大型蚤的急性毒性

为了评价纳米氧化铁材料的水生态安全性,参照国家化学品生态毒性测试标准方法(GB/T13266-91),以大型蚤(Daphniamagna)为受试生物,研究了4种纳米氧化铁水悬浮液(nα-FeOOH:针状,15 nm;nFe3O4:球形,9 nm;nα-Fe2O3:近球形和纺锤形,40 nm;nγ-Fe2O3:针形和近球形,22 nm)对水生甲壳类动物大型蚤的毒性效应。结果显示,4种纳米氧化铁水悬浮液对大型蚤活动抑制的48 h EC50值分别为:0.267、0.097、3.717 mg/L,>100.0 mg/L。据此可得到4种氧化铁纳米材料的毒性大小顺序为:nFe3O4>nα-FeOOH>nα-Fe2O3>nγ-Fe2O3。通过对4种纳米氧化铁水生态安全性的初步评价,表明人工纳米材料的生态毒性和环境效应不容忽视,应重视并深入研究其制毒作用机制。     

用水毒理学方法评价家用洗涤剂的潜在危害

用5种不同产地的常用类型的家用洗涤剂,用水毒理学方法研究它们对水生动物的毒性影响并由此判断对水生态系统的潜在危害.结果表明,在远低于日常使用量的浓度下,5种家用洗涤剂均对稀有 鲫(Grobiocypris rarus)鱼苗和大型溞(Daphnia magna,HB)有急性毒性,离体条件下对鲫鱼(Carassius auratusF)鳃ATP酶有较强的抑制作用;在无急性毒性浓度下暴露时对大型溞繁殖有明显影响;当暴露于家用洗涤剂对鱼24h半数致死浓度的5%时鲫鱼鳃ATP酶受到明显抑制;家用洗涤剂溶液存放一段时间后对稀有鲫鱼苗的急性毒性和对鲫鱼鳃ATP酶的抑制作用无明显降低.因此,含有大量家用洗涤剂的生活污水排放到自然水体中后将对水生动物产生持续的有害影响.     

纳米二氧化钛对三价砷在大型蚤体内累积与毒性的影响

nTiO₂（纳米二氧化钛）可作为其吸附污染物的运输载体而影响污染物在生物体内的累积与毒性,为明晰nTiO₂吸附As（Ⅲ）（三价砷）后作为As的运输载体对水生物体内As累积与毒性的影响,以大型蚤（Daphnia magna）为受试生物,通过室内培养试验,研究了不同nTiO₂浓度、As（Ⅲ）不同暴露水平相互作用下蚤体中As与Ti的累积含量、毒性及其潜在作用机制.结果表明,nTiO₂可在30 min内吸附As（Ⅲ）至平衡,其中2、20 mg/L的nTiO₂对75 μg/L As（Ⅲ）的吸附率分别可达31.38%、51.84%,蚤体内As的累积含量分别为对照组的2.9和3.8倍,表明nTiO₂可作为运输载体提高As（Ⅲ）在大型蚤体内的累积;但不同As暴露水平下蚤体As和Ti含量的相关关系表明,nTiO₂作为载体的运输作用可能会因As暴露水平的增加而减弱.另外,nTiO₂虽然作为运输载体提高了As（Ⅲ）在大型蚤体内的累积,但并未增加As（Ⅲ）对大型蚤的毒性.添加2、20 mg/L的nTiO₂后,As（Ⅲ）对大型蚤的24 h IC₅₀（半抑制浓度）分别从0.93 mg/L增至2.53和2.97 mg/L,表明nTiO₂降低了As（Ⅲ）对大型蚤的毒性.研究显示,nTiO₂虽增加了As（Ⅲ）在大型蚤体内的累积,但却降低了As（Ⅲ）对大型蚤的毒性,这有利于对nTiO₂及其复合重金属污染风险的深入认识.      

精□唑禾草灵和1-氨基-2,4-二溴蒽醌光致毒性演变过程与机理

研究了除草剂精□唑禾草灵和染料中间体1-氨基-2,4-二溴蒽醌对大型□(Daphnia magna)的光致急性毒性作用机制. 精□唑禾草灵(EC₅₀ 95%置信区间为4.62～6.63 mg/L)光解生成光稳定性以及急性毒性更大的产物□唑酚(EC₅₀ 95%置信区间为1.49～1.64 mg/L),推测精□唑禾草灵通过光修饰作用机制对大型□发挥光致毒性作用. 1-氨基-2,4-二溴蒽醌通过光化学转化生成二聚体,光修饰作用降低了其母体化合物的光致毒性. 在1-氨基-2,4-二溴蒽醌和模拟日光单独存在的条件下,大型□体内的活性氧物种(ROS)没有明显变化;在1-氨基-2,4-二溴蒽醌和模拟日光共同存在的条件下,生物体内的ROS呈先增加后降低的趋势. 另外,添加抗氧化剂可以减弱1-氨基-2,4-二溴蒽醌对大型□的光致毒性. 结果表明,光敏化作用是1-氨基-2,4-二溴蒽醌对大型□产生光致毒性的主要作用机制. 含时-密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)的计算结果表明,1-氨基-2,4-二溴蒽醌在水溶液中能够通过能量传递和电子转移2种方式发生光敏化反应.